Tsarin Cyanidation a cikin Tsarin Zinariya

Gabatarwa

The cyanidation tsari in sarrafa tama na gwal yana da muhimmiyar rawa kuma kusan ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba a masana'antar hakar gwal ta duniya. Zinariya, tare da dogayen kimarsa a matsayin ƙarfe mai daraja, ɗan adam yana nemansa tsawon dubban shekaru. Daga kasancewa alamar dukiya da ƙarfi a cikin wayewar zamani zuwa aikace-aikacen sa na zamani a cikin kayan ado, kayan lantarki, da saka hannun jari, buƙatun zinari yana ci gaba da girma.

Tsarin cyanidation ya kasance ginshiƙin hako zinare sama da ɗari. Muhimmancinsa ya ta'allaka ne ga ikonsa na fitar da gwal cikin inganci daga nau'ikan tama iri-iri. Kafin haɓaka aikin cyanidation, hanyoyin haƙon gwal galibi suna aiki - mai ƙarfi, rashin inganci, kuma mafi lalata muhalli. Misali, hadewa, hanyar da aka bi wajen hakar zinare a baya, ta kunshi amfani da mercury wajen daure da gwal. Koyaya, wannan hanyar tana da babban koma baya, gami da yawan guba na mercury da ƙarancin farfadowa na wasu nau'ikan ma'adinai.

Sabanin haka, tsarin cyanidation ya kawo sauyi ga masana'antar hakar gwal. Ta hanyar amfani da mafita na cyanide, zai iya narkar da barbashi na zinariya, har ma da waɗanda aka yadu da su a cikin ma'adinan, tare da ingantaccen aiki. Wannan yana bawa kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai damar fitar da zinare daga ma'adanai waɗanda a baya aka ɗauka ba su da tattalin arziki don sarrafa su. A haƙiƙa, babban kaso na gwal da ake samarwa a duniya a yau, wanda aka kiyasta ya haura kashi 80 cikin ɗari, ya dogara da tsarin siyandiation ta wani nau'i. Ko yana da girma - sikelin bude - ma'adinan ramuka a Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, ko ma'adinan karkashin kasa a Ostiraliya da China, tsarin cyanidation shine hanyar - hanyar hako zinare. Faɗin amfani da shi na yaɗuwa shaida ce ga ingancinsa da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙinsa a cikin sarƙaƙƙiya da gasa a duniya na hakar gwal.

Menene Tsarin Cyanidation

Tsarin cyanidation, a ainihinsa, hanya ce ta hako sinadarai wanda ke yin amfani da sinadarai na musamman na ions cyanide. A cikin mahallin sarrafa tama na gwal, ainihin saCIPle yana tsakiya ne a kusa da halayen halayen tsakanin cyanide ions (CN ^-) da zinariya kyauta.

Zinariya a yanayi sau da yawa yana wanzuwa a cikin 'yanci, koda lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin wasu ma'adanai. Da zarar an karye ma'adinan da ke rufewa, zinariyar ta bayyana a matsayin zinari na asali. Cyanide ions suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga zinariya. Lokacin da zinari - mai ɗauke da tama ya fallasa ga cyanide - mai ɗauke da bayani, ion cyanide ya zama barga mai rikitarwa tare da atom ɗin zinariya. Za'a iya wakilta halayen sinadaran da ma'auni mai zuwa:

4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. A cikin wannan halayen, a ƙarƙashin aikin oxygen, atom ɗin zinariya suna haɗuwa tare da ions cyanide don samar da zinari mai narkewa - cyanide complex, sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au (CN)_2] ). Wannan sauye-sauye yana ba da damar zinariya, wanda asalinsa a cikin tama mai ƙarfi, ya narke a cikin maganin, ya raba shi da sauran abubuwan da ba na zinariya ba na ma'adinai.

Magana mai mahimmanci, tsarin cyanidation baya fada cikin tsarin gargajiya na sarrafa ma'adinai amma an rarraba shi azaman hydrometallurgy. Ma'adinan sarrafa ma'adinai yawanci ya ƙunshi hanyoyin rabuwa ta jiki kamar murkushewa, niƙa, flotation, da rabuwar nauyi don raba ma'adanai masu mahimmanci daga ma'adinan gangue. Sabanin haka, hydrometallurgy yana amfani da halayen sinadarai don cire karafa daga ma'adinan su a cikin maganin ruwa. Tsarin cyanidation, tare da dogaro da halayen sinadarai don narkar da zinari a cikin cyanide - wanda ya ƙunshi bayani, a fili yana cikin daular hydrometallurgy. Wannan rabe-rabe yana da mahimmanci yayin da ya bambanta tsarin cyanidation da sauran karin ma'adinan da aka gina a jiki - dabarun sarrafa kayan aiki da kuma bayyana sinadarai - amsawa - yanayin da ke motsa shi a cikin hakar gwal.

Nau'in Tsarin Cyanidation: CIP da CIL

A cikin daular cyanidation matakai don hakar gwal, manyan hanyoyi guda biyu sun fito fili: tsarin Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP) da tsarin Carbon - in - Leach (CIL).

Ana siffanta tsarin CIP ta hanyar aiki na jeri. Na farko, gwal mai ɗauke da ma'adinin ma'adinai yana fuskantar matakin hakowa. A wannan mataki, an haxa ma'adinan tare da cyanide - wanda ya ƙunshi bayani. Karkashin yanayin da ya dace na samun iskar oxygen, pH, da zafin jiki, zinare a cikin ma'adanin yana samar da hadaddun mai narkewa tare da ions cyanide, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ainihin halayen cyanidation. Bayan an gama aikin leaching, ana shigar da carbon da aka kunna a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara. Carbon da aka kunna sannan yana tallata haɗin gwal - cyanide daga maganin. Wannan rarrabuwar matakan leaching da tallatawa yana ba da damar ƙarin sarrafawa da ingantaccen tsari a wasu lokuta. Misali, a cikin ma'adinai inda ma'adinan yana da ingantaccen abun da ke ciki kuma ana iya kiyaye yanayin leaching daidai, tsarin CIP na iya samun ƙimar dawo da gwal mai girma.

A gefe guda, tsarin CIL yana wakiltar haɗin kai. A cikin tsarin CIL, leaching na zinariya daga tama da kuma tallan zinare - cyanide hadaddun ta hanyar kunna carbon yana faruwa a lokaci guda. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar ƙara carbon da aka kunna kai tsaye cikin tankunan leaching. Amfanin tsarin CIL ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ingantaccen amfani da kayan aiki da lokaci. Tun da an haɗa leaching da adsorption, babu buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki ko lokaci don canja wurin ɓangaren litattafan almara tsakanin matakan leaching da adsorption. Wannan yana rage sawun gaba ɗaya na masana'antar sarrafawa kuma yana iya haifar da tanadin farashi ta fuskar saka hannun jari da kuma kashe kuɗi na aiki. Misali, a cikin manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai inda kayan aiki ke da mahimmanci, tsarin CIL na iya ɗaukar ƙarar ma'adinai mafi girma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana haɓaka haɓakar samarwa.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tsarin CIL yana karuwa da tsire-tsire na cyanidation a duniya. Ƙarfinsa na yin amfani da kayan aiki da kyau yadda ya kamata ya ba shi matsayi a kan tsarin CIP a yanayi da yawa. Ci gaba da yanayin tsarin CIL kuma yana haifar da aiki mafi kwanciyar hankali, tare da ƙarancin sauye-sauye a cikin ingancin samfurin ƙarshe. Bugu da ƙari, rage yawan matakan tsari a cikin CIL yana nufin akwai ƙarancin dama don kurakurai ko asara yayin canja wurin kayan tsakanin matakai daban-daban na tsari. Koyaya, zaɓin tsakanin CIP da CIL ba koyaushe bane madaidaiciya. Ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban kamar yanayin ma'adinan, ma'aunin aikin hakar ma'adinai, jarin da ake da shi don saka hannun jari, da buƙatun muhalli da ka'idoji na gida. Wasu ma'adanai na iya har yanzu sun fi son tsarin CIP saboda mafi kyawun fahimtarsa ​​da yanayin yanki, wanda zai iya zama sauƙin sarrafawa a wasu yanayi.

Mahimman Bukatu a Tsarin Cyanidation

Nika Mai Kyau

Nika fineness yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin cyanidation. Tun da tasirin cyanidation ya dogara da ikon fallasa zinaren da aka rufe, niƙa mai mahimmanci yana da mahimmanci. A cikin shuke-shuken carbon-in - ɓangaren litattafan almara (CIP), buƙatun niƙa don takin don shigar da aikin cyanidation suna da ƙarfi sosai. Gabaɗaya, rabon barbashi tare da girman -0.074mm yakamata ya kai 80 - 95%. Ga wasu ma'adinan inda aka watsa zinare a cikin wani 浸染 - kamar tsari, niƙa fineness ya fi buƙatu, tare da rabon -0.037mm barbashi da ake buƙatar zama sama da 95%.

Don cimma irin wannan niƙa mai kyau, aikin niƙa ɗaya-mataki sau da yawa bai isa ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, mataki biyu - mataki ko ma uku - mataki niƙa ya zama dole. Misali, a cikin ma'adanin gwal mai girma a Yammacin Ostiraliya, ma'adinan yana yin aikin niƙa sau biyu. Mataki na farko yana amfani da babban injin niƙa mai ƙarfi don rage girman barbashi zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, sannan samfurin yana ƙara ƙasa a cikin injin niƙa na biyu. Wannan tsari na niƙa da yawa na iya rage girman ƙwayar ma'adinan a hankali, tabbatar da cewa ɓangarorin gwal sun fallasa sosai kuma suna iya amsa yadda ya kamata tare da maganin cyanide yayin aikin cyanidation. Idan ba a cika niƙan niƙa ba, ƙwayoyin gwal ɗin na iya zama ba za a iya fallasa su gabaɗaya ba, wanda ke haifar da rushewar da ba ta cika ba yayin cyanidation da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙimar dawo da gwal.

Hana Cyanide Hydrolysis

Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a cikin tsarin cyanidation, kamar potassium cyanide (KCN), Sodium cyanide (NaCN), da calcium cyanide (Ca (CN) _2), duk gishiri ne na tushe mai karfi da raunin acid. A cikin wani bayani mai ruwa, suna da haɗari ga halayen hydrolysis. A hydrolysis dauki sodium Cyanide ana iya wakilta ta da lissafin:

NaCN + H_2O \ dama haguharpoons HCN+NaOH. Kamar yadda hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ya kasance maras kyau, wannan tsari na hydrolysis yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayar cyanide ions (CN ^-) a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda ke cutar da halayen cyanidation.

Don magance wannan batu, hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce ƙara yawan ƙwayar hydroxide ions (OH ^ -), wanda yayi daidai da ƙara darajar pH na maganin. A cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu, lemun tsami (CaO) shine mafi yawan amfani da farashi - ingantaccen pH mai daidaitawa. Lokacin da aka ƙara lemun tsami a cikin maganin, yana amsawa da ruwa don samar da calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) _2), wanda ya rabu don saki ions hydroxide, don haka yana ƙara darajar pH. Halin lemun tsami da ruwa shine: , CaO + H_2O=Ca(OH)_2 & Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2 +}+2OH^- .

Koyaya, lokacin amfani da lemun tsami don daidaita ƙimar pH, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa lemun tsami yana da tasirin flocculation. Don tabbatar da cewa lemun tsami yana tarwatsa ko'ina kuma yana iya taka rawarsa yadda ya kamata, yawanci ana ƙara shi yayin aikin niƙa. A wurin hakar zinari a Afirka ta Kudu, ana saka lemun tsami a cikin injin niƙa yayin aikin niƙa. Wannan ba wai kawai yana ba da damar lemun tsami ya zama cikakke gauraye da slurry tama ba amma har ma yana amfani da ƙarfin tashin hankali na inji a cikin injin ball don tabbatar da cewa an rarraba lemun tsami a cikin slurry, yadda ya kamata ya hana hydrolysis na cyanide da kuma kiyaye kwanciyar hankali na ions cyanide a cikin tsarin cyanidation na gaba. Gabaɗaya, don ayyukan carbon - in - ɓangaren litattafan almara, ana samun ƙimar pH a cikin kewayon 10 - 11 don samar da sakamako mafi kyau.

Sarrafa Matsalolin Ruwan Ruwa

Ƙaddamar da ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da tasiri mai zurfi akan hulɗar tsakanin zinariya da cyanide da kuma tsakanin zinare - cyanide hadaddun da kuma kunna carbon. Idan ƙaddamarwar ɓangaren litattafan almara ya yi yawa, barbashi suna iya yin hazo a saman carbon da aka kunna, yana hana ingantaccen adsorption na zinare - cyanide hadaddun ta hanyar carbon da aka kunna. A gefe guda, idan ƙaddamarwar ɓangaren litattafan almara ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙwayoyin suna da sauƙi don daidaitawa da sauƙi, kuma don kula da ƙimar pH mai dacewa da ƙwayar cyanide, babban adadin reagents yana buƙatar ƙarawa, wanda ke ƙara yawan farashin samarwa.

A cikin shekaru na aikin samarwa, an ƙaddara cewa ga carbon - in - tsarin hakar gwal, ƙwayar ɓangaren litattafan almara na 40 - 45% da ƙwayar cyanide na 300 - 500 ppm sun fi dacewa. Misali, a cikin masana'antar sarrafa gwal a Nevada, Amurka, kiyaye jujjuyawar ɓangarorin cikin wannan kewayon ya sami ƙimar dawo da zinari koyaushe. Koyaya, la'akari da cewa aikin niƙa na ƙarshe na samfuran biyu - zuwa - uku gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da 20%, kafin shigar da aikin leaching, ɓangaren litattafan almara yana buƙatar aiwatar da tsari mai kauri.

Yawan aiki mai kauri ana yin shi ne a cikin kauri. Ka'idar thickener ita ce yin amfani da tasirin lalatawa don raba tsattsauran ra'ayi daga ruwa a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara, don haka ƙara ƙaddamar da ɓangaren litattafan almara. A cikin gwal na zamani - masana'antar sarrafa kayan aiki, ana amfani da kauri mai inganci sau da yawa. Wadannan thickeners sanye take da ci-gaba flocculation da sedimentation kula da tsarin, wanda zai iya sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata ƙara ɓangaren litattafan almara taro zuwa matakin da ake bukata domin m cyanidation leaching aiki, tabbatar da m ci gaba na cyanidation tsari da kuma high - dace hakar na zinariya.

Cyanidation Leaching Mechanism

Aeration da Oxidant

Tsarin cyanidation tsari ne na aerobic, kuma ana iya bayyana wannan a fili ta hanyar lissafin amsawar sinadarai. Babban abin da ke haifar da rushewar zinari a cikin tsarin cyanidation shine 4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH . Daga wannan ma'auni, a bayyane yake cewa iskar oxygen (O_2) tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin amsawa. A lokacin aikin samarwa, gabatar da iskar oxygen na iya haɓaka ƙimar leaching sosai. Wannan shi ne saboda oxygen yana shiga cikin aikin redox, faCILitating da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na zinariya da kuma m hadaddun tare da cyanide ions. Misali, a cikin zinare da yawa - masana'antar sarrafa, ana shigar da iskar da aka datse a cikin cyanide - mai dauke da bayani. Oxygen a cikin iska yana samar da yanayin da ake buƙata don haɓakawa don ci gaba da sauƙi.

Baya ga iska, haɓakar da ya dace na abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar oxygen na iya haɓaka aikin leaching. Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) wakili ne da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin tsarin cyanidation. Lokacin da aka ƙara hydrogen peroxide, zai iya samar da ƙarin nau'in oxygen mai aiki, wanda zai iya ƙara haɓaka oxidation na zinari da narkar da zinariya - ma'adanai masu ɗaukar nauyi. Halin hydrogen peroxide tare da zinariya a gaban cyanide za a iya wakilta ta hanyar ma'auni: 2Au+4NaCN+H_2O_2 = 2Na[Au(CN)_2]+2NaOH . Wannan halayen yana nuna cewa hydrogen peroxide na iya maye gurbin wasu rawar da iskar oxygen ke yi a cikin halayen cyanidation, kuma a wasu yanayi, yana iya haifar da saurin leaching.

Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yawan adadin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na oxidizing na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri. Lokacin da adadin oxidizing wakili ya yi yawa, zai iya haifar da oxidation na ion cyanide. Alal misali, hydrogen peroxide zai iya amsawa tare da ions cyanide don samar da ions cyanate (CNO ^-). Amsar ita ce kamar haka: CN ^ - + H_2O_2 = CNO ^ - + H_2O . Samar da ions cyanate yana rage ƙaddamar da ions cyanide a cikin bayani, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga hadaddun da zinariya. A sakamakon haka, ana iya rage tasirin leaching na gwal, kuma tsarin samarwa gabaɗaya na iya zama mummunan tasiri. Sabili da haka, adadin abubuwan da ke haifar da oxidizing yana buƙatar kulawa da hankali don tabbatar da mafi kyawun aikin aikin cyanidation.

Maganin Reagent

A bisa ka'ida, hadaddun halayen da ke tsakanin zinari da cyanide suna da takamaiman alaƙar stoichiometric. Daga ma'auni na sinadarai 4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH, za mu iya lissafta cewa mole 1 na zinari (Au) yana buƙatar moles 2 na cyanide ions (CN^-) don kamanni. Dangane da taro, kusan gram 1 na gwal na buƙatar kusan gram 0.5 na cyanide a matsayin reagent na leaching. Wannan lissafin yana ba da mahimman bayanai don adadin reagents da ake buƙata a cikin tsarin cyanidation.

Duk da haka, a cikin ainihin samarwa, lamarin ya fi rikitarwa saboda kasancewar wasu ma'adanai a cikin zinariya - mai ɗaukar ma'adinai. Ma'adanai irin su azurfa (Ag), jan karfe (Cu), gubar (Pb), da zinc (Zn) na iya amsawa tare da ions cyanide. Misali, jan karfe na iya samar da tagulla daban-daban - hadadden cyanide. Ana iya bayyana martanin jan ƙarfe tare da cyanide a matsayin Cu^{2 +}+4CN^-=[Cu(CN)_4]^{2-} . Wadannan halayen gasa suna cinye babban adadin cyanide, yana ƙara ainihin adadin da ake buƙata.

Sabili da haka, a cikin aiki mai amfani, ƙaddarar adadin reagent ba zai iya zama kawai bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga ba. Madadin haka, yakamata a daidaita shi gwargwadon ƙimar leaching na ƙarshe. Lokacin da kaddarorin ma'adinai sun canza, ci gaba da bin diddigin da daidaita adadin reagent ya zama dole. Gabaɗaya, ana ɗaukar ma'ana don ainihin adadin cyanide ya zama sau 200 - 500 sama da ƙimar ƙididdigewa. Wannan kewayon kewayon ɓatanci yana ba da lissafin bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke tattare da ma'adinai da hadaddun hulɗar tsakanin ma'adanai daban-daban. Ta hanyar sa ido sosai kan ƙimar leaching da daidaita adadin reagent daidai, tsarin hakar gwal na iya samun ingantacciyar inganci da fa'idodin tattalin arziki.

Multi-mataki Leaching da Leaching Lokaci

Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ci gaba da aiki da kuma kula da kwanciyar hankali na ion cyanide a cikin maganin, ana amfani da leaching da yawa sau da yawa. A cikin tsarin leaching mai matakai da yawa, ɓangaren litattafan almara ta bi da bi ta hanyar tankunan leaching da yawa. Kowane tanki yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da rushewar zinari da kuma kula da ƙwayar cyanide - ion. Yayin da ɓangaren litattafan almara ke motsawa daga wannan tanki zuwa na gaba, haɗin gwal - cyanide yana samuwa a hankali kuma ana daidaita yawan ions cyanide kyauta don tabbatar da cewa abin ya ci gaba da kyau. Wannan tsarin da aka tsara yana taimakawa wajen adana duk wani canji a cikin yanayin amsawa kuma yana samar da ingantaccen yanayi don tsarin cyanidation. Alal misali, a cikin babban ma'auni na zinariya - aikin hakar ma'adinai a Yammacin Ostiraliya, ana amfani da tsarin leaching mataki biyar. Mataki na farko ya fara aikin leaching, kuma matakan da suka biyo baya sun kara fitar da gwal da kiyaye ma'aunin cyanide - ion, wanda ya haifar da tsayin daka da tsayin zinari - ingantaccen leaching.

Lokacin leaching abu ne mai mahimmanci don ƙayyade ƙarar tankin leaching. Koyaya, babu wata dabara mai sauƙi kuma ta duniya don ƙididdige lokacin leaching. Kowane shukar carbon - in - pulp (CIP) ko carbon - in - leach (CIL) dole ne ya dogara da bayanan gwaji don tantance lokacin leaching da ya dace. Wannan saboda lokacin leaching yana shafar abubuwa da yawa, gami da nau'in da abun da ke ciki na ma'adinai, tattarawar reagents, zafin jiki, da ƙarfin tashin hankali. Misali, a cikin masana'antar sarrafa zinare a Afirka ta Kudu, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na dakin gwaje-gwaje - ma'auni da ma'auni kafin gina masana'antar. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun haɗa da bambanta lokacin leaching da lura da ƙimar leaching na zinare a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Dangane da sakamakon gwaji, an ƙaddara mafi kyawun lokacin leaching ya zama sa'o'i 24 don takamaiman nau'in tama da aka sarrafa a waccan shuka.

Idan shuka a makance ya dogara da gogewa ba tare da yin gwaje-gwajen da suka dace ba, yana yiwuwa ya gamu da gazawar samarwa. Misali, wani karamin ma'aunin zinare - aikin hakar ma'adinai a wani yanki ya yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da lokacin leaching na ma'adinan maƙwabta a matsayin ma'ana ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin kayan ma'adinan su ba. Sakamakon haka, ƙimar leaching ɗin zinare ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kuma farashin samarwa ya ƙaru sosai saboda rashin ingantaccen leaching da buƙatar ƙarin amfani da reagent. Sabili da haka, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokacin leaching ta hanyar bayanan gwaji yana da mahimmanci don nasarar aiwatar da aikin haɓakar sinadiation - tushen zinari - shuka.

Post-cyanidation Ayyuka

Da zarar gwal - ɗaukar carbon da aka kunna, wanda aka sani da ɗoraɗɗen carbon, ya kai matakin zinari - matakin tallan sama da 3000g/t, ana ɗauka cewa gabaɗayan tsarin tallan carbon - in - ɓangaren litattafan almara ya cika. Koyaya, kasancewar manyan ƙazantattun abubuwan ciki kamar jan ƙarfe da azurfa a cikin ma'adinai na iya tasiri sosai ga ƙarfin tallan carbon da aka kunna. Waɗannan ƙazanta suna iya yin gogayya da zinari don wuraren tallatawa akan carbon da aka kunna, wanda ke haifar da gazawar da aka ɗora - darajar carbon don cimma burin da ake sa ran. Lokacin da carbon da aka kunna ba zai iya ƙara ƙarar zinari yadda ya kamata ba, ana ɗaukar shi cikakke.

Don cikakken carbon da aka kunna, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don samun zinari. Wata hanya ta gama gari ita ce desorption da electrolysis. A cikin tsarin lalata, ana amfani da maganin sinadarai don cire gwal - hadadden cyanide daga cikakken carbon da aka kunna. Alal misali, a cikin babban - zafin jiki da kuma high - matsa lamba desorption hanya, da cikakken kunna carbon da aka sanya a cikin wani desorption tsarin tare da takamaiman yanayi. Ta hanyar ƙara anions waɗanda carbon ɗin da aka kunna ya fi dacewa da su cikin sauƙi, Au(CN)_2^ - hadaddun yana ƙaura daga saman carbon. Hanyar amsawa ta haɗa da musayar zinari - hadaddun cyanide tare da ƙarar anions, yana haifar da fitar da zinariya a cikin bayani. Bayan lalatawar, sakamakon da aka samu, wanda aka sani da maganin ciki, yana ƙunshe da babban adadin ions na zinariya.

Maganin ciki sai ya sha electrolysis. A cikin tantanin halitta, ana amfani da wutar lantarki. ions na zinariya a cikin maganin suna jawo hankalin cathode, inda suke samun electrons kuma an rage su zuwa zinariya mai ƙarfe. Ana iya wakilta tsarin ta hanyar daidaitawa: Au^+ + e^-\rightarrow Au. Zinariya ta tara a kan cathode a cikin nau'i na laka na zinariya, wanda za'a iya kara sarrafa shi don samun zinari mai girma - tsarki.

A cikin yankunan da ake samar da gwal, madadin zaɓi shine sayar da carbon da aka ɗora. Wannan na iya zama zaɓi mai fa'ida kamar yadda wasu kamfanoni na musamman ke da kayan aiki don ɗaukar ƙarin sarrafa carbon da aka ɗora. Suna da ƙwarewa da kayan aiki don fitar da zinari daga cikin carbon ɗin da aka ɗora, kuma kamfanonin hakar gwal na iya samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar sayar da carbon ɗin da aka ɗora wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi.

Wata hanya mai sauƙi mai sauƙi ita ce konewa. Lokacin da aka ƙona carbon ɗin da aka ɗora, abubuwan da ke tattare da carbon ɗin da aka kunna suna oxidized kuma suna ƙonewa, yayin da zinarin ya kasance a cikin ragowar a cikin nau'in gwal na gwal, wanda aka sani da dore zinariya. Dore zinariya yawanci yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na zinariya tare da wasu ƙazanta. Bayan konewa, ana iya ƙara tace gwal ɗin dore ta hanyar matakai kamar narkewa da tsarkakewa don samun samfuran zinare masu tsafta waɗanda suka dace da ƙa'idodin kasuwanci a cikin kayan ado, kayan lantarki, da masana'antar saka hannun jari.

Fa'idodi da rashin Amfanin Tsarin Cyanidation

Abũbuwan amfãni

1. Yawan Farko Mai Girma: Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fa'idodin tsarin cyanidation shine babban adadin dawo da shi. Don zinare mai oxidized na yau da kullun - ma'adini mai ɗaukar nauyi - nau'ikan nau'ikan jijiya, lokacin amfani da carbon - in - pulp (CIP) ko tsarin carbon - in - leach (CIL), jimlar adadin dawowa zai iya kaiwa sama da 93%. A wasu ingantattun ayyuka, ƙimar dawowa na iya zama mafi girma. Wannan babban adadin farfadowa yana nufin cewa kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai za su iya fitar da adadi mai yawa na zinariya da ke cikin ma'adinan, yana kara yawan dawowar tattalin arziki daga aikin hakar ma'adinai. Misali, a cikin babban ma'adanin gwal na sikelin a Amurka, ta hanyar sarrafa ma'auni na tsari kamar niƙa fineness, ɓangaren litattafan almara, da adadin reagent, ƙimar dawo da gwal na tsarin cyanidation an kiyaye shi a kusa da 95% na dogon lokaci, wanda shine mafi girma fiye da sauran zinare da yawa - hanyoyin cirewa.

2. Faɗin Aiwatarwa: Tsarin cyanidation ya dace da nau'in nau'in zinari - nau'in nau'in nau'i. Yana iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba kawai ma'adinan gwal mai oxidized ba har ma da wasu sulfide - masu ɗauke da na'urorin zinariya. Ko zinari yana cikin kyauta - jiha ko an rufe shi a cikin wasu ma'adanai, tsarin cyanidation na iya sau da yawa narkar da zinariya tare da taimakon da ya dace kafin - magani da sarrafa tsari. Alal misali, a wasu ma'adanai a Kudancin Amirka inda ma'adinan ya ƙunshi cakuda sulfide da ma'adinan zinare mai oxidized, an yi nasarar amfani da tsarin sinadarai. Bayan da ya dace da iskar shaka kafin - jiyya na ma'adanai na sulfide, tsarin cyanidation na iya samun zinari mai gamsarwa - sakamakon hakar, yana nuna ƙarfin daidaitawa ga nau'ikan tama.

3. Babban Fasaha: Tare da tarihin fiye da karni guda, tsarin cyanidation ya zama fasaha mai girma a cikin masana'antar zinare - ma'adinai. Kayan aiki da hanyoyin aiki suna da kyau - kafa, kuma akwai adadi mai yawa na kwarewa da bayanai. Wannan balagagge yana nufin cewa tsarin yana da sauƙin aiki da sarrafawa. Kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai za su iya dogara da ƙa'idodin fasaha da jagororin da ake da su don ƙira, ginawa, da sarrafa tsire-tsire na cyanidation. Misali, ƙirar tankunan leaching na cyanidation, zaɓi na carbon da aka kunna don tallatawa, da sarrafa adadin reagent duk suna da daidaitattun matakai da hanyoyin. Sabbin tsire-tsire na cyanidation da aka gina za su iya farawa da sauri kuma su kai ga ingantaccen yanayin samarwa, yana rage haɗarin da ke tattare da ɗaukar sabbin fasaha.

disadvantages

1. Gubar Cyanide: Mafi mahimmancin koma baya na tsarin cyanidation shine guba na cyanide. Cyanide mahadi, kamar sodium cyanide da potassium cyanide, abubuwa ne masu guba sosai. Ko da ɗan ƙaramin cyanide zai iya yin illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Idan cyanide - dauke da mafita ya zubo yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai, za su iya gurbata ƙasa, tushen ruwa, da iska. Misali, a wasu hatsarurrukan hakar ma'adinai na tarihi, yabo na cyanide - dauke da ruwan datti ya kai ga mutuwar adadi mai yawa na halittun ruwa a cikin koguna da tafkunan da ke kusa, sannan kuma suna yin barazana ga lafiyar mazauna yankin. Numfashi, sha, ko hulɗar fata tare da cyanide na iya haifar da alamun guba mai tsanani a cikin mutane, ciki har da juwa, tashin zuciya, amai, kuma a lokuta masu tsanani, na iya zama m. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar tsauraran matakan tsaro da kare muhalli a cikin amfani da cyanide, wanda ke ƙara yawan rikitarwa da farashin aikin hakar ma'adinai.

2. Complex da Costly Post - magani: Ayyukan aiki na post - bayan tsarin cyanidation suna da rikitarwa kuma suna buƙatar babban adadin zuba jari. Bayan gwal ɗin da aka kunna kunna carbon ya kai ga cikawa, ana buƙatar matakai kamar lalata, electrolysis, ko konewa don samun gwal zalla. A desorption da electrolysis tafiyar matakai na bukatar na musamman kayan aiki da sinadaran reagents. Alal misali, a cikin tsarin desorption, ana iya buƙatar kayan aiki mai girma - zafin jiki da matsa lamba, kuma yin amfani da maganin sinadarai don lalatawa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa da hankali don tabbatar da dawo da zinariya da sake yin amfani da reagents. Bugu da ƙari, maganin sharar gida da ruwan sha da aka samar a lokacin post - tsarin magani kuma kalubale ne. Ragowar sharar na iya ƙunsar adadin sinadirai da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa, kuma ruwan dattin yana buƙatar a kula da shi don dacewa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, waɗanda duk suna ba da gudummawa ga tsadar duk aikin cyanidation.

3. Hankali ga ƙazantar ƙoda: Tsarin cyanidation yana da matukar damuwa ga ƙazanta a cikin ma'adinai. Ma'adanai irin su jan karfe, azurfa, gubar, da zinc na iya amsawa tare da cyanide, suna cinye adadi mai yawa na cyanide reagents. Wannan ba kawai yana ƙara farashin reagents ba amma har ma yana rage ingancin hakar gwal. Alal misali, lokacin da abun ciki na jan karfe a cikin ma'adinan ya yi girma, jan ƙarfe zai iya samar da tagulla mai tsayi - ɗakunan cyanide, suna fafatawa da zinariya don ions cyanide. A sakamakon haka, an rage adadin cyanide da ake samu don kamannin zinare, kuma ƙimar leaching na zinare na iya yin tasiri sosai. A wasu lokuta, ana iya buƙatar ƙarin matakan jiyya na farko don cirewa ko rage tasirin waɗannan ƙazanta, wanda ke ƙara haɓaka da tsadar tsarin ma'adinai.

Kammalawa

A ƙarshe, hanyar cyanidation fasaha ce mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar zinare - ma'adinai. Yawan dawowarsa, fa'ida mai fa'ida, da fasahar balagagge sun sanya shi hanya mafi mahimmanci don hakar zinare a duniya. Ya ba da damar hako zinare daga nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban, wanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga samar da gwal a duniya.

Duk da haka, tsarin cyanidation ba shi da kalubale. Rashin guba na cyanide yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Dole ne a aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro da kare muhalli don hana yaɗuwar cyanide da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen magani na cyanide - mai ɗauke da ruwan sha da sharar gida. Bugu da ƙari, hadaddun da tsadar kuɗi bayan ayyukan jiyya, da kuma yadda tsarin ke kula da ƙazantar tama, yana ƙara wahalhalu da tsadar samar da gwal.

Ana sa ran gaba, makomar aikin cyanidation a cikin sarrafa tama na gwal na iya kasancewa ta hanyar ci gaban fasaha. Haɓaka mafi kyawun yanayi da ingantattun hanyoyin cyanidation, kamar yin amfani da ƙananan maye gurbin cyanide mai guba, hanya ce mai ban sha'awa. Yin aiki da kai da fasaha na sarrafa hankali kuma za su taka muhimmiyar rawa. Waɗannan fasahohin na iya haɓaka haɓakar samarwa, rage ɗan adam - kuskure - haɗari masu alaƙa, da haɓaka amfani da albarkatu. Misali, tsarin sarrafa kansa na iya sarrafa daidaitattun allurai na reagent, adadin ɓangaren litattafan almara, da sauran mahimman sigogi, tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin samarwa.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, binciken sabbin fasahohi masu alaƙa, irin su bio-cyanidation ko haɗakarwa da sauran hanyoyin hakar da ke tasowa, na iya ba da sabbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin da ake da su. Tare da ci gaba da haɓakawa da haɓakawa, tsarin cyanidation yana da yuwuwar kiyaye matsayinsa a matsayin babban fasaha a cikin sarrafa tama na zinari yayin da ya zama mai dorewa da abokantaka na muhalli. Kamar yadda bukatar zinariya ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin masana'antu daban-daban, haɓakawa da inganta tsarin aikin cyanidation zai zama mahimmanci ga dogon lokaci na ci gaban zinariya - masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.