Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Abubuwan Sinadarai da Aikace-aikace Daban-daban

Gabatarwa

sodium cyanide (NaCN), wani fili wanda ya shahara saboda ƙarfinsa mai ƙarfi da yawan guba, yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan ƙarfi da na ruwa. Ruwa sodium Cyanide, sau da yawa a cikin nau'i na maganin ruwa, yana da kaddarorin sinadarai na musamman waɗanda ke sa shi ba makawa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu da kimiyya daban-daban. Wannan blog post yana zurfafa cikin abubuwan sinadarai na Liquid sodium cyanide da kuma bincika fagagen fagagen aikace-aikacen sa, yayin da kuma ke jaddada mahimmancin matakan tsaro saboda yanayinsa mai haɗari.

Chemical Properties

1. Reactivity

Liquid sodium cyanide yana maida martani sosai saboda ion cyanide da ke cikinsa. Lokacin cikin ruwa, yana raguwa zuwa ions sodium da ions cyanide. Cyanide ion wani ƙarfi ne na nucleophile, wanda ke nufin yana nema da kuma amsawa da sassa na sauran kwayoyin halitta da na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da ƙarancin lantarki. A ciki Halitta kira, alal misali, yana iya shiga cikin halayen maye gurbin nucleophilic. A lokacin waɗannan halayen, ion cyanide ya maye gurbin takamaiman rukuni a cikin kwayoyin halitta na halide, wanda ya haifar da samuwar sabon haɗin gwiwa tsakanin carbon da nitrogen. Wannan sake kunnawa yana da mahimmanci ga yawancin amfaninsa wajen ƙirƙirar hadadden kwayoyin halitta.

2. Solubility

Sodium cyanide yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, yana samar da mafita a sarari, marasa launi. Babban narkewar sa shine sakamakon tsarinsa mai ƙarfi na ionic. Ingantattun ions sodium da aka caje suna jawo hankalin atom ɗin oxygen da ba su da kyau a cikin kwayoyin ruwa, yayin da ion cyanide mara kyau suna hulɗa tare da ingantaccen cajin atom na ruwa. Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan hulɗar tsakanin Sodium cyanide ions da kwayoyin ruwa suna ba da damar rushewa mai yawa, suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar mafitacin sodium cyanide mai da hankali.

3. pH da Basicity

Maganin ruwa na sodium cyanide suna da kaddarorin asali. Cyanide ion shine tushen haɗin gwiwar hydrocyanic acid, acid mai rauni. Lokacin da ions cyanide ke cikin ruwa, suna fuskantar wani abin da ake kira hydrolysis. A lokacin hydrolysis, ions cyanide suna amsawa tare da kwayoyin ruwa, suna samar da hydrocyanic acid da ions hydroxide. Sakin waɗannan ions hydroxide yana ƙara pH na maganin. Yawanci, ruwa sodium cyanide mafita yana da pH a cikin kewayon 11 - 13. yana nuna cewa suna da alkaline sosai.

4. Guba

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman halaye na ruwa sodium cyanide shine matsananciyar guba. Cyanide ion yana ɗaure ba tare da juyowa ba ga ƙarfe (III) ion da ke cikin cytochrome oxidase, wani enzyme wanda ke da mahimmanci ga sarkar jigilar lantarki ta mitochondrial. Wannan ɗaure yana dakatar da enzyme daga karɓar electrons, yadda ya kamata ya dakatar da numfashin salula. Idan ba tare da numfashin salula ba, sel ba za su iya samar da adenosine triphosphate (ATP), tushen makamashi ga sel ba. A sakamakon haka, sel suna mutuwa da sauri. Shakar numfashi, sha, ko saduwa da fata tare da ruwa sodium cyanide na iya zama mai kisa ga mutane da sauran halittu.

Filin Aikace-aikace

1. Zinariya da Zinariya

Mafi sanannun amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide yana cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, musamman don hako zinari da azurfa. Tsarin, wanda ake kira cyanidation, ya haɗa da yin amfani da maganin sodium cyanide na dilute don narkar da zinariya da azurfa daga ma'adinan su. A gaban oxygen da ruwa, sodium cyanide yana amsawa tare da zinariya da azurfa, yana samar da mahadi waɗanda zasu iya narke a cikin maganin. Ana iya raba waɗannan mahadi masu narkewa daga sauran kayan tama. Bayan rabuwa, ana amfani da ƙarin matakai kamar hazo tare da zinc ko electrolysis don dawo da karafa masu daraja. Cyanidation hanya ce mai tsada - inganci da inganci don fitar da zinari da azurfa daga ma'adanai masu ƙarancin ƙima, yana mai da shi muhimmin tsari a haƙar ma'adinai na zamani.

2. Tsarin Halitta

A cikin kwayoyin sunadarai, ruwa sodium cyanide ne yadu amfani a matsayin reagent a daban-daban kira halayen. Godiya ga yanayin nucleophilic mai ƙarfi, yana iya shiga cikin halayen maye gurbin nucleophilic. Alal misali, a cikin samar da nitriles, wani alkyl halide zai iya amsawa tare da sodium cyanide a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar dimethylformamide. Wannan halayen yana haifar da samuwar fili na nitrile. Nitriles sune mahimman mahadi na tsaka-tsaki da ake amfani da su a cikin haɗin magunguna, agrochemicals, da sauran sinadarai masu kyau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin haɗin amino acid na Strecker. A cikin wannan tsari, yana amsawa da aldehyde ko ketone a gaban ammonia don samar da wani fili mai suna α-amino nitrile, wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi don ƙirƙirar amino acid.

3. Yin lantarki

Ana amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide a ciki Girkawa tsari, musamman don sarrafa karafa irin su zinariya, azurfa, jan karfe, da zinc. Cyanide-based electroplating wanka yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Suna ba da iko mai kyau na jifa, wanda ke nufin za su iya ajiye suturar rigar a kan abubuwa masu siffofi masu rikitarwa. Har ila yau, suna haifar da ɗakunan ƙarfe masu haske da santsi kuma suna tabbatar da kyakkyawan mannewa na farantin da aka yi da kayan da ke ciki. A cikin maganin electroplating, ions cyanide suna samar da barga masu yawa tare da ions karfe da ake yi. A lokacin aikin lantarki, waɗannan mahadi suna raguwa a cikin cathode, suna ajiye wani siririn, ko da Layer na karfe akan abin da aka sanya.

4. Magani da Tsaftace Karfe

A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, ana amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide don magani da tsaftace karafa. Yana iya kawar da oxides na sama da sauran ƙazanta yadda ya kamata daga karafa. Reactivity na cyanide ion yana ba shi damar amsawa tare da oxides na ƙarfe, yana canza su zuwa mahadi waɗanda zasu iya narke a cikin bayani. Wadannan mahadi masu narkewa ana iya wanke su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da sodium cyanide a lokacin zafi - jiyya na karafa don haɓaka abubuwan da suka dace, kamar ƙara taurin su da juriya.

La'akari da Lafiya

Ganin matsananciyar guba na sodium cyanide na ruwa, dole ne a bi tsauraran matakan tsaro yayin sarrafawa, adanawa, da amfani da shi. Ma'aikata a masana'antu da ke amfani da sodium cyanide ya kamata su sami horo na musamman akan hanyoyin aminci. Wannan ya haɗa da koyon yadda ake amfani da kayan kariya na sirri (PPE) kamar safar hannu, tabarau, da na'urar numfashi daidai. Ya kamata a tsara wuraren ajiya na sodium cyanide don hana yadudduka da kuma tabbatar da samun iska mai kyau don guje wa ginawar cyanide - mai dauke da tururi. A yayin zube, hanyoyin amsa gaggawar da suka dace, kamar kawar da sodium cyanide tare da wakili mai dacewa kamar sodium hypochlorite, dole ne a aiwatar da shi nan da nan don hana gurɓacewar muhalli da kare lafiyar ɗan adam.

Kammalawa

Liquid sodium cyanide, tare da sinadarai na musamman, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antu da yawa. Daga hakar karafa masu daraja a cikin hakar ma'adinai zuwa hada hadadden kwayoyin halitta da jiyya na karfe, aikace-aikacen sa sun bambanta kuma suna da nisa. Koyaya, yawan gubarsa yana buƙatar matuƙar taka tsantsan da tsananin bin ƙa'idodin aminci. Yayin da masana'antu ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, alhakin yin amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide zai kasance da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da muhalli da amincin ɗan adam.