Tsarin Chlorination don Magance Sludge Zinare na Cyanide

Gabatarwa

A masana'antar haƙar zinare, laƙar zinare ta cyanide samfuri ne da ake samarwa a lokacin aikin cyanidation. Wannan laƙar ba wai kawai tana ɗauke da ƙarfe masu daraja kamar zinariya da azurfa ba, har ma da abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar cyanide . Maganin laƙar zinare ta cyanide yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga dawo da albarkatu da kuma kare muhalli. Tsarin chlorine ya fito a matsayin hanya mai inganci don magance wannan laƙar, yana ba da hanyar raba karafa masu daraja da kuma kawar da sinadarai masu ɗauke da cyanide daga jiki.

Ka'idodin Tsarin Chlorination

Oxidation da Zaɓin Rushewa

Tsarin chlorine yana amfani da damar rage yawan iskar shaka ta ƙarfe daban-daban a cikin wani matsakaici. A cikin mahallin magance matsalar zinare ta cyanide, lokacin da aka ƙara wani sinadarin chlorine (kamar sodium chlorate a cikin matsakaici mai acidic), ana fifita ƙarafa masu ƙarancin iskar shaka - ragewa, kamar zinc, ƙarfe, gubar, da jan ƙarfe, kuma ana narkar da su a cikin maganin. Misali, a cikin matsakaiciyar hydrochloric acid, karafa a cikin ƙasan zinare suna amsawa da maganin. Daga baya, lokacin da aka ƙara sodium chlorate, yana ƙara ƙarfin maganin, yana ba da damar jan ƙarfe da sauran ƙazanta waɗanda ba sa narkewa a cikin hydrochloric acid su zama cikakke kuma su narke. Ta hanyar sarrafa ƙarfin maganin daidai, ana iya barin karafa masu daraja kamar azurfa da zinariya a cikin ragowar.

Lalacewar Cyanide

Cyanide a cikin laka na zinare yana da guba sosai. Chlorine kuma yana iya taka rawa wajen lalata cyanide. A cikin yanayin alkaline, lokacin da aka ƙara oxidant mai tushen chlorine (kamar iskar chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, da sauransu), ana fara oxidize cyanide zuwa cyanate sannan a ƙara oxidize zuwa Carbon dioxide da nitrogen. Tsarin amsawar gabaɗaya shine kamar haka: A gaban maganin alkaline, ƙarin chlorine mai ɗauke da oxidant yana haifar da nau'ikan kamar OCl⁻. Cyanide (CN⁻) yana amsawa da OCl⁻, kuma ta hanyar jerin halayen oxidation, ana canza shi zuwa abubuwa marasa cutarwa.

Matakan Aikace-aikacen Tsarin Chlorination a Magance Sludge Zinare na Cyanide

Bala'i

Kafin aikin chlorination, sludge na gwal na cyanide yawanci yana buƙatar pretreatment. Wannan na iya ƙunsar matakai irin su niƙa don rage girman barbashi na sludge, wanda zai iya ƙara wurin hulɗa tsakanin sludge da wakili na chlorinating, don haka inganta haɓakar amsawa. Bugu da ƙari, idan sludge ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙazanta waɗanda za su iya tsoma baki tare da halayen chlorination, kamar yawan adadin wasu ƙarfe oxides ko sulfides, pre-leaching tare da reagents masu dacewa ana iya aiwatar da su don cire waɗannan abubuwa masu shiga tsakani.

Maganin Chlorination

1. Farko - mataki Chlorination (cire rashin tsarki)

• A cikin mataki na farko na maganin chlorination, babban burin shine cire ƙananan karafa daga sludge na cyanide. Ana sanya sludge a cikin jirgin ruwa mai amsawa tare da matsakaicin acidic (yawanci hydrochloric acid). Sa'an nan kuma, ana ƙara wani wakili na chlorinating, kamar sodium chlorate, a hankali. Yanayin zafin jiki, acidity, da adadin ƙara wakili na chlorinating yana buƙatar kulawa da hankali. Misali, ana iya kiyaye yanayin zafin jiki a cikin kewayon, yawanci a kusa da 40 - 60 ° C, kuma ana daidaita acidity na maganin hydrochloric acid zuwa taro mai dacewa, yawanci a kusa da 1 - 3 mol/L.

• A lokacin wannan tsari, ana kula da oxidation - rage yuwuwar tsarin amsawa. Lokacin da yuwuwar ta kai ga takamaiman kewayon (misali, don kawar da wasu ƙarfe na tushe, ana iya sarrafa yuwuwar a tsakanin 400 - 450 mV), ƙarfe na tushe kamar zinc, ƙarfe, da ɓangaren jan ƙarfe suna oxidized kuma suna narkar da su cikin mafita. Lokacin amsawa ya bambanta dangane da abun da ke ciki da girman barbashi na sludge, gabaɗaya daga 2 - 4 hours.

2.Na biyu - mataki Chlorination (Rabuwar Zinariya da Azurfa)

• Bayan mataki na farko na cire ƙazanta, ragowar ya ƙunshi zinari, azurfa, da sauran ƙazanta. A cikin mataki na biyu na chlorination, ana daidaita yanayin don zaɓin narkar da zinariya ko azurfa. Idan makasudin shine narkar da zinari, ana daidaita yanayin halayen don ƙara haɓakar iskar oxygen - yuwuwar ragewa. Misali, ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin sodium chlorate da daidaita acidity da zafin jiki yadda ya kamata, ana iya ƙara yuwuwar zuwa kewayon inda zinare za a iya oxidized da narkar da (yawanci a kusa da 1000 - 1050 mV).

• Yayin da martanin ya ci gaba, zinare yana jujjuya shi zuwa rukunin chloride na gwal mai narkewa a cikin maganin. Azurfa na iya samar da chloride na azurfa wanda ba zai iya narkewa a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa kuma ya kasance a cikin ragowar. Lokacin amsawa na wannan mataki na iya zama a kusa da 0.5 - 1 hour, dangane da adadin zinariya a cikin sludge.

Karfe Farfadowa

1.Gold farfadowa

• Bayan an narkar da gwal a cikin maganin azaman gwal chloride hadaddun, ana iya dawo da shi ta raguwa. Ana iya amfani da abubuwan ragewa kamar sodium sulfite, oxalic acid, ko hydrazine. Lokacin amfani da sodium sulfite azaman wakili mai ragewa, ana daidaita maganin zuwa ƙimar pH mai dacewa (yawanci a kusa da 1 - 2), sannan ana ƙara sodium sulfite a hankali. Ma'anar amsawa don raguwar hadaddun chloride na gwal ta sodium sulfite shine: 3H₂O + 3Na₂SO₃+2HAuCl₄ = 3Na₂SO₄ + 8HCl + 2Au.

• Hakanan ana lura da tsarin ragewa ta hanyar auna iskar oxygen - yuwuwar raguwar maganin. Ƙarshen - batu na raguwa za a iya ƙayyade lokacin da yuwuwar ta kai wani ƙima (alal misali, na farko - mataki na raguwa ta amfani da sodium sulfite, ƙarshen - yuwuwar ma'ana na iya zama kusa da 590 - 730 mV). Sai a tace zinaren da aka haɗe, a wanke, sannan a bushe don samun samfuran zinariya tsantsa.

2.Silver Farfadowa

• Idan azurfa ta kasance a cikin ragowar bayan mataki na biyu na chlorination, ana iya kara sarrafa shi don dawo da azurfa. Wata hanyar gama gari ita ce a bi da ragowar tare da reagent mai dacewa don narkar da azurfa, kamar yin amfani da acid nitric don narkar da chloride na azurfa don samar da maganin nitrate na azurfa. Sa'an nan, za a iya dawo da azurfa daga maganin nitrate na azurfa ta hanyoyi irin su electrolysis ko raguwa tare da wakili mai ragewa.

Cyanide - yana dauke da Maganin Ruwan Shara

Ruwan sharar da aka samar yayin aikin chlorination na sludge na gwal na cyanide ya ƙunshi ragowar cyanide. Don saduwa da ƙa'idodin fitar da muhalli, wannan ruwan datti yana buƙatar kulawa. Alkaline chlorination hanya ce ta gama gari don magance irin wannan ruwan datti. A cikin yanayin alkaline (pH> 10), ana ƙara oxidant mai tushen chlorine zuwa ruwan sharar gida. Cyanide a cikin ruwan sharar gida yana da iskar oxygen zuwa cyanate da farko sannan kuma ya kara yin oxidized zuwa carbon dioxide da nitrogen mara guba. Ana aiwatar da halayen a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɗuwa da kyau da yanayin lokacin amsawa don tabbatar da cikakken iskar shaka na cyanide.

Amfanin Tsarin Chlorination

Babban Karfe Farfaɗo Rate

Tsarin chlorination na iya samun babban adadin dawo da karafa masu mahimmanci a cikin sludge na cyanide. Ta daidai sarrafa yanayin dauki da hadawan abu da iskar shaka - rage yuwuwar, yana yiwuwa a selectively narke da kuma dawo da zinariya da azurfa, yayin da yadda ya kamata cire tushe karfe impurities. Misali, a cikin ingantattun matakai, ƙimar dawo da gwal na iya kaiwa sama da 95%, kuma adadin dawo da azurfa shima yana iya zama babba, dangane da farkon abun da ke cikin sludge.

Ingantacciyar Lalacewar Cyanide

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, tsarin chlorination zai iya lalatar da sinadarin cyanide mai guba sosai a cikin sludge na zinariya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga kare muhalli, saboda yana iya hana sakin cyanide a cikin muhalli, rage yiwuwar cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin muhalli.

Daidaituwa zuwa Abubuwan Haɗin Sludge Daban-daban

Tsarin chlorination yana nuna dacewa mai kyau ga sludges na gwal na cyanide tare da nau'i daban-daban. Ko sludge yana da wani babban ko low abun ciki na zinariya, azurfa, da kuma daban-daban tushe karafa, dace daidaita yanayin dauki kamar nau'i da adadin chlorinating wakili, dauki zafin jiki, acidity, da hadawan abu da iskar shaka - rage m za a iya yi don cimma tasiri magani.

Kalubale da Magani a cikin Tsarin Chlorination

Lalacewar Kayan Aiki

Yanayin acidic da oxidizing a cikin tsarin chlorination na iya haifar da lalata kayan aiki mai tsanani. Yin amfani da chlorine - mai ɗauke da oxidants da kafofin watsa labarai na acidic, musamman hydrochloric acid, na iya lalata tasoshin amsawa, bututun, da sauran kayan aiki. Don magance wannan matsala, ana buƙatar zaɓar kayan da ba su da ƙarfi. Misali, ana iya yin tasoshin dauki da kayan aiki irin su babban - bakin karfe mai inganci, gami da titanium, ko liyi da lalata - kayan juriya kamar roba ko graphite. Binciken akai-akai da kuma kula da kayan aiki yana da mahimmanci don ganowa da gyara matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da lalata a cikin lokaci.

Generation of Toxic By - samfurori

A lokacin aikin chlorination, musamman ma a cikin maganin cyanide - dauke da abubuwa, akwai haɗarin haifar da guba ta - samfurori. Alal misali, lokacin da cyanide ya zama oxidized, ana iya samar da cyanogen chloride, wanda yake da guba. Don magance wannan matsalar, yanayin da ya dace yana buƙatar kulawa sosai. A cikin yanayin oxidation na cyanide, kiyaye yanayin alkaline zai iya hana samuwar cyanogen chloride. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a shigar da tsarin samun iska mai kyau da kuma tsarin kula da iskar gas a cikin yankin da ake samarwa don guje wa tarin iskar gas mai guba.

Babban Makamashi da Amfani da Reagent

Tsarin chlorination yakan buƙaci takamaiman adadin kuzari don dumama, motsawa, da kayan aiki. Bugu da kari, yin amfani da chlorinating jamiái da sauran reagents ma ya jawo farashi. Don rage kuzari da reagent amfani, ana iya aiwatar da ingantaccen tsari. Alal misali, ta hanyar inganta amsa yadda ya dace ta hanyar inganta yanayin amsawa, rage yawan dumama da lokutan motsa jiki, da inganta yawan amfani da reagents ta hanyar mafi kyawun tsari da sarrafawa.

Kammalawa

Tsarin chlorination hanya ce mai ban sha'awa don magance sludge zinariya na cyanide. Yana haɗuwa da dawo da karafa masu mahimmanci da kuma detoxification na cyanide - dauke da abubuwa. Ko da yake akwai wasu ƙalubale a cikin aikace-aikacensa, tare da ci gaba da inganta fasahar fasaha da kuma ɗaukar hanyoyin da suka dace, tsarin chlorination na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin masana'antar hakar gwal, yana ba da gudummawa ga fa'idodin tattalin arziki da kare muhalli.