Maganin Koren Don Haƙar Ma'adinan Zinariya: Matsalolin Sodium Cyanide a Indonesiya

Indonesia ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a yankin ASEAN, tana da faɗin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.919 da kuma faɗin teku na murabba'in kilomita miliyan 3.16 (ban da yankin tattalin arziki na musamman). Ƙasar tana da wadataccen albarkatun ma'adinai. Manyan ma'adanai na ƙarfe sun haɗa da bauxite, nickel, yashi na ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, tin, zinariya, da azurfa; ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe galibi sun ƙunshi kwal, dutse mai daraja, da granite. Akwai kuma wasu ma'adanai na zinc, mercury, manganese, gubar, kaolin, andesite, quartz yashi, feldspar, dolomite, bentonite, zeolite, phosphate, da gypsum. Duk da haka, saboda fasahar binciken ƙasa da ta tsufa, ƙarancin aikin ƙididdiga, da ƙarancin haɓaka albarkatu da ikon amfani da su, gwamnati ba ta fahimci cikakken ilimin albarkatunta ba. Na dogon lokaci, kamfanonin ƙasashen waje sun ƙirƙiro kuma suna amfani da albarkatun ma'adinai. A bisa kididdigar da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Albarkatun Ma'adinai ta Indonesia ta fitar, da kuma rarraba albarkatun ma'adinan zinare kamar haka: tanadar zinare tana da kimanin tan miliyan 1.91, tare da tabbatar da tanadar tan 3.200, galibi an rarraba ta a Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, da Papua. A shekarar 2023, samar da ta kai tan 132, tare da fitar da kimanin kilogiram 890 na sandunan zinare. Haƙar zinare ya jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa da masu zuba jari na kasar Sin da yawa. A Indonesia, galibi ana rarraba ma'adinan zinare zuwa ma'adinan zinare na alluvial da ma'adanai masu oxidized. Tsarin tattara taki da ake amfani da shi don ma'adinan oxidized ana amfani da shi sosai saboda ƙarancin jarinsa da kuma saurin dawowarsa. Duk da haka, ginin tattara taki yana da iyaka ta hanyar sayo taki, hanyoyin bayanai, da fasahar gini, wanda hakan ya sa yawancin masu ma'adinan suka fara amfani da Sodium cyanide.

Sodium cyanide yana haifar da matsaloli da dama a Indonesia. Na farko, farashin siyan yana da yawa, inda farashin kasuwa ya kai kimanin RMB 50.000 zuwa 60.000 a kowace tan. Na biyu, Sodium Cyanide yana da guba sosai; shaƙa, shan ruwa, ko shan fata na iya haifar da guba mai tsanani. Na uku, gwamnatin Indonesiya tana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idoji masu tsauri, tare da amincewa da kulawa mai tsauri don siyarwa, ajiya, da sufuri. Masu zuba jari na China sun fahimci waɗannan batutuwa sosai, amma koyaushe akwai rashin ingantattun hanyoyin magance su.

Tun farkon shekarar 2016. An samar da wasu nau'ikan hako zinare da yawa a kasar Sin kuma an yi amfani da su sosai. Shaanxi United Chemical kamfani ne da ke mayar da hankali kan samarwa da bincike na abubuwan da suka samo asali na hydrogen cyanide da ma'aikatan hakar zinare masu dacewa da muhalli. Ainihin yi na Shaanxi United ta muhalli m zinariya hakar jamiái na iya maye gurbin sodium cyanide da aka sayar da kuma amfani a cikin fiye da goma kasashe a duniya, samun tartsatsi yabo daga abokan ciniki.

1. Halayen ma'aikatan hakar gwal na abokantaka na Shaanxi United sune kamar haka:

2. suna da abokantaka da muhalli da samfuran kore (gwajin da sassan masu iko suka gwada, samfuran ana rarraba su azaman kayan yau da kullun);

3. suna da ƙimar farfadowa mai yawa (wanda ya dace da ƙwanƙwasa tudun ruwa, lelejin tafki, motsa jiki, da sauransu);

4. suna da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau (tare da ingantaccen stabilizers da aka kara don rage tsangwama daga abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar S da As);

5. suna da aikace-aikace masu yawa (amfani da zinariya oxidized ores, primary ores, sulfuric slag, zinariya concentrates, anode laka, da dai sauransu);

6. suna da sauƙin amfani (ƙimar pH na 10-12. sashi da hanyar za a iya daidaita su gaba ɗaya tare da matakan cyanide);

7. suna da farashin da ya dace, suna rage farashin zuba jari sosai idan aka kwatanta da sodium cyanide.

Umarnin amfani

1. Iyakar Aikace-aikacen:

1. Nau'in Ore Masu Aiwatar da: Zinare da azurfa oxide ores, 'yan ƙasa ores, high-sulfur da high-arsenic zinariya ores, cyanide wutsiya, zinariya concentrates, sulfuric acid sharan gona, anode laka, da dai sauransu.

2. Dabaru Masu Amfani da Ma'adanai: Zubar da tarin ma'adanai, zubar da tafki, fitar da iskar carbon a cikin tarkacen (zubar da ma'adinai), da sauransu.

2. Tsarin Samfura: Foda mai ƙarfi ko siffar granular

3. Hanyar Narkewa: Narke gaba ɗaya a cikin ruwa a zafin ɗaki kafin amfani (gabaɗaya, ana iya hanzarta narkewa a cikin ruwan da ke gudana ko kuma ta hanyar juyawa sosai; yayin da ake zubar da tarin abubuwa, ana iya gina wurin yin allurai a gefen wurin da ba shi da kyau don ba da damar dawo da ruwan bayan an kunna maganin carbon don wanke wakilin cire zinare a cikin wurin da ba shi da kyau).

4. Daidaita pH: Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da lemun tsami ko sodium hydroxide don daidaitawa da kiyaye ƙimar pH tsakanin 10-12; lokacin da ƙimar pH da aka dawo da ruwa ta ragu, ya kamata a daidaita alkalinity cikin lokaci; idan ƙimar pH ta kasance mai yawa (fiye da 12) na tsawon lokaci, yana iya haifar da samuwar sikelin alkaline wanda ke shafar shaƙar carbon da aka kunna ko kuma haifar da rashin ruwa wanda ke shafar ingancin leaching.

5. Lissafin Matsalolin:

1. Za'a iya yin la'akari da sashi daga yawan amfani da sodium cyanide, kuma ana bada shawara don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sarrafa ma'adinai da kuma komawa zuwa yanayi mafi kyau (yawanci game da 1-2 g / t na zinariya oxide ores, tare da maida hankali na zinariya hakar wakili gaba daya kiyaye a 0.3-0.8 ‰, gyara bisa ga daban-daban maki maki da cutarwa).

2. Hanyar Lissafi don Sashi: Ƙarin sashi na wakilin hakar zinari = (mafi kyawun ƙimar ƙima - ƙimar ƙima na yanzu) × ƙarar ruwa a cikin tafkin dosing; misali, idan mafi kyau duka darajar taro darajar na zinariya hakar wakili ne 1.5 ‰ (bisa ruwa girma), da kuma mayar da ruwa maida hankali ne 0.6 ‰, tare da 500 cubic mita na ruwa a cikin matalauta bayani pool, da ƙarin sashi zai zama: (1.5 - 0.6) × 500 = 450 kg.

6. Tsarin Amfani da Samfura: (Ya yi daidai da amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin tsarin cire tarin abubuwa da kuma cire carbon)

1. Tsari Leaching da Tsarin Leaching Pond: Murƙushe ɗanyen tama, tara/kiɗa shi, leach, adsorb tare da kunna carbon (masanin foda na zinc), wutar lantarki, da narkewa.

2. Tsarin Carbon-in-Pulp (Stirred Leaching): Murkushe ɗanyen tama, niƙa shi, leach carbon, wutar lantarki, da narkewa.

Nasarar Case na Ma'amala Mai Kyau Mai Kyau na Zinare

Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai ta Lingbao Wenyu da ke Henan ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da masana'antu ta amfani da sabuwar fasahar reagent na cire zinare mai ƙarancin guba a cikin cikakken aikinta na cyanidation na lemun tsami. Gwaje-gwajen sun cimma ingantattun alamun sarrafawa. Lokacin da niƙa ya kasance -0.074mm tare da abun ciki sama da 90%, yawan ɓangaren litattafan ya kasance 40%, yawan lemun tsami shine 3kg/t, lokacin kafin magani na alkaline shine awanni 2, yawan sinadarin cire zinare mai kyau ga muhalli shine 600g/t, kuma lokacin cire zinare shine awanni 24, adadin cire zinare ya kai 95.60%. Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa wannan reagent zai iya maye gurbin sodium cyanide a cikin tsarin cire zinare. A halin yanzu, an fara amfani da reagent. Idan aka kwatanta da leaching na cyanide, yawan cire zinare ya karu da kashi 1.4%, an rage yawan sinadarin cire zinare da 200g/t, kuma an rage lokacin cire zinare da fiye da awanni 12. Bugu da ƙari, wani bincike da aka yi kan gubar da ke fitowa daga sinadarin zinare mai hana muhalli ya nuna cewa gubar da ke fitowa daga cyanide, jan ƙarfe, gubar, zinc, da arsenic a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta duk suna cikin ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya ba da damar fitar da su kai tsaye ba tare da buƙatar maganin kawar da guba ba.

Game da amfani da Wakilin zaɓin zinare na muhallis, wajibi ne a sami ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun za su gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a farkon matakan hakar ma'adinai. Wannan saboda wurare daban-daban na hakar ma'adinai da nau'ikan ma'adinai daban-daban zasu haifar da sakamako daban-daban tare da wakilan zaɓi. Matsakaicin adadin da ya dace da ko don ƙara wasu kayan sinadarai dole ne a ƙayyade bisa gwaje-gwaje na farko. A wannan lokacin, Shaanxi United Chemical zai samar da duk mahimman ayyuka don taimaka muku wajen kammala gwaje-gwaje.

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Dumi Tips: Idan kana son sanin ƙarin bayani, kamar zance, samfura, mafita, da sauransu,