Matsayin Bincike na Yanzu da Haƙƙin Rarewar Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Duniya

Rare Abubuwan Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Duniya: Masu Tattara, Masu Bacin rai, Frothers & Ma'aikatan Leaching don Ingantacciyar farfadowa da Dorewa

Abubuwan da ba a sani ba (REEs) suna da kewayon keɓaɓɓen kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai, suna sanya su mahimmanci a aikace-aikace daban-daban, daga kayan lantarki zuwa amfanin soja. Kasashe irin su China, Amurka, Japan, da Ostiraliya sun amince da su a matsayin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. Koyaya, ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba suna da yawa iri-iri amma ba su da daraja kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da ma'adinan gangue iri ɗaya. Amfanin su ya dogara sosai kan ci gaba a cikin masu sarrafa ma'adinai.

Wannan labarin an shirya shi ne don ingantacciyar fa'ida ta albarkatun ƙasa da ba kasafai ba. Ya taƙaita halin yanzu na bincike da ci gaban flotation reagents don ma'adinai na tushen ƙarancin ƙasa, gami da masu tarawa, masu depressants, masu kunnawa, da 'yan yatsa, tare da hanyoyin yin iyo. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sinadarai don nau'in ion-irin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ion, wanda ya haɗa da leaching wakilai Ana kuma tattauna abubuwan da ke haifar da hazo, tare da rufe matsayin binciken su da hanyoyin leaching. Bugu da ƙari, halin yanzu na rare duniya iyo Ana kimanta masu tarawa, da kuma jagorar bincike na gaba don Rare ƙasa sarrafa ma'adinai Ana nazarin reagents. Wannan bita yana nufin samar da tunani ga kamfanoni da ƙwararrun masu tsunduma cikin sarrafa ma'adinai na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba da haɓaka reagent.

0 Gabatarwa

Abubuwan da ba a sani ba (REEs) sun haɗa da scandium, yttrium, da duk lanthanides 15, jimlar abubuwa 17. Waɗannan abubuwa suna baje kolin keɓantattun kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai, suna mai da su mahimmanci a sassa daban-daban na farar hula da na soja, gami da na likitanci, makamashi, da masana'antar tsaro. Ana kiran su sau da yawa a matsayin "bitamin masana'antu," "abubuwan al'ajabi," "hormones na noma," da "karfin yaki," wanda kasashe kamar Amurka, China, Japan, Australia, Kanada, da Tarayyar Turai suka amince da su a matsayin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS), tun daga shekarar 2022, tanadin da ba a iya gani ba na duniya (REO) ya kai kusan tan miliyan 120, wanda ya fi maida hankali a China (36.7%), Vietnam (18.3%), Brazil (17.5%), Rasha (17.5%), Indiya (5.8%), da Ostiraliya (3.3%).

Manyan ma'adinan kasa da ba kasafai ake samun su ba sun hada da ma'adinan kasar China Bayan Obo, da Maoniuping, da Ganzhou, da ma'adinan Mountain Pass a Amurka, da ma'adinan Araxa da Minasu a Brazil, da ma'adinan Strange Lake a Canada, da Dutsen Weld a Australia, da Zandkopsdrift a Afirka ta Kudu. Bugu da kari, lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, da suka hada da Jiangxi, da Guangdong, da Fujian, da kuma Yunnan, suna da gidaje sama da 170 masu inganci na ion-adsorption na kasa, wadanda ke zama tushen farko na duniya na samar da matsakaici da nauyi.

Fiye da nau'ikan ma'adanai na duniya 250 da aka gano, tare da bastnäsite ((Ce, La) (CO3) F), monazite ((Ce, La) PO4), xenotime (YPO4), yttrialite (Y2FeBe (SiO4) 2O2), da fergusonite (YNbO4) suna lissafin sama da 95-XNUMX% na ma'adinai. Duk da haka, waɗannan ma'adanai galibi ana danganta su da ma'adini, fluorite, barite, feldspar, calcite, da sauran ma'adanai na silicate gangue, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙima waɗanda ke ƙalubalanci rabuwa. Don haka, amfanar ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba sau da yawa yana buƙatar haɗuwa da rabuwar nauyi, rarrabuwar maganadisu, da flotation don haɓaka ƙananan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan narkewar masana'antu. A cikin yanayin ion-adsorption rare earth ores, rare duniya abubuwa ana adsorbed a matsayin ions a kan ma'adinai saman ko a cikin crystal yadudduka, bukatar sinadaran don cire rare earth oxides.

Ko ana ma'amala da ma'adinai na tushen ma'adinai ko nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ion, aikace-aikacen reagents masu fa'ida yana da mahimmanci wajen tantance darajar samfur, kasa maida hankali rates, ingancin samarwa, farashi, da tasirin muhalli.

Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali kan ingantaccen fa'ida na albarkatun ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, yana ba da cikakken bayyani na nau'ikan, dabaru, da ci gaban bincike na masu amfani da ruwa (masu tattara, frothers, masu daidaitawa) don ma'adinai na tushen ƙarancin ƙasa, da kuma abubuwan amfani da sinadarai (magungunan leaching, wakilai masu haɓakawa) don nau'in ion. Har ila yau yana gabatar da kwatance na gaba don bincike da haɓakawa a cikin masu sarrafa ma'adinai na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, da nufin samar da tunani ga kamfanoni da masu binciken da ke cikin rarrabuwar ƙasa ko ci gaban masana'antar reagent.

1 Masu Tattara Ruwan Ruwa Rare a Duniya

Masu tarawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bututun ruwa na duniya ta hanyar canza yanayin ruwa na ma'adinan da aka yi niyya, yana sauƙaƙa mannewa ga kumfa da haɓaka abubuwan hawan su. Dangane da ƙungiyoyin aiki, ana iya rarraba masu tarawa don ƙaƙƙarfan flotation na ƙasa zuwa acid hydroxamic, fatty acids, phosphonic acid, da sauran reagents.1.1 Hydroxamic Acid Collectors.

Masu tarawa na Hydroxamic acid, waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin 1980s, sune mafi yawan amfani da reagents a cikin ƙarancin ruwa na duniya. Hydroxamic acid, wanda kuma aka sani da oximes, sun kasance a cikin nau'ikan isomeric guda biyu: oxime (tsarin keto) da hydroxamic acid (tsarin enol), tare da oxime ya kasance babba. Duk isomers sun rabu don samar da anions iri ɗaya yayin iyo.

Masu tarawa na yau da kullun na hydroxamic acid da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙarancin flotation na ƙasa sun haɗa da C7-C9 alkyl hydroxamic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), cycloalkyl hydroxamicyl acid oaksamicyl acid, cycloalkyl hydroxamicyl acid oaksamicyl, (OMHA), da sauran samfuran hydroxamic acid da aka gyara ko gauraye, irin su H316 (wanda aka gyara H205), P8 (mafi yawan hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), LF8# (98% hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), da mai tarawa 103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). Yayin da acid hydroxamic yana nuna kyakkyawan zaɓi don abubuwan da ba kasafai ba, galibi suna buƙatar dumama yayin hawan ruwa, wanda ke haifar da farashin makamashi mai girma, kuma haɗin su yana iya zama tsada.

1.2 Masu Tarin Fatty Acid

An yi amfani da masu tattara fatty acid a cikin ruwa mai saurin gaske tun daga shekarun 1950 lokacin da aka sami nasarar shafa oleic acid zuwa Mountain Pass a Amurka. A kasar Sin, an fara yin nazari mai tsauri kan amfani da sinadarin oleic acid da sabulun paraffin da ba kasafai ake yin shawagi a duniya ba a shekarun 1960.

Ana samun masu tattara fatty acid daga kayan lambu na halitta ko mai na dabba, yawanci sun haɗa da cakuɗen C10-C20 cikakken da kuma unsaturated carboxylic acid ko salts. Reagents na yau da kullun sun haɗa da oleic acid, sodium oleate, mai tsayi, sabulun paraffin oxidized, man 'ya'yan itace Bacchus, phthalates, acid naphthenic, da abubuwan da aka samo asali na mai. Koyaya, masu tara fatty acid suna da ƙananan zaɓi don ma'adanai na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙari na abubuwan damuwa da daidaita yanayin zafi don cimma rabuwa mai tasiri.

An yi imanin yawo na ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba ta amfani da fatty acids ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗen tallan jiki, tallan sinadarai, da halayen sinadarai na saman.

1.3 Masu tattara Acid Fosphonic

Phosphonic acid (-P = O) da phosphonate (-O-P = O) masu tarawa suna nuna aikin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi don ma'adanai na ƙarfe idan aka kwatanta da hydroxamic da masu tara acid fatty. Duk da haka, masu tara phosphonic acid gabaɗaya suna da ƙananan zaɓi.

A halin yanzu ana amfani da masu tara phosphonic acid a cikin ƙarancin ruwa na duniya sun haɗa da styrene phosphonic acid, p-toluene phosphonic acid, benzyl phosphonic acid, α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, da samfuran kasuwanci kamar P538 da Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Sauran Masu Tari

Banda acid hydroxamic, fatty acids, da phosphonic acid, ana bincika nau'ikan masu tattara litattafai don inganta ingantaccen flotation na duniya da zaɓi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da sulfonates, thio-phosphates, da quaternary ammonium salts.

• Sulfonates: An ba da rahoton Sulfonates don nuna kyakkyawan zaɓi da aiki a cikin hanyoyin ruwa, amma aikace-aikacen su a cikin ƙarancin ma'adinai na ƙasa har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko.

• Thio-phosphates: Ana amfani da waɗannan masu tarawa sau da yawa a cikin ma'adinan sulfide, amma ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan aikace-aikacen su a cikin ƙanƙara.

• Gishiri na Ammonium Quaternary: An bincika waɗannan mahadi don iyawar su na iyo da ma'adinan da ba sulfide ba, kuma an ba da rahoton wasu nasarori a cikin buguwar ƙasa. Suna aiki ta hanyar jan hankali na electrostatic tare da ma'adinai da aka caje mara kyau.

Masu bincike ne kullum gwaji tare da sabon reagents don bunkasa tasiri na rare duniya ma'adinai flotation, mayar da hankali a kan duka inganta dawo da rates da rage muhalli tasirin wadannan sunadarai.

2 Masu Bacin Rai Don Rare Ruwan Ruwan Duniya

Masu bacin rai suna da mahimmanci a cikin ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba don zaɓin hana ma'adinan gangue, don haka haɓaka zaɓi da yawan amfanin ƙasa da aka yi niyya na ma'adinan ƙasa. Ma'adinan gangu na farko da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, kamar ma'adini, calcite, da barite, galibi suna nuna halaye iri ɗaya, suna yin zaɓin zaɓinsu mai mahimmanci.

Abubuwan damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan flotation na ƙasa sun haɗa da gilashin ruwa (sodium silicate), sodium fluoride, tannins, da sitaci.

2.1 Sodium Silicate (Gilashin Ruwa)

Sodium silicate, wanda aka fi sani da gilashin ruwa, yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba a cikin flotation na duniya. Ana amfani da shi don hana ma'adanai na silicate kamar ma'adini da feldspar. Tsarin aikin rage damuwa na sodium silicate gabaɗaya ana danganta shi da samuwar silica Layer akan saman ma'adinan gangue, wanda ke hana haɓakar masu tarawa.

Gilashin ruwa yana da tasiri, mai rahusa mai rahusa, amma ayyukansa na iya yin tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar pH, maida hankali na ion, da adadin reagent. Masu bincike suna binciko gyare-gyaren silicates da sauran abubuwan da suka haɗa da sinadarai don inganta zaɓin gilashin ruwa.

2.2 Sodium fluoride

Ana amfani da Sodium fluoride don rage ƙwanƙwasa ƙididdiga a cikin tsarin tafiyar da ruwa da ba kasafai ba. Its depressive sakamako dogara ne a kan dauki tsakanin fluoride ions da alli ions, forming wani insoluble alli fluoride fim a kan ma'adinai surface, wanda ya hana tara tara adsorption.

Duk da haka, sodium fluoride abu ne mai guba sosai, kuma amfani da shi na iya haifar da matsalolin muhalli da aminci. Sakamakon haka, masu bincike suna neman mafita mafi aminci.

2.3 Tannins da sitaci

Tannins da sitaci misalan kwayoyin depressants ne da ake amfani da su a cikin balaguron ruwa a duniya. Tannins, waɗanda aka samo daga kayan shuka, ana amfani da su don lalata ma'adanai na gangue kamar barite da fluorite. Tsarin su ya ƙunshi hadaddun abubuwa tare da ions ƙarfe a saman ma'adinai, rage abin da aka makala.

Ana amfani da sitaci da yawa azaman abin damuwa ga hematite da sauran ma'adanai masu ɗauke da ƙarfe a cikin yawo na ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba. Haɗin kai tsakanin sitaci da ma'adanai yawanci jiki ne, tare da ƙwayoyin sitaci suna adsorbing akan saman ma'adinai, hana ayyukan masu tarawa.

2.4 Sabbin Masu Bacin rai

Haɓaka sabbin abubuwan baƙin ciki wani yanki ne mai gudana na bincike a cikin ƙanƙara mai wuyar ruwa. Wadannan novel reagents nufin inganta selectivity da kuma rage muhalli tasirin da flotation tsari. Misalan abubuwan ci gaba na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren sitaci, polymers ɗin roba, da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalacewa.

3 ƴan uwa don Rare Duniya iyo

Frothers suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar kumfa mai ƙarfi a cikin sel masu ruwa, yana ba da damar rarrabuwar ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba daga kayan gangue. Frothers suna rinjayar girman kumfa, kwanciyar hankali, da motsin motsa jiki. Mafi yawan frothers da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan flotation na duniya sune tushen barasa da kuma tushen ether.

3.1 'Yan Uwa Masu Barasa

An yi amfani da frothers na tushen barasa, irin su methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) da pine mai, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai, gami da ƙarancin flotation na duniya. Wadannan frothers suna taimakawa wajen samar da ƙananan kumfa masu tsayayye waɗanda ke haɓaka yawo na ƙananan barbashi.

Giya-tushen frothers ne in mun gwada da m da tasiri, amma su yi iya bambanta dangane da dalilai kamar pH, ma'adinai abun da ke ciki, da reagent hulda.

3.2 Ether-Tsarin ƴan uwa

Ether-tushen frothers, kamar polypropylene glycol ethers (misali, DF-250), suma ana amfani da su a cikin kasa da kasa flotation. Waɗannan frothers sukan haifar da kumfa masu kyau da kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da frothers na tushen barasa. Koyaya, tushen ether na iya zama mafi tsada kuma yana iya buƙatar madaidaicin sarrafa sashi.

3.3 Novel Brothers

Bincike a cikin sabbin frothers don ƙanƙantaccen tuwo a duniya yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka zaɓi da kwanciyar hankali yayin da rage tasirin muhalli. Waɗannan sun haɗa da frothers da frothers masu haɓakawa tare da ingantaccen juriya ga kasancewar mai da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ɗigon ruwa.

4 Leaching Reagents don Ion-Adsorption Rare Ores na Duniya

Ion-adsorption rare earth ores ne na musamman a cikin cewa kasa rare abubuwa ana adsorbed a saman lãka ma'adinai maimakon a kulle a cikin ma'adinai Tsarin. Ana sarrafa waɗannan ma'adanai galibi ta amfani da leaching maimakon iyo. Abubuwan leaching suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar lalata ions na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba daga saman yumbu.

4.1 Ammonium Sulfate Leaching

Ammonium sulfate shine mafi yawan amfani da leaching wakili don ion-adsorption rare earth ores. ions ammonium a cikin musayar bayani tare da ions na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a saman ma'adinan yumbu, suna sakin su cikin bayani. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar sosai saboda ƙarancin farashi da sauƙi.

Duk da haka, ammonium sulfate leaching na iya haifar da muhimman al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, musamman dangane da ammonium ion gurbatawa. Ana kokarin samar da wasu hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba.

4.2 Sodium Chloride da Magnesium Sulfate Leaching

An bincika sodium chloride da magnesium sulfate a matsayin madadin ammonium sulfate. Wadannan reagents suna aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin musayar ion iri ɗaya amma suna da fa'idar kasancewa ƙasa da cutarwa ga muhalli. Duk da haka, sun kasance ba su da tasiri game da ƙimar farfadowa, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don inganta amfani da su.

4.3 Ma'aikatan Leaching Organic

Abubuwan leaching na halitta, irin su citric acid da EDTA, ana binciken su azaman madadin mahalli ga na yau da kullun na leaching reagents. Wadannan mahadi na kwayoyin halitta na iya yadda ya kamata su chelate ions na duniya da ba kasafai ba, wanda zai sa su fi sauki a cire su daga ma'adanin. Duk da haka, farashin wadannan reagents ne mai iyakance factor ga tartsatsi tallafi.

5 Ma'aikatan Haɓakawa don Ion-Adsorption Rare Ores na Duniya

Da zarar ions na duniya da ba kasafai aka shiga cikin mafita ba, suna buƙatar a haɗe su kuma a dawo dasu. Ana amfani da abubuwan hazo don samar da mahadi na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba waɗanda za a iya raba su da maganin leach.

5.1 ammonium bicarbonate

Ana amfani da ammonium bicarbonate da yawa don haɓaka ions ƙasa masu wuya daga mafita na leach kamar ƙarancin carbonates na ƙasa. Wannan reagent yana da tasiri kuma yana da ƙarancin farashi, amma yana iya samar da ruwa mai yawa na ammonium, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubalen muhalli.

5.2 Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid ana amfani dashi sosai don haɓaka abubuwan da ba su da yawa a duniya kamar ƙarancin ƙasa oxalates, waɗanda za'a iya ƙididdige su don samar da ƙarancin ƙasa. Oxalic acid yana da tasiri sosai amma yana iya zama tsada fiye da ammonium bicarbonate. Bugu da ƙari, sarrafa oxalic acid yana buƙatar matakan tsaro a hankali saboda gubarsa.

5.3 Sabbin Ma'aikatan Haɗi

Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike don samar da ƙarin zaɓaɓɓun abubuwan da ba su da kyau da muhalli don murmurewa ƙasa ba kasafai ba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Organic acids, reagents biodegradable, da resins-exchanges.

6 Hannun Hannu da Abubuwan Gaba

Makomar ma'adinan sarrafa ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba ta ta'allaka ne a cikin haɓakar ƙarin zaɓaɓɓu, inganci, da abokantaka na muhalli. Muhimman wuraren bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:

• Ci gaban kore reagents: Tasirin muhalli na flotation da leaching reagents babban damuwa ne, musamman a yanayin sarrafa ƙasa da ba kasafai ba. Akwai buƙatar haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan da ba su da guba waɗanda za su iya maye gurbin sinadarai na gargajiya kamar ammonium sulfate da oxalic acid.

• Ingantawa cikin zaɓin zaɓi: Ana buƙatar sabbin masu tarawa, masu ba da damuwa, da frothers don haɓaka zaɓin da ba kasafai ake yin yawo a duniya ba, musamman ga ƙananan ƙima da sarƙaƙƙiya. Wannan ya haɗa da binciken sabbin sifofi na kwayoyin halitta da gyare-gyare na reagents na yanzu.

• Rage farashin: Babban farashi na wasu kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, musamman hydroxamic acid da phosphonic acid, shine ƙayyadaddun abu don amfani da su. Ya kamata bincike na gaba ya mayar da hankali kan haɗakar hanyoyin da za a iya araha ko kuma inganta haɓakar abubuwan da ke akwai don rage buƙatun sashi.

• Dorewa ta muhalli: Tare da haɓaka ƙa'idodi a duniya da nufin rage tasirin muhalli na ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, haɓaka fasahar sarrafa ƙasa mai ɗorewa mai ɗorewa yana ƙara zama mahimmanci. Wannan ya hada da rage yawan amfani da sinadarai masu cutarwa da rage samar da sharar gida da gurbatar yanayi.

A ƙarshe, sarrafa ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba ya dogara sosai kan amfani da reagents na sinadarai, kuma ci gaba da bincike yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka inganci, zaɓi, da dorewar waɗannan reagents. Haɓaka sabbin, reagents masu kore za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga makomar cin gajiyar ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, yayin da buƙatun duniya na waɗannan ma'adanai masu mahimmanci ke ci gaba da hauhawa.