ʻO ka Sodium Cyanide Control i loko o ka ʻoihana gula o Kenya: ka hewa a me ka palaho

No nā makahiki he nui, mercury ʻO ia ka kemika i koho ʻia no nā mea miners hana lima e ʻohi ana i ke gula ma Kenya. I kēia lā, ka sodium cyanide ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻai gula - he ʻano i ʻike ʻia a puni ka honua i ka mea i wehewehe ʻia he 'cyanide kipi '.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hewa a me ka palaho i loko o ka ʻāpana gula o Kenya ua haʻalele i nā luna e hakakā nei e hoʻoponopono i kēia kemika hiki ke make a loaʻa i kona hopena kaiapuni. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka noiʻi no kēia ʻāpana ma Migori, Narok, Siaya a me Kakamega, a me Nairobi, i Kepakemapa 2021.

Ua hōʻiliʻili kahi luna aupuni o Kenyan i kahi laʻana wai ma ke kauhale o Kowuor, kalana ʻo Migori, Kepakemapa 2021. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe kamaʻāina e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka make koke ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona i kahi kahua hoʻomaʻemaʻe gula kokoke a me ka hoʻohana ʻO ka sodium Cyanide.

ʻO ka hoʻololi i ʻO Sodium cyanide

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka sodium cyanide i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻai gula haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mercury. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mercury hiki ke loaʻa ma waena o 25% a me 50%, ʻoi aku ka nui o 60% o ke gula, akā me ka cyanide, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa 95% a i ʻole 100% o ke gula mai ka oka. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka 'tailing' mai ka ʻohi gula - ke hoʻomau nei ma Kenya mai ka wā colonial - he lua gula ʻōlelo a me ka magnet no nā ʻoihana e makemake ana e hana i ke gula 'leaching', ke kaʻina o ka unuhi ʻana i ke gula mai kēia huahana ʻōpala.

Eia nō naʻe, ke hana nei ka nui o kēia mau wahi leaching me ke kānāwai. Ma kahi e lawa ai ka huelo no ka mālama ʻana i kahi kahua leaching, kūkulu pinepine ka poʻe i kahi huelo me ka wikiwiki, hana i ka huelo mai kahi wahi no ʻeono mahina a i hoʻokahi makahiki. Ke pau ka wahi, neʻe lākou i kahi aʻe. Hōʻalo kēia i ka nānā ʻana o ke aupuni… ʻaʻole kānāwai ka hapa nui o [nā pūnaewele]. ʻO ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai nā wahi leaching ma nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana mai nā kahua ʻae ʻole.

I kekahi manawa, hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia nā mana i kahi kahua i ka wā i neʻe ai nā mea hana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka huelo ma ia wahi. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e nānā pehea e hoʻopau ʻia ai ka cyanide inā ʻaʻohe kanaka kānāwai [hiki ke ʻike ʻia a paʻa i ke kuleana].

Hoʻopilikia ʻia naʻe ke olakino o nā kaiāulu kūloko a me kā lākou holoholona inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā protocol koʻikoʻi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka sodium cyanide me ka palekana, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai. ʻO ka nui o nā wahi leaching no ka manawa pōkole i wehewehe ʻia ke kumu o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, ua neʻe nā hui leaching i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i kahi ala no ka poʻe kamaʻāina e mālama iā lākou.

Ma mua, aia nā ho'āʻo e hoʻomalu i ka mercury i ke gula-ʻoihana mining, oi loa aku ma muli o ka hana lima a me ka li'ili'i [mining's] hopena i ke kaiapuni. A laila komo mai ka sodium cyanide a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kona hopena [i ke olakino].

Pilikia opaque nona a me ka laikini

Hoʻopiʻi ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻopukapuka e holo ana i nā pūnaewele leaching kānāwai i nā mana i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hana ma ke kānāwai, ma muli o ka lohi o ka ʻae ʻana i nā laikini no nā wahi leaching, ma waho aʻe o ka palaho a me ke keakea politika. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi laikini hiki ke lawe i ʻelua makahiki - ʻoiai ʻo nā pūnaewele ponoʻī he mau mahina wale nō e hoʻomaʻemaʻe. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia he 10 mau kahua laikini kūhelu ʻo Migori akā he 40 mau noi e kali ana i ka ʻae ʻia mai Kepakemapa 2021.

Loaʻa ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai i nā keʻena kūpono. No ka laʻana, he mau luna liʻiliʻi wale nō mai ka 'Oihana Geology e kiaʻi iā Migori, Homa Bay, Kisii, Nyamira a me Narok county, e hoʻopuni ana i kahi ʻāpana gula-mining nui. He mea paʻakikī kēia i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi leaching. Ma nā noiʻi ʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pūnaewele hewa ʻole. Hāʻawi pinepine nā mana i nā mea hana i ka manawa e noi ai [no ka laikini] a i ʻole e pani iā ​​​​lākou a hilinaʻi i nā mākaʻi e hoʻokō i kēia mau kauoha.

Hoʻolilo kēia kūlana i ka ʻona a me ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā wahi leaching i nā kaiāulu a puni: pinepine ka inoa o nā hui, nā alakaʻi a i ʻole ka mana hope o nā pūnaewele. He liʻiliʻi nā limahana kūloko - hāʻawi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā limahana akamai e nā limahana mai nā ʻāina ʻē - a uku pinepine ʻia lākou i ke kālā, e waiho ana i kahi ala pepa liʻiliʻi. Kapa ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe kamaʻāina i kahi kahua ma hope o ka hui nui o nā lāhui ʻē e hana ana ma laila, ʻo ia hoʻi he mau Tanzanian, India a Kina paha.

ʻO ka palaho a me ka hana ʻino i ka ʻāpana gula

ʻO ka poʻe o ka ʻoihana e ʻōlelo nei ʻo nā kiʻi kālai'āina ka mea i loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻoihana. Ma Sepatemaba 2019. he hana e na mana ma Migori kalana i alakai ai i ka pani ana ma luna o 40 gula-mining a me ka hooponopono ana mea kanu hana illegally, me elua hoikeia e hoomaluia e ka luna kalana kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka ʻoihana i kēia lā.

Ua ʻōlelo kekahi kākau ʻōlelo ʻoihana loio ʻo ka hapa nui o nā wahi leaching e hoʻokele ʻia e nā poʻe me nā pili politika, e hiki ai ke kāpae ʻia nā kaʻina hana i ka wā e hana ai i nā ʻaelike a kūʻai ʻana i ʻāina. I hoʻokahi makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻaelike kūʻai ʻāina e kekahi poʻe kālepa India ma o kahi hui e kūʻai ana i ka ʻāina. Ke kūʻē ke kākau ʻōlelo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokomo i ke kānāwai leʻaleʻa gula Ma ke ʻano he manaʻo no kā lākou hana ma ka ʻāina, ua koi lākou e holo ka ʻaelike no ka mea ua kākoʻo ʻia lākou e nā luna aupuni kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻeono mahina ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ka mea kanu leaching.

ʻO ka hana ʻana ma waho o ka ʻōnaehana kānāwai ua waiho ʻia nā wahi leaching ma kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hakakā, ʻoiai ʻo nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā ʻaelike gula a me nā hakakā ma waena o ka poʻe ʻoihana e hōʻike ʻia ma o ka hana ʻino ma mua o nā ʻaha.

ʻO kekahi o ia hanana i hana ʻia ma 18 Malaki 2021. i ka wā i hoʻouka ʻia ai nā ʻaʻahu o ka lawelawe General Service Unit (Kenyan paramilitary police) i kahi kahua hoʻolele gula ma Isebania, kokoke i ka palena Tanzania. ʻO kahi hapa o ka hoʻouka kaua i hopu ʻia ma nā kiʻi kelepona CCTV ma ke keʻena o kahi kanaka pāʻoihana, nāna i ʻōlelo ua ʻaihue nā luna i 2.5 kilokani gula waiwai 11 miliona Kenyan shillings (Ksh) a me Ksh2 miliona ma ke kālā (ma kahi o US $ 95 000 a me US $ 17 000.).

I ka hōʻea ʻana i loko o Toyota Land Cruisers, ua neʻe aku nā mākaʻi i ke kahua leaching a hoʻoikaika i ko lākou ala ma o ka lele ʻana ma luna o ka puka pā, e hahau ana i ʻekolu mau limahana a lawe pōkole i ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomāinoino lākou i nā kāne a komo i loko o kahi hale palekana. A laila hele lākou i loko o kahi pā kokoke a ka mea kālepa hoʻokahi, hoʻomaka lākou e hahau i nā mea kūʻai aku, a laila haʻalele.

Ua ʻōlelo ka loio e kū nei i ka ʻoihana ʻaʻole i ʻike nā mākaʻi ma Migori a i ʻole ma ka hale mākaʻi o Isebania kokoke i ka hoʻouka ʻana a e alualu lākou i ka hihia me ke aupuni. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mea ʻoihana no ka ʻauhau ʻauhau e ka Kenya Revenue Authority ma ka Kisii High Court. Ua makemake ʻo ia e ʻike i ka nui o kāna ʻauhau i ke aupuni a i ʻole ke kānāwai āna i uhaʻi ai e ʻae i kēia ʻano hoʻouka kaua mai ka paramilitary [pūʻali] a ʻaʻole nā ​​mākaʻi maʻamau, ka mea i hele mai me ka ʻole o ka palapala hoʻopaʻa ʻimi a i ʻole e hoʻoluhi e haʻi iā ia i ka mea i hana ʻia. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia ma ka ʻaha, akā ʻaʻohe mea i maopopo. Mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua nalowale ka mea ʻoihana i nā mea kūʻai aku, nā hoa ʻoihana a me ka hilinaʻi; ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e pani i ka pūnaewele a ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka hoʻopukapuka gula.

Eia hou, aia kahi manaʻo e pili ana kēia i ka politika. Ua ʻōlelo nā kumu i kamaʻāina i ka wahi leaching (e ʻōlelo ana me ke ʻano o ka inoa ʻole) ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he alo e nā luna aupuni kiʻekiʻe o ke kalana ʻo Migori a me nā poʻe kālai'āina kūloko. ʻO ka hopena paha o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana ma waena o kēia mau ʻaoʻao, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike ke aupuni kūloko e hana ʻia ana, me ka manaʻo o ke kauoha no ka hoʻouka ʻana mai luna mai.

ʻO ka pilikia o ka hana ʻino - i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā ʻoihana hoʻokūkū a i ʻole nā ​​​​luna kolohe - ua hoʻohālikelike i ka hana ʻana o nā pūnaewele leaching. No ka palekana, hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe i nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale no ka leaching a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke gula mai nā wahi leaching, no ka mea ma nā kuaʻāina, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka ʻia ʻana e nā lawehala. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā wahi kūlanakauhale he mau pā pōhaku kiʻekiʻe, kahi pahi a i ʻole uea ola ma luna a me kekahi mau ʻīpuka a me nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka palekana.

Nā kaulahao hoʻolako cyanide

Ua hōʻike aku ka poʻe a pau o ka ʻoihana leaching e kūʻai ʻole ʻia ka sodium cyanide ma Kenya, no nā kānāwai koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kāna lawelawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o ke kānāwai Kenyan, pono e lawe ʻia ka cyanide i loko o kahi kaʻa i hōʻailona ākea e hōʻike ana i kāna mau mea i loko, kahi e huki ai i ka manaʻo makemake ʻole i nā wahi leaching e hana hewa ana.

Akā, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka kemika mai Tanzania. Loaʻa i nā Tanzania ka mana chokehold ma nā ala cyanide, mercury a me sulfuric acid i ka ʻeli gula ma Kenya; ua hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i nā ʻauhau a pau e uku ʻia [ma ka hoʻohana ʻana] i nā ala smuggling… he tonne cyanide ma waena o Ksh400 000 a me Ksh500 000 [US$3 400–US$4 300], a ua paʻa mau ia no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻāʻo kekahi e hoʻokomo i nā mea kemika mai Uganda… kahi i loaʻa ai iā lākou nā kuleana gula, [akā] nā ʻauhau a me nā lawelawe ʻana me ke aupuni e waiho i hoʻokahi tonne cyanide ma Ksh600 000–Ksh700 000 [US$5 100–US$6 000], me ka nui o nā kumukūʻai i loaʻa ke lawe ʻia ma Kenya.

Ke kūʻai ʻia ke kemika ma Tanzania, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā pahu liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi o 120-200 lita ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka palena. Hoʻohana paʻa nā kānaka i nā minivans me nā puka aniani e lawe ai i nā kemika ma o nā ala hoʻopio. ʻO nā minivans - e kū'ē i nā kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā huahana ʻē aʻe - ua koho ʻia no ka mea ʻona ka mea a pono e mālama pono ʻia.

Ua hōʻoia pū ka luna geology o ka moku ʻo Migori ʻo ka hapa nui o ka sodium cyanide a me nā mākau e hoʻohana ai ia mea mai Tanzania kokoke mai, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO kēia hilinaʻi ʻana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako Tanzanian ʻo ia ka mea he nui nā pūnaewele ma Kenya e hoʻomalu ʻia e Tanzanian.

ʻO ka pilikia o kahi manawa i hala?

ʻO ka 'cyanide revolution' hiki ke lilo i manawa gula no ka ʻoihana mining o Kenya, e ʻae ana i nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana pono i ka mea ʻē aʻe he huahana ʻōpala. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻololi nei ka hewa i ka ʻāpana, nā kuleana politika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻino.

Ua ʻae like ka luna mākaʻi, ka luna ʻoihana kaiapuni a me ka luna geology ma ka moku ʻo Migori ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma waena o nā keʻena aupuni o Kenyan e hoʻomalu i ka leaching a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cyanide ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi loa no ka lawe ʻana i ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻāpana. Hiki i nā mākaʻi ke hopu, akā pono lākou i nā loea mai nā keʻena ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i kahi hana holoʻokoʻa e kōkua i nā hihia hoʻokolokolo.

I kēia manawa, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai kēia mau mea ʻawaʻawa e nā hui e hana ana ma waho o ke kānāwai, ua pilikia ke olakino o nā kaiāulu Kenyan a me nā holoholona.

Akahana

Hoʻopuka hou ʻia kēia ʻatikala mai ka Pūnaewele. No ka ʻike wale nō ka ʻike, ʻaʻole mākou e koi i ke kuleana a i ʻole ka hana kumu. ʻAʻole mākou kuleana no ka pololei, ka piha, ka manawa, a i ʻole ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻike ma ka ʻatikala. Inā he mau pilikia e pili ana i ke kuleana kope a i ʻole nā ​​manaʻo pili kānāwai, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou, a e hana koke mākou i nā hana kūpono.