Ke kūlana noiʻi o kēia manawa a me nā manaʻo o nā mea hoʻoponopono hoʻoheheʻe honua

ʻO nā mea hoʻoponopono hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka honua rare: nā mea hōʻiliʻili, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, nā frothers a me nā mea leʻaleʻa no ka hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomau.

Loaʻa iā Rare Earth elements (REEs) nā ʻano waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika, e koʻikoʻi ana lākou i nā noi like ʻole, mai ka uila a i ka hoʻohana pūʻali koa. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou he mau minela koʻikoʻi e nā ʻāina e like me Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana, a me Australia. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā ʻano minerala honua ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole akā haʻahaʻa i ka papa a pili pinepine me nā mineral gangue like. ʻO kā lākou pōmaikaʻi e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka holomua ʻana i nā reagents processing mineral.

Ua kuhikuhi ʻia kēia ʻatikala no ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi pono ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai honua laha ʻole. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ia i ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents flotation no nā mineral-based mineral earth ores, me nā mea hōʻiliʻili, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa , nā mea hoʻoulu, a me nā frothers , me kā lākou mau ʻano flotation. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia hoʻi nā reagents hoʻopōmaikaʻi kemika no nā ion-type rare earth ores, me nā leaching agents a me nā precipitating agents, e uhi ana i ko lākou kūlana noiʻi a me nā ʻano leaching. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi ʻia ke kūlana o kēia manawa o nā mea hōʻiliʻili flotation honua laha ʻole , a ua kālailai ʻia nā kuhikuhi noiʻi e hiki mai ana no nā Rare earth processing reagents. Manaʻo kēia loiloi e hāʻawi i kahi kuhikuhi no nā ʻoihana a me nā poʻe loea e hana ana i ka hana mineral rare earth a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka reagent.

0 Introduction

Loaʻa i nā mea ʻano honua laha ʻole (REEs) he scandium, yttrium, a me 15 lanthanides a pau, he 17 mau mea. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i kahi ʻano o nā waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea koʻikoʻi i nā ʻāpana kīwila a me nā pūʻali koa, me nā ʻoihana olakino, ikehu, a me nā ʻoihana pale. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia lākou ʻo "nā huaora ʻoihana," "nā mea hana mana," "hormones mahiʻai," a me "metala kaua," i ʻike ʻia he mineral koʻikoʻi e nā lāhui e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kina, Iapana, Australia, Kanada, a me ka European Union. Wahi a ka United States Geological Survey (USGS), i ka makahiki 2022, kū ka honua rare earth oxide (REO) ma kahi o 120 miliona tons, ka mea nui ma Kina (36.7%), Vietnam (18.3%), Brazil (17.5%), Russia (17.5%), India (5.8%), a me Australia (3.3%).

ʻO nā mines nui loa o ka honua ka Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, a me Ganzhou waihona, ka mine Mountain Pass ma US, nā mines Araxa a me Minasu ma Brazil, ka Strange Lake deposit ma Kanada, ka waihona ʻo Mount Weld ma Australia, a me ka waihona Zandkopsdrift ma ʻApelika Hema. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā panalāʻau hema o Kina, ʻo Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, a me Yunnan, he home no ka 170 kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ion-adsorption rare earth deposits, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu honua o nā mea honua a kaumaha.

Ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 250 mau ʻano minerala o ka honua, me ka bastnäsite ((Ce, La)(CO3)F), monazite ((Ce, La)PO4), xenotime (YPO4), yttrialite (Y2FeBe(SiO4)2O2), a me ka fergusonite (YNbO4) e helu ana ma luna o 95% o ka nui o ka mineral-based earth. Eia nō naʻe, pili pinepine kēia mau ores me ka quartz, fluorite, barite, feldspar, calcite, a me nā minerala gangue silicate ʻē aʻe, e hopena i nā ores haʻahaʻa e paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā oka honua laha ʻole e koi pinepine i ka hui pū ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻumekaumaha, ka hoʻokaʻawale magnetic, a me ka flotation e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā ores haʻahaʻa i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana. I ka hihia o ka ion-adsorption rare earth ores, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ʻeleʻele laha ʻole e like me nā ion ma luna o nā ʻili mineral a i ʻole i loko o nā papa aniani, e koi ana i ka hana kemika e unuhi i nā oxides honua.

Inā paha e hana ana me nā ʻoaka honua laha ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mineral a i ʻole ke ʻano ion, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā reagents beneficiation i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pae huahana, nā helu hoʻōla honua laha ʻole , ka pono o ka hana ʻana, nā kumukūʻai, a me ka hopena i ke kaiapuni.

Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala i ka pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi o nā kumuwaiwai honua, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻike kikoʻī o nā ʻano, nā mīkini, a me ka holomua noiʻi o nā flotation reagents (collectors, frothers, regulators) no nā mineral-based rare earth ores, a me nā reagents beneficiation kemika (leaching agents, precipitating agents) no ka ion-type rare earth ores. Hōʻike pū ia i nā kuhikuhi no ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mineral honua, e manaʻo ana e hāʻawi i kahi kuhikuhi no nā ʻoihana a me nā mea noiʻi e hana ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale honua a i ʻole ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka reagent ʻoihana.

1 Mea Ohi Laka Honua

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka poʻe ʻohi ʻohi i ka lele ʻana o ka honua ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hydrophobicity o ka ʻili o nā minerala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e maʻalahi iā lākou e hoʻopili i nā ʻōhū a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou mau waiwai flotation. Ma muli o nā pūʻulu hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hōʻiliʻili no ka lele ʻana o ka honua i loko o nā waikawa hydroxamic, nā momona momona, nā waikawa phosphonic, a me nā mea hou aku.

ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili waiuma Hydroxamic, i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki 1980, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka honua. ʻO nā waikawa hydroxamic, i ʻike ʻia he oximes, aia ma nā ʻano isomeric ʻelua: oxime (keto structure) a me hydroxamic acid (enol structure), me ka oxime ka mea nui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā isomers ʻelua e hana i nā anion like i ka wā o ka lele ʻana.

ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili waika hydroxamic maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka honua maʻamau, ʻo ia ka C7-C9 alkyl hydroxamic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), cycloalkyl hydroxamic acid, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid a me ka waikawa maloʻo. nā huahana hydroxamic acid i hoʻololi ʻia, e like me H316 (he H205 i hoʻololi ʻia), P8 (ka nui hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), LF8 # (98% hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), a me ka mea hōʻiliʻili 103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). ʻOiai ke hōʻike nei nā waikona hydroxamic i ke koho maikaʻi ʻana no nā mea o ka honua laha ʻole, koi pinepine lākou i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka wā o ka lele ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i nā kumukūʻai ikehu kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke kumukūʻai ko lākou synthesis.

1.2 ʻOhi ʻAka momona

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hōʻiliʻili ʻakika momona i ka lele ʻana o ka honua mai ka makahiki 1950 i ka wā i hoʻohana pono ʻia ai ka ʻakika oleic i Mountain Pass ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma Kina, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā haʻawina ʻōnaehana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waika oleic a me ka soap paraffin oxidized no ka lele ʻana o ka honua i nā makahiki 1960.

Loaʻa ʻia nā mea ʻohi ʻakika momona mai nā mea kanu maoli a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻaila holoholona, ​​ka mea maʻamau i haku ʻia me ka hui ʻana o C10-C20 saturated a unsaturated carboxylic acids a i ʻole nā ​​paʻakai. ʻO nā reagents maʻamau ka oleic acid, ka sodium oleate, ka aila kiʻekiʻe, ke kopa paraffin oxidized, ka aila huaʻai Bacchus, nā phthalates, ka waikawa naphthenic, a me nā derivatives petroleum oxidized. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mea ʻohi ʻakika momona no nā minerala honua a koi pinepine i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā depressants a me nā hoʻoponopono wela e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi.

ʻO ka lele ʻana o nā minerala honua laha ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻakika momona ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka adsorption kino, adsorption kemika, a me nā hopena kemika.

1.3 ʻOhi ʻAka Phosphonic

Hōʻike nā mea hōʻiliʻili phosphonic acid (—P=O) a me phosphonate (—O—P=O) i ka hana flotation ʻoi aku ka ikaika no nā minela metala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hōʻiliʻili hydroxamic a me ka momona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea hōʻiliʻili waikawa phosphonic.

ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili waika phosphonic i kēia manawa i loko o ka lele ʻana o ka honua me ka styrene phosphonic acid, p-toluene phosphonic acid, benzyl phosphonic acid, α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, a me nā huahana kalepa e like me P538 a me Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Nā ʻOhi ʻē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o nā waikawa hydroxamic, nā ʻakika momona, a me nā ʻakika phosphonic, ke ʻimi ʻia nei nā ʻano mea hōʻiliʻili hou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka flotation honua a me ka koho. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea he sulfonates, thio-phosphates, a me nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary.

• Sulfonates : Ua hōʻike ʻia nā Sulfonates e hōʻike i ke koho maikaʻi a me ka hana i nā kaʻina hana flotation, akā ʻo kā lākou noi i ka flotation mineral honua laha ʻole aia nō ia i kona mau pae mua.

• ʻO Thio-phosphates : Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea hōʻiliʻili i ka lana ʻana o ka mineral sulfide, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i kā lākou noi i ka lana ʻana o ka honua laha ʻole.

• Nā Paʻakai Ammonium Quaternary : Ua ʻimi ʻia kēia mau hui no ko lākou hiki ke lana i nā minelala non-sulfide, a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi kūleʻa i ka lana honua laha ʻole. Hana lākou ma o ka huki electrostatic me nā ʻili minelala i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia.

Ke hoʻāʻo mau nei nā mea noiʻi me nā reagents hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka lele ʻana o ka minerala honua, e kālele ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā helu hoʻihoʻi a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o kēia mau kemika.

2 Nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa no ka lele ʻana o ka honua

Pono nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka minerala honua no ka pale ʻana i nā minerala gangue, ma laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka koho a me ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā minerala honua. ʻO nā minerala gangue mua e pili ana me nā ores honua laha ʻole, e like me ka quartz, calcite, a me ka barite, e hōʻike pinepine ana i nā ʻano flotation like, e hana koʻikoʻi i kā lākou pale koho.

ʻO nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa maʻamau i ka lele ʻana o ka honua e pili ana i ke aniani wai (sodium silicate), sodium fluoride, tannins, a me ka starch.

2.1 Sodium Silicate (Ke aniani wai)

ʻO ka sodium silicate, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ke aniani wai, ʻo ia kekahi o nā depressants i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka honua. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e kāohi i nā mineral silicate e like me ka quartz a me ka feldspar. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka sodium silicate ka mea maʻamau i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi papa silica ma ka ʻili o nā minerala gangue, ka mea e pale ai i ka adsorption ʻohi.

ʻO ke aniani wai he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kāna hana e nā mea e like me ka pH, ka ion concentration, a me ke ʻano reagent. Ke ʻimi nei nā mea noiʻi i nā silicates i hoʻololi ʻia a me nā mea hoʻohui kemika ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke koho ʻana o ke aniani wai.

2.2 Sodium Fluoride

Hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium fluoride e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka calcite ma nā kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe honua. Hoʻokumu ʻia kona hopena depressive ma luna o ka hopena ma waena o nā ion fluoride a me nā ion calcium, e hana ana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni fluoride calcium insoluble ma ka ʻili mineral, kahi e pale ai i ka adsorption collector.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka sodium fluoride he mea ʻawaʻawa loa, a hiki i kāna hoʻohana ke hoʻopilikia i ka nohona a me ka palekana. ʻO ka hopena, ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe noiʻi i nā mea ʻē aʻe palekana.

2.3 Tannins a me ka Starch

ʻO nā tannins a me ka starch nā laʻana o nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa kūlohelohe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka honua. ʻO nā tannins, i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu, hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopau i nā mineral gangue e like me ka barite a me ka fluorite. ʻO kā lākou hana e pili ana i ka paʻakikī me nā ion metala ma ka ʻili mineral, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻohi.

Hoʻohana mau ʻia ka starch ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa no ka hematite a me nā mea hao hao ʻē aʻe i ka lele ʻana o nā minerala honua. ʻO ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o ka starch a me nā minela he mea maʻamau ia, me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā molekala starch ma luna o ka ʻili mineral, e pale ana i ka hana ʻohi.

2.4 Nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa hou

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā depressants hou kahi wahi o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka lele ʻana o ka honua. Ke manaʻo nei kēia mau reagents hou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka koho a hoʻemi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ke kaʻina flotation. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hou e pili ana i nā starch i hoʻololi ʻia, nā polymers synthetic, a me nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa organik biodegradable.

3 Frothers for Rare Earth Flotation

He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā Frother i ka hana ʻana i ka huʻi paʻa i loko o nā pūnaewele flotation, e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā minerala honua laha ʻole mai nā mea gangue. Hoʻopili nā Frother i ka nui o ka ʻōhū, ka paʻa o ka huʻi, a me nā kinetics flotation. ʻO nā frothers maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lele ʻana o ka honua laha ʻole, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waiʻona a me ka eter.

3.1 Nā Frother Me ka Waiʻona

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā frothers e pili ana i ka waiʻona, e like me ka methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) a me ka ʻaila paina, i ka flotation mineral, me ka lele ʻana o ka honua. Kōkua kēia mau frothers i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōhū liʻiliʻi a paʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lele ʻana o nā ʻāpana maikaʻi.

ʻAʻole kūʻai a maikaʻi nā frothers waiʻona, akā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kā lākou hana ma muli o nā kumu e like me ka pH, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mineral, a me nā pilina reagent.

3.2 Nā Frother i hoʻokumu ʻia e Etera

Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā frothers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Ether, e like me nā polypropylene glycol ethers (e laʻa, DF-250), i ka lele ʻana o ka honua. Hiki i kēia mau frothers ke hana i nā ʻōhū ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me nā huʻi paʻa paʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā frother me ka waiʻona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā frothers ether-based a makemake paha i ka mana o ka dosage pololei.

3.3 Nā Moʻolelo Frothers

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā frothers hou no ka lele ʻana o ka honua kakaʻikahi e kālele ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka koho a me ka paʻa o ka huʻi ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopili kēia i nā frothers biodegradable a me nā frothers me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ke alo o nā aila a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe i loko o ka slurry flotation.

4 Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai no ka Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

He mea kū hoʻokahi ka Ion-adsorption rare earth ores i ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka ʻili o nā minerala pālolo ma mua o ka paʻa ʻana i nā hale kolala. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau ores me ka leaching ma mua o ka lele ʻana. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā mea hoʻolele i kēia kaʻina hana ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ion honua laha ʻole mai nā ʻili pālolo.

4.1 Amoniuma Sulfate Leaching

ʻO Ammonium sulfate ka mea hoʻohana leaching maʻamau no ka ion-adsorption rare earth ores. Hoʻololi nā ion ammonium i ka hoʻonā me nā ion honua laha ʻole ma ka ʻili o nā minerala pālolo, e hoʻokuʻu ana iā lākou i ka hopena. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka maʻalahi.

Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka leaching ammonium sulfate ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia kaiapuni koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pollution ammonium ion. Ke hoʻoikaika ʻia nei e hoʻomohala i nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni.

4.2 Ka hoʻolei ʻana o ka Sodium Chloride a me ka Magnesium Sulfate Leaching

Ua noiʻi ʻia ka sodium chloride a me ka magnesium sulfate ma ke ʻano he mau mea ʻē aʻe i ka ammonium sulfate. Ke hana nei kēia mau reagents ma o nā mīkini hoʻololi ion like akā loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi o ka emi ʻana o ka pōʻino i ke kaiapuni. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, a pono e noiʻi hou e hoʻonui i kā lākou hoʻohana.

4.3 Nā ʻĀpana Leaching Organic

Ke ʻimi ʻia nei nā lāʻau leaching organik, e like me ka citric acid a me EDTA, ma ke ʻano he mau mea ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ke kaiapuni i nā reagents leaching inorganic maʻamau. Hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻohuihui ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi i nā ion honua laha ʻole, e maʻalahi ai ka lawe ʻana mai ka ʻaila. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau reagents he kumu palena no kā lākou hoʻohana ākea.

5 mau mea hoohuoi no ka Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ion honua kakaʻikahi i ka hopena, pono lākou e hoʻokahe a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana precipitating no ka hana ʻana i nā pūhui honua laha ʻole i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hoʻonā leach.

5.1 Ammonium Bicarbonate

Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka ammonium bicarbonate e hoʻoheheʻe i nā ion honua laha ʻole mai nā ʻoluʻolu leach e like me nā carbonates honua. He mea maikaʻi kēia reagent a he haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, akā hiki iā ia ke hana i ka nui o ka wai ʻōpala i loko o ka ammonium, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ke kaiapuni.

5.2 ʻOxalic Acid

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻakika oxalic e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea o ka honua laha ʻole e like me nā oxalates honua laha ʻole, a laila hiki ke calcined e hana i nā oxides honua. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waikawa Oxalic akā hiki ke ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o ka ammonium bicarbonate. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka waika oxalic e koi i nā ana palekana ma muli o kona ʻona.

5.3 Nā Agena Hoʻokaʻawale Hou

Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi i ke kaiapuni no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka honua. Loaʻa kēia mau mea i nā waikawa organik, nā reagents biodegradable, a me nā resins hoʻololi ion.

6 Nā kuhikuhi a me nā manaʻo e hiki mai ana

ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe koʻikoʻi o ka honua laha ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents koho, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a me ka ʻoluʻolu. ʻO nā wahi koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana:

• Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents ʻōmaʻomaʻo : ʻO ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o nā reagents flotation a me leaching he mea hopohopo nui ia, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka pōʻaiapili o ka hana ʻana i ka honua laha ʻole. Aia kahi pono e ulu nei no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents biodegradable, ʻaʻohe ʻawahia e hiki ke pani i nā kemika kuʻuna e like me ka ammonium sulfate a me ka waikawa oxalic.

• Hoʻomaikaʻi i ke koho ʻana : Pono nā mea hōʻiliʻili hou, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a me nā mea hoʻopūhū e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke koho ʻana o ka lana honua laha ʻole, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā ores haʻahaʻa a paʻakikī. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano molekala hou a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā reagents e kū nei.

• Ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai : ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau reagents hana honua laha ʻole, ʻoiai nā waikawa hydroxamic a me nā waikawa phosphonic, he kumu palena ia no ko lākou hoʻohana nui ʻia. Pono ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana e kālele i ka synthesis o nā koho ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka uku a i ʻole ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o nā reagents e kū nei e hōʻemi i nā koi dosage.

• Ka Hoʻomau ʻana o ke Kaiapuni : Me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā lula a puni ka honua e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o nā hana mining i ke kaiapuni, ke lilo nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hana honua laha ʻole i mea nui. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika ʻino a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōpala a me ka haumia.

I ka hopena, hilinaʻi nui ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka minerala honua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā reagents kemika, a he mea nui ka noiʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono, koho, a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o kēia mau reagents. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā reagents hou, ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka pōmaikaʻi honua, ʻoiai ke piʻi mau nei ka koi honua no kēia mau mineral koʻikoʻi.