Kev tshuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Sodium Cyanide hauv Kev Lag Luam Pharmaceutical

Introduction

sodium cyanide (NaCN) yog tshuaj lom neeg heev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam tshuaj tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Raws li ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis, Sodium Cyanide koom nrog tshwj xeeb Tshuaj tiv thaivs thiab ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim ntau yam tshuaj molecules. Kab lus no yuav txheeb xyuas nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub Kws Tshuaj Lag Luam thiab nws Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb.

I. Tus "Molecular Scalpel" raws li ib tug hluavtaws Intermediate

Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm sodium cyanide lus dag hauv pawg cyano (-CN) nws muab. Hauv kev sib xyaw tshuaj, pawg cyano tuaj yeem koom nrog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv cov hauv qab no:

1.Introduction ntawm Nitrogen-muaj Functional Pawg: Cov pab pawg cyano tuaj yeem ua hydrolyzed rau hauv pawg carboxylic acid (-COOH) lossis txo mus rau hauv ib pawg amino (-NH₂). Cov pab pawg no yog cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cancer.

2.Kev tsim cov pob txha mos molecular: Piv txwv li, kev sib txuas ntawm cov vitamin B12 yog nyob ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cyano pawg nrog cobalt ions; cov synthesis ntawm ib co β-blockers (xws li propranolol) yuav tsum tau Sodium cyanide los qhia ib tug tseem ceeb sab saw.

Case: Nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm lub precursor ntawm anti-cancer tshuaj 5-fluorouracil, sodium cyanide yog koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub nplhaib pyrimidine, uas ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub anti-mob kev ua si ntawm cov tshuaj.

II. Tsav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb

1.Cyanidation Reaction:

Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nucleophilic hloov pauv (xws li SN2), pawg cyano tuaj yeem hloov cov halogen atom ntawm halogenated hydrocarbon los tsim cov nitrile compound. Piv txwv li, α-chlorovaleronitrile, ib qho nruab nrab siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob chloroquine.

2.Strecker Synthesis:

Sodium cyanide reacts nrog aldehyde / ketone thiab ammonia los tsim α-amino nitrile, uas yog hydrolyzed kom tau txais cov amino acid (xws li alanine), cov khoom siv raw rau cov tshuaj protein.

3.Cyclization Reaction:

Cov pab pawg neeg cyano koom nrog hauv intramolecular cyclization los tsim ib lub heterocycle uas muaj nitrogen (xws li pyridine thiab pyrimidine). Cov qauv no tau pom dav dav hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li oseltamivir) thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv AIDS.

III. Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb

Txawm hais tias sodium cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev, nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj yog nruj me ntsis tswj:

1.Full-txheej txheem tswj:

Los ntawm kev yuav khoom, kev cia khoom siv, nws yuav tsum ua raws li "Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob". Kev ntsuas xws li ob tus neeg kaw ob npaug thiab saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag tau txais yuav.

2. Txheej txheem optimization:

Cov thev naus laus zis xws li microchannel reactors yog siv los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm sodium cyanide raug, thiab tib lub sijhawm txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev xaiv.

3.Kev tshawb nrhiav lwm yam cuab yeej:

Cov txheej txheem ntsuab xws li biocatalysis (xws li nitrile hydratase) thiab electrochemical cyanidation yog maj mam hloov cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig.

IV. Yav tom ntej Trends: Sib npaug kev nyab xeeb thiab ua tau zoo

1.Kev taw qhia ntawm Green Chemistry:

Txhim kho txoj hauv kev tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv cyanide. Piv txwv li, siv hlau-organic moj khaum (MOFs) adsorb pawg cyano, txo cov khoom siv raw.

2.Kev soj ntsuam ntse:

Ua ke AI thiab sensor technologies los saib xyuas cov seem ntawm cyanide hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau lub sijhawm tiag tiag, kom ntseeg tau tias kev huv huv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj.

xaus

Sodium cyanide plays "ob lub luag haujlwm" hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj: nws yog ob qho tib si tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj tshiab thiab cov khoom txaus ntshai uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tuav. Los ntawm kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev tswj hwm nruj, nws daim ntawv thov tab tom txhim kho mus rau kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, muab kev txhawb nqa tsis tu ncua rau tib neeg kom kov yeej cov kab mob.