Cyanidation txheej txheem hauv Gold Ore Processing

Introduction

Cov txheej txheem cyanidation hauv kev ua cov hlau kub muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab yuav luag tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam rho kub thoob ntiaj teb. Kub, nrog nws cov nqi ntev ua ib qho hlau muaj nqis, tau raug nrhiav los ntawm tib neeg rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Txij li kev ua lub cim ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab lub hwj chim hauv cov neeg thaum ub mus rau nws cov ntawv thov niaj hnub no hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab kev nqis peev, qhov kev thov rau kub tseem nyob siab tas li.

Cov txheej txheem cyanidation tau yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev rho tawm kub rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Nws qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv nws lub peev xwm los rho tawm cov kub los ntawm ntau hom ore. Ua ntej txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation, cov txheej txheem rho tawm kub feem ntau yog ua haujlwm - siv zog, tsis muaj zog, thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua. Piv txwv li, kev sib xyaw ua ke, ib txoj hauv kev ua ntej ntawm kev rho tawm kub, koom nrog kev siv mercury los khi nrog cov khoom kub. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no muaj qhov tsis zoo, suav nrog cov tshuaj mercury siab thiab cov nqi rov qab qis dua rau qee hom ore.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov txheej txheem cyanidation revolutionized lub kub mining kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev siv cov kev daws teeb meem cyanide, nws tuaj yeem yaj cov khoom kub, txawm tias cov uas tau nthuav tawm zoo hauv cov ore, nrog rau qib siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no tso cai rau cov tuam txhab mining kom rho tawm cov kub los ntawm cov ore uas yav tas los suav tias tsis muaj nyiaj txiag los ua cov txheej txheem. Qhov tseeb, feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb kub ntau lawm niaj hnub no, kwv yees li ntawm 80%, tso siab rau cov txheej txheem cyanidation hauv qee daim ntawv. Txawm hais tias nws yog qhov loj - qhib - qhov mines hauv South Africa, Tebchaws Meskas, lossis cov mines hauv av hauv Australia thiab Tuam Tshoj, cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog mus - rau txoj hauv kev rau kev rho tawm kub. Nws txoj kev siv dav dav yog qhov ua pov thawj rau nws txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig hauv lub ntiaj teb kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw ntawm kub mining.

Cyanidation txheej txheem yog dab tsi

Cov txheej txheem cyanidation, ntawm nws lub hauv paus, yog ib txoj kev rho tawm tshuaj lom neeg uas siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cyanide ions. Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua cov hlau kub, nws lub hauv paus tseem ceeb CIP le yog nyob ib puag ncig qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cyanide ions (CN ^-) thiab kub dawb.

Kub nyob rau hauv xwm feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev, txawm thaum nws yog encapsulated nyob rau hauv lwm yam minerals. Thaum cov pob zeb encapsulating tawg tau qhib, cov kub tau nthuav tawm raws li cov khoom kub. Cov cyanide ions muaj zog affinity rau kub. Thaum lub kub - bearing ore raug rau ib tug cyanide - muaj cov tshuaj, cov cyanide ions tsim ib tug ruaj khov complex nrog cov atoms kub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:

4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm oxygen, cov atoms kub ua ke nrog cov cyanide ions los ua ib tug soluble kub - cyanide complex, sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)_2] ). Qhov kev hloov pauv no tso cai rau cov kub, uas yog Ameslikas nyob rau hauv cov khoom ore, kom yaj rau hauv cov tshuaj, cais nws los ntawm lwm yam tsis yog kub ntawm cov ore.

Hais lus nruj me ntsis, cov txheej txheem cyanidation tsis poob rau hauv ib txwm muaj peev txheej ntawm kev ua cov pob zeb hauv av tab sis raug cais raws li hydrometallurgy. Mineral processing feem ntau suav nrog kev sib cais ntawm lub cev xws li crushing, sib tsoo, flotation, thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus sib cais kom cais cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm gangue minerals. Hauv qhov sib piv, hydrometallurgy siv tshuaj lom neeg los rho tawm cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov ore hauv cov tshuaj aqueous. Cov txheej txheem cyanidation, nrog rau nws qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom yaj cov kub hauv cyanide - muaj cov tshuaj, kom meej meej belongs rau thaj av ntawm hydrometallurgy. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws txawv cov txheej txheem cyanidation los ntawm lwm lub cev - raws li ore - cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm thiab qhia txog nws cov tshuaj - tshuaj tiv thaiv - tsav xwm hauv kev rho tawm ntawm kub.

Hom Cyanidation Txheej Txheem: CIP thiab CIL

Hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation rau kev rho tawm kub, ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb sawv tawm: cov txheej txheem Carbon - hauv - Pulp (CIP) thiab cov txheej txheem Carbon - hauv - Leach (CIL).

Cov txheej txheem CIP yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua ntu zus. Ua ntej, cov kub - bearing ore pulp undergoes ib theem extraction. Nyob rau theem no, cov ore yog tov nrog ib tug cyanide - muaj cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo ntawm kev muaj oxygen, pH, thiab qhov kub thiab txias, cov kub hauv cov ore ua ib qho kev sib xyaw nrog cov cyanide ions, raws li tau piav qhia hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cyanidation. Tom qab cov txheej txheem leaching tiav lawm, cov pa roj carbon activated yog nkag rau hauv lub pulp. Cov pa roj carbon activated ces adsorbs kub - cyanide complex los ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov leaching thiab adsorption cov kauj ruam no tso cai rau kev tswj xyuas ntau dua thiab ua kom zoo dua hauv qee kis. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv mines qhov twg cov ore muaj ib tug kuj ruaj khov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov leaching tej yam kev mob yuav tsum precisely tuav, cov txheej txheem CIP yuav ua tau siab kub rov qab.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov txheej txheem CIL sawv cev rau kev sib koom ua ke. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem CIL, leaching ntawm kub los ntawm ore thiab adsorption ntawm kub - cyanide complex los ntawm activated carbon tshwm sim ib txhij. Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ntxiv cov pa roj carbon activated ncaj qha rau hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam leaching. Qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem CIL yog nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom siv tau zoo dua thiab lub sijhawm. Txij li thaum cov leaching thiab adsorption tau sib xyaw ua ke, tsis tas yuav muaj cov cuab yeej siv ntxiv lossis sijhawm hloov cov pulp ntawm leaching thiab adsorption theem. Qhov no txo ​​qis tag nrho cov hneev taw ntawm kev tsim cov nroj tsuag thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kev txuag nqi ntawm ob qho tib si peev peev thiab cov nuj nqis ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv loj - scale mining ua hauj lwm uas throughput yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov txheej txheem CIL tuaj yeem tswj cov ntim loj ntawm cov ore hauv lub sijhawm luv, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau lawm.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov txheej txheem CIL tau nce zuj zus los ntawm cov nroj tsuag cyanidation thoob ntiaj teb. Nws lub peev xwm los siv tau zoo dua cov cuab yeej tsim khoom ua rau nws muaj kev cuam tshuam rau CIP txheej txheem hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej. Qhov xwm txheej tas mus li ntawm cov txheej txheem CIL tseem ua rau muaj kev lag luam ruaj khov dua, nrog qhov sib txawv tsawg dua hauv qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov txo qis ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv CIL txhais tau tias muaj tsawg dua lub sijhawm rau kev ua yuam kev lossis poob thaum hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau theem ntawm cov txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, kev xaiv ntawm CIP thiab CIL tsis yog ib txwm ncaj nraim. Nws nyob ntawm ntau yam xws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ore, qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsuas, muaj peev txheej rau kev nqis peev, thiab cov kev cai hauv cheeb tsam thiab kev tswj hwm. Qee qhov mines tseem yuav nyiam cov txheej txheem CIP vim nws qhov zoo dua - nkag siab thiab ntau qhov sib cais, uas tuaj yeem yooj yim los tswj hauv qee qhov xwm txheej.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv Cyanidation txheej txheem

Sib tsoo Fineness

Kev sib tsoo fineness plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm cyanidation. Txij li qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cyanidation hinges ntawm lub peev xwm los nthuav tawm cov kub encapsulated, kev sib tsoo zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon - nyob rau hauv - pulp (CIP) cov nroj tsuag, kev sib tsoo fineness yuav tsum tau rau cov ore mus rau hauv lub cyanidation lag luam yog heev nruj heev. Feem ntau, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm qhov loj ntawm -0.074mm yuav tsum ncav cuag 80 - 95%. Rau qee qhov mines qhov twg cov kub tau nthuav tawm hauv 浸染 - zoo li cov qauv, kev sib tsoo zoo yog qhov xav tau ntau dua, nrog rau qhov sib piv ntawm -0.037mm particles yuav tsum siab dua 95%.

Yuav kom ua tiav cov kev sib tsoo zoo, ib qho kev sib tsoo ua haujlwm feem ntau tsis txaus. Feem ntau, ob - theem lossis txawm peb - ​​theem sib tsoo yog tsim nyog. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug loj-scale kub mine nyob rau hauv Western Australia, lub ore undergoes ib tug ob-theem kev sib tsoo txheej txheem. Thawj theem siv lub pob zeb loj - lub peev xwm los txo qhov me me rau qee qhov, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom lag luam ntxiv hauv av hauv qhov thib ob - theem stirred zeb. Cov txheej txheem sib tsoo ntau theem no tuaj yeem maj mam txo qhov me me ntawm cov ore, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom kub tau nthuav tawm tag nrho thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj cyanide thaum lub sij hawm cyanidation txheej txheem. Yog tias qhov kev sib tsoo zoo tsis tau ntsib, cov khoom kub yuav tsis raug nthuav tawm tag nrho, ua rau tsis tiav kev tawg thaum lub sij hawm cyanidation thiab txo qhov kub rov qab.

Tiv thaiv Cyanide Hydrolysis

Cov tshuaj cyanide uas feem ntau siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem cyanidation, xws li potassium cyanide (KCN), Sodium cyanide (NaCN), thiab calcium cyanide (Ca(CN)_2), yog cov ntsev ntawm cov hauv paus muaj zog thiab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog. Hauv cov kua dej, lawv yooj yim rau cov tshuaj hydrolysis. Cov tshuaj hydrolysis ntawm Sodium Cyanide tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv:

NaCN + H_2O\rightleftharpoons HCN+NaOH. Raws li hydrogen cyanide (HCN) tsis hloov pauv, cov txheej txheem hydrolysis no ua rau txo qis hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cyanide ions (CN^- ) hauv cov tawv nqaij, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cyanidation.

Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, txoj hauv kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog ua kom cov concentration ntawm hydroxide ions (OH^-), uas yog sib npaug rau nce pH tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj. Hauv cov ntawv thov kev lag luam, cov txiv qaub (CaO) yog qhov siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab tus nqi - zoo pH adjuster. Thaum cov txiv qaub ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws reacts nrog dej los tsim calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)_2), uas dissociates tso tawm hydroxide ions, yog li nce tus nqi pH. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm txiv qaub nrog dej yog: , CaO + H_2O = Ca(OH)_2 & Ca(OH)_2\rightleftharpoons Ca^{2 + }+2OH^- .

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum siv cov txiv qaub los kho tus nqi pH, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias txiv qaub kuj muaj cov nyhuv flocculation. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias cov txiv qaub sib npaug sib npaug thiab tuaj yeem ua nws lub luag haujlwm zoo, nws feem ntau yog ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm sib tsoo. Hauv ib lub pob zeb kub hauv South Africa, txiv qaub tau ntxiv rau lub pob zeb thaum lub sijhawm sib tsoo. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau cov txiv qaub kom tag nrho tov nrog cov ore slurry tab sis kuj siv kom zoo dua ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab muaj zog agitation nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb los xyuas kom meej tias cov txiv qaub yog tusyees faib nyob rau hauv slurry, zoo tiv thaiv lub hydrolysis ntawm cyanide thiab tswj ib tug ruaj khov concentration ntawm cyanide ions nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej cyanidation txheej txheem. Feem ntau, rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa roj carbon - hauv - pulp, pH tus nqi nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10 - 11 yog pom tias ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

Tswj Pulp Concentration

Qhov concentration ntawm cov pulp muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev sib cuag ntawm kub thiab cyanide nrog rau ntawm kub - cyanide complex thiab activated carbon. Yog hais tias lub pulp concentration yog siab dhau lawm, cov hais feem ntau yuav precipitate nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub tshuab txais carbon, cuam tshuam qhov zoo adsorption ntawm kub - cyanide complex los ntawm cov activated carbon. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog hais tias lub pulp concentration tsawg dhau lawm, cov khoom me me yuav daws tau yooj yim, thiab kom tswj tau qhov tsim nyog pH tus nqi thiab cyanide concentration, ntau npaum li cas ntawm reagents yuav tsum tau ntxiv, uas ua rau cov nqi ntau lawm.

Los ntawm xyoo ntawm kev xyaum ntau lawm, nws tau txiav txim siab tias rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pa roj carbon - hauv - pulp kub extraction, ib tug pulp concentration ntawm 40 - 45% thiab ib tug cyanide concentration ntawm 300 - 500 ppm yog ntau haum. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug kub - ua cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Nevada, Teb Chaws Asmeskas, kev tswj cov pulp concentration nyob rau hauv no ntau yam tau tsis tu ncua ua tiav kub rov qab tus nqi. Txawm li cas los xij, xav tias qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam concentration ntawm ob - mus rau - peb - ​​theem kev sib tsoo yog feem ntau qis dua 20%, ua ntej nkag mus rau kev ua haujlwm leaching, lub pulp yuav tsum tau ua kom cov txheej txheem thickening.

Lub thickening lag luam feem ntau yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug thickener. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov thickener yog siv cov nyhuv sedimentation los cais cov khoom ntawm cov kua hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, yog li ua kom cov concentration ntawm cov pulp. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kub - ua cov nroj tsuag, high-efficiency thickeners feem ntau yog siv. Cov thickeners no tau nruab nrog cov txheej txheem flocculation thiab sedimentation tswj cov txheej txheem, uas tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm thiab ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau qib uas yuav tsum tau ua rau kev ua haujlwm tom ntej cyanidation leaching, kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation thiab high-efficiency extraction ntawm kub.

Cyanidation Leaching Mechanism

Aeration thiab Oxidant

Cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog ib qho txheej txheem aerobic, thiab qhov no tuaj yeem pom tseeb los ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug. Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau kev yaj kub hauv cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog 4Au + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2] + 4NaOH. Los ntawm cov kab zauv no, nws pom tseeb tias oxygen (O_2) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, kev qhia oxygen tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua qhov leaching. Qhov no yog vim oxygen koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, ua CIL ua rau oxidation ntawm kub thiab nws cov complexation tom qab nrog cyanide ions. Piv txwv li, hauv ntau lub Hoobkas ua kub, cua compressed feem ntau yog qhia rau hauv cov tshuaj cyanide. Cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua muab qhov chaw oxidizing tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom ua tiav zoo.

Ntxiv nrog rau aeration, qhov tsim nyog ntxiv ntawm oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem leaching. Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) yog ib qho kev siv oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev hauv cov txheej txheem cyanidation. Thaum hydrogen peroxide ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem muab cov pa oxygen ntxiv, uas tuaj yeem txhawb ntxiv oxidation ntawm kub thiab kev sib cais ntawm kub - cov kab mob minerals. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen peroxide nrog kub nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cyanide tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm qhov sib npaug: 2Au + 4NaCN + H_2O_2 = 2Na[Au(CN)_2] + 2NaOH . Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no qhia tau hais tias hydrogen peroxide tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau qee lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cyanidation, thiab nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, nws tuaj yeem ua rau kom nrawm dua.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj oxidizing tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij. Thaum tus nqi ntawm oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev siab dhau lawm, nws tuaj yeem ua rau oxidation ntawm cyanide ions. Piv txwv li, hydrogen peroxide tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog cyanide ions los ua cyanate ions (CNO^-). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no: CN^-+H_2O_2 = CNO^-+H_2O . Kev tsim ntawm cyanate ions txo cov concentration ntawm cyanide ions hauv cov tshuaj, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib xyaw nrog kub. Yog li ntawd, qhov leaching efficiency ntawm kub yuav raug txo, thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntau lawm yuav cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, ntau npaum li cas ntawm oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tswj los xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation.

Reagent Dosage

Raws li txoj cai, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv complexion ntawm kub thiab cyanide muaj ib qho kev sib raug zoo stoichiometric. Los ntawm kev sib npaug tshuaj 4Au + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2] + 4NaOH, peb tuaj yeem suav tias 1 mole ntawm kub (Au) yuav tsum muaj 2 moles ntawm cyanide ions (CN^-) rau complexation. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm huab hwm coj, kwv yees li 1 gram ntawm kub yuav tsum txog 0.5 grams ntawm cyanide raws li cov leaching reagent. Qhov kev suav no muab cov lus qhia yooj yim rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj reagents xav tau hauv cov txheej txheem cyanidation.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, qhov xwm txheej yog qhov nyuaj dua vim tias muaj lwm yam minerals hauv kub - bearing ore. Minerals xws li nyiaj (Ag), tooj liab (Cu), lead (Pb), thiab zinc (Zn) kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cyanide ions. Piv txwv li, tooj liab tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam tooj liab - cyanide complexes. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tooj liab nrog cyanide tuaj yeem qhia tau tias Cu^{2 + }+4CN^-=[Cu(CN)_4]^{2 - } . Cov kev sib tw sib tw no haus ntau npaum li cas ntawm cyanide, ua rau qhov xav tau ntau npaum li cas.

Yog li ntawd, hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj reagent tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li cov lus qhia theoretical. Hloov chaw, nws yuav tsum tau kho raws li qhov kawg leaching tus nqi. Thaum cov khoom siv ore hloov pauv, kev soj ntsuam tas li thiab kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj reagent yog tsim nyog. Feem ntau, nws raug suav hais tias tsim nyog rau qhov kev siv tshuaj cyanide tiag tiag yog 200 - 500 npaug siab dua li tus nqi suav. Qhov ntau ntawm kev sib txawv no suav nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ore muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntxhia sib txawv. Los ntawm kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas tus nqi leaching thiab kho cov reagent ntau npaum li cas, cov txheej txheem kub rho tawm tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam.

Multi-theem Leaching thiab Leaching Sijhawm

Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev ua haujlwm tas mus li thiab tswj kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cyanide ions hauv cov tshuaj, ntau theem leaching feem ntau yog ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv ib tug multi-theem leaching system, cov ore pulp sequentially dhau los ntawm ntau leaching tso tsheb hlau luam. Txhua lub tank pab txhawb rau kev sib cais tas li ntawm kub thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cyanide - ion concentration. Raws li cov pulp txav los ntawm ib lub tank mus rau lwm qhov, cov kub - cyanide complex yog maj mam tsim thiab cov concentration ntawm dawb cyanide ions raug kho kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txuas ntxiv smoothly. Qhov kev qhia ua theem no pab kom tsis txhob muaj qhov hloov pauv hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab muab qhov chaw ruaj khov dua rau cov txheej txheem cyanidation. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug loj-scale kub - mining lag luam nyob rau hauv Western Australia, ib tug tsib-theem leaching system yog siv. Thawj theem pib cov txheej txheem leaching, thiab cov theem tom ntej ntxiv rho tawm kub thiab tswj cov cyanide - ion tshuav nyiaj li cas, ua rau kub thiab ruaj khov - leaching efficiency.

Lub sijhawm leaching yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab qhov ntim ntawm lub tank leaching. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho yooj yim thiab universal formula rau xam lub sij hawm leaching. Txhua cov pa roj carbon - hauv - pulp (CIP) lossis carbon - hauv - leach (CIL) cog yuav tsum vam khom cov ntaub ntawv sim los txiav txim siab lub sijhawm leaching tsim nyog. Qhov no yog vim lub sij hawm leaching yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau hom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ore, qhov concentration ntawm reagents, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab agitation siv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug kub - ua cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv South Africa, nws kim heev chav kuaj - teev thiab pilot - ntsuas ntsuas tau ua ua ntej cov nroj tsuag tsim. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sij hawm leaching thiab saib xyuas cov kub - leaching tus nqi nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev sim, lub sij hawm leaching zoo tshaj plaws tau txiav txim siab yog 24 teev rau cov hom ore tshwj xeeb ua tiav ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawd.

Yog tias cov nroj tsuag dig muag tso siab rau qhov kev paub dhau los yam tsis tau ua qhov kev sim kom raug, nws muaj feem yuav ntsib kev ua tsis tiav. Piv txwv li, me me - nplai kub - mining lag luam nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tau sim siv lub sij hawm leaching ntawm ib tug neeg nyob sib ze kuv li kev siv yam tsis xav txog qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv cov khoom ore. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov kub-leaching tus nqi tau qis dua li qhov xav tau, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tau nce ntau vim qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig leaching thiab xav tau kev noj tshuaj ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, kev txiav txim siab tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm leaching los ntawm kev sim cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cyanidation - raws li kub - rho tawm cog.

Tom qab-cyanidation Operations

Thaum kub - bearing activated carbon, hu ua loaded carbon, mus txog ib tug kub - adsorption theem ntawm tshaj 3000g / t, nws yog xam tias tag nrho cov pa roj carbon - nyob rau hauv - pulp adsorption txheej txheem tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntsiab lus siab tsis zoo xws li tooj liab thiab nyiaj hauv cov ore tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm adsorption ntawm activated carbon. Cov impurities no tuaj yeem sib tw nrog kub rau qhov chaw adsorption ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated, ua rau tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom thauj - qib carbon kom ncav cuag lub hom phiaj xav tau. Thaum cov pa roj carbon activated tsis tuaj yeem nqus cov kub zoo, nws suav tias yog saturated.

Rau saturated activated carbon, ntau txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem ua haujlwm kom tau txais kub. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws yog desorption thiab electrolysis. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem desorption, ib tug tshuaj tov yog siv los strip lub kub - cyanide complex los ntawm saturated activated carbon. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub siab - kub thiab siab - siab desorption txoj kev, cov saturated activated carbon yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug desorption system nrog tej yam kev mob. Los ntawm kev ntxiv cov anions uas yooj yim dua adsorbed los ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated, Au(CN)_2^- complex yog tshem tawm ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanism muaj kev sib pauv ntawm cov kub - cyanide complex nrog cov anions ntxiv, ua rau cov kub tso rau hauv cov tshuaj. Tom qab desorption, lub resulting tov, hu ua lub cev xeeb tub cov tshuaj, muaj ib tug kuj siab concentration ntawm kub ions.

Lub cev xeeb tub cov tshuaj tom qab ntawd tau txais electrolysis. Hauv electrolysis cell, ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no yog siv. Cov kub ions nyob rau hauv cov kev daws yog attracted rau lub cathode, qhov twg lawv tau txais electrons thiab raug txo mus rau metallic kub. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm kab zauv: Au^+ + e^-\rightarrow Au . Cov kub accumulates nyob rau hauv lub cathode nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov av nkos kub, uas yuav ua tau ntxiv ua kom tau siab - purity kub.

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas kub ntau yog concentrated, ib qho kev xaiv yog muag cov loaded carbon. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog qhov kev xaiv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim qee lub tuam txhab tshwj xeeb tau nruab los tswj cov kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Lawv muaj kev txawj ntse thiab cov chaw los rho cov kub los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, thiab cov kub - cov tuam txhab mining tuaj yeem tau txais cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muag cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau cov chaw no.

Lwm txoj kev yooj yim yog combustion. Thaum lub loaded carbon raug hlawv, cov organic Cheebtsam ntawm cov activated carbon yog oxidized thiab hlawv tawm, thaum lub kub tseem nyob rau hauv lub residue nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kub alloy, hu ua dore kub. Dore kub feem ntau muaj feem ntau ntawm cov kub nrog rau qee qhov impurities. Tom qab combustion, dore kub tuaj yeem ua kom zoo ntxiv los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li smelting thiab purification kom tau txais cov khoom kub purity uas ua tau raws li cov qauv kev lag luam siv hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, hluav taws xob, thiab kev lag luam peev.

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm Cyanidation txheej txheem

zoo

1. Kev Rov Qab Zoo Siab: Ib qho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog nws qhov kev rov qab zoo siab. Rau cov pob zeb quartz uas muaj cov hlau oxidized kub, thaum siv cov txheej txheem carbon-in-pulp (CIP) lossis carbon-in-leach (CIL), tag nrho cov kev rov qab tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 93%. Hauv qee qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo, qhov kev rov qab tuaj yeem siab dua. Qhov kev rov qab zoo siab no txhais tau tias cov tuam txhab khawb av tuaj yeem rho tawm ntau ntawm cov kub uas muaj nyob hauv cov hlau, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm khawb av. Piv txwv li, hauv lub qhov av kub loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas, los ntawm kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem xws li kev sib tsoo zoo, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pulp, thiab cov tshuaj reagent, qhov kev rov qab kub ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation tau tswj hwm ntawm kwv yees li 95% rau lub sijhawm ntev, uas siab dua ntau lwm txoj hauv kev rho tawm kub.

2. Kev Siv Tau Dav: Cov txheej txheem cyanidation no haum rau ntau yam kub uas muaj cov hlau. Nws tsis tsuas yog ua tau zoo rau cov kub uas oxidized xwb tab sis kuj tseem ua tau qee cov kub uas muaj sulfide. Txawm hais tias kub nyob hauv lub xeev dawb lossis nyob hauv lwm yam minerals, cov txheej txheem cyanidation feem ntau tuaj yeem yaj cov kub nrog kev pab los ntawm kev kho ua ntej thiab kev tswj cov txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, hauv qee lub mines hauv South America qhov twg cov hlau muaj cov sulfide thiab cov kub uas oxidized, cov txheej txheem cyanidation tau siv tau zoo. Tom qab kev kho ua ntej oxidation ntawm cov hlau sulfide, cov txheej txheem cyanidation tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kub zoo, qhia tau tias nws muaj zog hloov pauv mus rau ntau hom hlau.

3. Kev Siv Tshuab Paub Tab: Muaj keeb kwm ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, cov txheej txheem cyanidation tau dhau los ua ib qho thev naus laus zis paub tab heev hauv kev lag luam kub - kev khawb av. Cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tau tsim zoo, thiab muaj ntau yam kev paub dhau los thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov kev paub tab no txhais tau tias cov txheej txheem yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam thiab tswj hwm. Cov tuam txhab khawb av tuaj yeem cia siab rau cov qauv kev siv tshuab thiab cov lus qhia uas twb muaj lawm los tsim, tsim, thiab ua haujlwm cov nroj tsuag cyanidation. Piv txwv li, kev tsim cov thoob dej cyanidation leaching, kev xaiv cov pa roj carbon activated rau kev nqus, thiab kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj reagent txhua tus muaj cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem txheem. Cov nroj tsuag cyanidation tshiab tuaj yeem pib sai sai thiab mus txog cov xwm txheej tsim khoom ruaj khov, txo cov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab.

tsis zoo

1. Kev Lom Zem ntawm Cyanide: Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog kev lom zem ntawm cyanide. Cov tshuaj cyanide, xws li sodium cyanide thiab potassium cyanide, yog cov tshuaj lom heev. Txawm tias me me ntawm cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Yog tias cyanide - cov tshuaj muaj xau thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm khawb av, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau av, dej, thiab huab cua paug. Piv txwv li, hauv qee qhov xwm txheej hauv keeb kwm khawb av, kev xau ntawm cyanide - cov dej khib nyiab ua rau muaj kev tuag ntawm ntau tus tsiaj txhu hauv dej hauv cov dej thiab pas dej nyob ze, thiab kuj ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Kev ua pa, kev noj, lossis kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov tsos mob lom loj heev rau tib neeg, suav nrog kiv taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, thiab hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Yog li ntawd, kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig nruj heev yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thaum siv cyanide, uas ua rau qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm khawb av nce ntxiv.

2. Kev Kho Mob Tom Qab Uas Nyuaj Thiab Kim Heev: Cov kev ua haujlwm tom qab kev kho mob tom qab cov txheej txheem cyanidation nyuaj heev thiab xav tau kev nqis peev ntau. Tom qab cov pa roj carbon activated uas muaj kub txog qhov saturation, cov txheej txheem xws li desorption, electrolysis, lossis combustion yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tau txais kub ntshiab. Cov txheej txheem desorption thiab electrolysis xav tau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab cov tshuaj reagents. Piv txwv li, hauv cov txheej txheem desorption, cov khoom siv kub thiab siab yuav tsum tau siv, thiab kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg rau desorption kuj yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kom zoo kom ntseeg tau tias rov qab tau kub thiab rov ua dua cov tshuaj reagents. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho cov khib nyiab thiab cov dej khib nyiab uas tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm tom qab kev kho mob kuj yog qhov nyuaj. Cov khib nyiab seem tseem yuav muaj cov cyanide thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg me me, thiab cov dej khib nyiab yuav tsum tau kho kom ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso tawm ib puag ncig nruj, uas txhua yam ua rau tus nqi siab ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem cyanidation.

3. Kev rhiab heev rau cov khoom tsis huv ntawm cov hlau: Cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog qhov rhiab heev rau cov khoom tsis huv hauv cov hlau. Cov zaub mov xws li tooj liab, nyiaj, txhuas, thiab zinc tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cyanide, siv ntau cov tshuaj cyanide reagents. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj reagents nce ntxiv xwb tab sis kuj txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev rho tawm kub. Piv txwv li, thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cov hlau siab, tooj liab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv tooj liab - cyanide ruaj khov, sib tw nrog kub rau cov ions cyanide. Yog li ntawd, qhov ntau ntawm cyanide muaj rau kev sib xyaw kub raug txo qis, thiab tus nqi leaching ntawm kub yuav raug cuam tshuam loj heev. Hauv qee kis, cov kauj ruam kho ua ntej yuav tsum tau tshem tawm lossis txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom tsis huv no, uas ua rau qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem khawb av ntxiv.

xaus

Hauv kev xaus, cov txheej txheem cyanidation yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam kub - mining. Nws tus nqi rov qab siab, kev siv dav dav, thiab cov cuab yeej paub tab tau ua nws txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev rho tawm kub thoob ntiaj teb. Nws tau ua kom muaj kev rho tawm ntawm kub los ntawm ntau hom ores, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub ntiaj teb kub khoom.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem cyanidation tsis yog tsis muaj nws cov nyom. Cov tshuaj lom ntawm cyanide ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau ua los tiv thaiv cyanide to thiab xyuas kom muaj kev kho mob ntawm cyanide - uas muaj cov dej khib nyiab thiab cov khib nyiab pov tseg. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nyuaj thiab kim tshaj tom qab - kev kho mob, nrog rau cov txheej txheem rhiab heev rau ore impurities, ntxiv rau cov teeb meem thiab cov nqi ntawm kub ntau lawm.

Saib ua ntej, lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation hauv kev ua cov ore kub zoo li yuav ua tau zoo los ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig thiab siv tau zoo cyanidation txoj kev, xws li kev siv cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom cyanide hloov pauv, yog ib qho kev cog lus. Automation thiab ntse tswj thev naus laus zis kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov thev naus laus zis no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tsim khoom, txo tib neeg - kev ua yuam kev - cuam tshuam txog kev pheej hmoo, thiab txhim kho kev siv cov peev txheej. Piv txwv li, automated systems yuav precisely tswj reagent ntau npaum li cas, pulp concentrations, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb tsis, kom ntseeg tau ib tug ntau ruaj khov thiab npaum txheej txheem ntau lawm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb nrhiav cyanidation tshiab - cov thev naus laus zis ntsig txog, xws li bio - cyanidation lossis kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cyanidation nrog rau lwm txoj kev rho tawm, tuaj yeem muab cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab rau cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm. Nrog kev nruam ntej thiab kev txhim kho, cov txheej txheem cyanidation muaj peev xwm tswj tau nws txoj haujlwm ua cov thev naus laus zis hauv kev ua cov ore kub thaum ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab ib puag ncig zoo. Raws li qhov kev thov rau kub tseem muaj zog nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam, kev txhim kho thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanidation yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub sij hawm ntev ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kub - mining kev lag luam.