Ọgwụgwọ nke Cyanide dị oke nsi - nwere mmiri mmiri mkpofu

Cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu ma na-etinye nnukwu ihe egwu na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ya mere, ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mmiri mmiri mkpofu dị otú ahụ dị oke mkpa. Edemede a ga-ewebata ọtụtụ ụzọ ọgwụgwọ a na-ahụkarị maka oke nsi cyanide - nwere mmiri mmiri mkpofu.

1. Usoro Oxidation Chemical

1.1 Usoro chlorination alkaline

• Ụkpụrụ: N'ebe alkaline dị, a na-agbakwunye ihe ndị na-eme ka oxidation sie ike dịka gas chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, ma ọ bụ calcium hypochlorite na mmiri mkpofu nke nwere cyanide. ion hypochlorite na-emeghachi omume na ion cyanide n'usoro nkebi abụọ. Nke mbụ, a na-eme ka cyanide dị ka cyanate, wee mee ka ọ dịghachi ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu dịka carbon dioxide na nitrogen gas.

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• Mgbanwe pHMalite site na ịgbakwunye sodium hydroxide na cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu iji tọọ uru pH n'etiti 10-11.

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• Mgbakwunye Oxidant: Jiri nwayọ webata ọnụọgụ oxidant ahọpụtara kwesịrị ekwesị, dị ka ngwọta sodium hypochlorite. Ọnụọgụ oxidant dị mkpa na-adabere na ntinye nke cyanide na mmiri mkpofu. Nwuo na-aga n'ihu n'oge mgbakwunye iji hụ na ọbụna ịgwakọta.

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• Mmeghachi omume na nlekota oru: Ka mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ awa ma na-elele anya cyanide mgbe niile n'ime mmiri mkpofu n'oge niile. Usoro nlekota ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere iji cyanide - electrodes kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ụzọ colorimetric.

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• Nnọpụiche na Mwepu: Ozugbo mmeghachi omume ahụ kwụsịrị na ntinye cyanide na-ezute ọkọlọtọ nkwụsị (na-abụkarị ihe na-erughị 0.5 mg / L n'ọtụtụ mpaghara), gbanwee pH nke mmiri mkpofu na ebe na-anọpụ iche (pH = 6 - 9) na acid kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka sulfuric acid, wee wepụ ya.

1.2 Hydrogen peroxide Oxidation Ụzọ

• Ụkpụrụ: Hydrogen peroxide bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ike. N'ebe ihe na-akpali akpali dị ka ion ọla kọpa, ọ nwere ike oxidize ion cyanide n'ime mmiri mkpofu, na-atụgharị cyanide ka ọ bụrụ nitrogen na-adịghị egbu egbu na carbon dioxide.

• Oge nhazi:

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• Mgbanwe pH: Gbanwee uru pH nke cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu na oke acidic, nke na-adịkarị gburugburu pH = 3 - 5, dịka mmeghachi omume oxidation nke hydrogen peroxide na cyanide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic.

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• Catalyst na mgbakwunye hydrogen peroxide: Tinye obere ihe na-akpali akpali, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọla kọpa sulfate, na mmiri mkpofu, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye ngwọta hydrogen peroxide. Ọnụọgụ hydrogen peroxide agbakwunyere ga-ezuru iji oxidize n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke cyanide. Ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume ahụ bụ exothermic, ṅaa ntị na ịchịkwa okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume iji zere ikpo ọkụ.

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• Mmeghachi omume na nkewa: Mgbe emechara mgbakwunye ahụ, kwe ka mmeghachi omume na-agba ọsọ maka oge. Mgbe ahụ, mee nkewa siri ike - mmiri mmiri, dị ka site na sedimentation ma ọ bụ filtration, iji wepụ ihe ọ bụla awụsara, dị ka metal hydroxides ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ion metal dị arọ na mmiri mkpofu.

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• Mbipute - ọgwụgwọ: Onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ a na-agwọ nwere ike ịgakwuru ọgwụgwọ site na iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, iji hụ na njedebe ikpeazụ na-ezute ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa.

1.3 Usoro Oxidation Ozone

• Ụkpụrụ: Ozone bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe dị elu. Mgbe etinyere ya n'ime cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu, ọ na-emeghachi omume na ion cyanide ozugbo, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu dị ka carbonate na nitrogen. Usoro mmeghachi omume dị mgbagwoju anya ma nwee ike ịgụnye ngwaahịa dị n'etiti. Ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ion metal, dị ka ọla kọpa na ion magnesium, nwere ike ime ka mmeghachi omume dị ngwa ngwa.

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• Usoro ọgwụgwọ Liquid n'efu: Nke mbụ, wepụ nnukwu ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha na ihe nkwụsịtụ na cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu site na nzacha ma ọ bụ sedimentation. Nke a na-egbochi mmechi nke ozone - akụrụngwa na-emepụta ma hụ na mmeghachi omume na-aga nke ọma.

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• Ọgbọ Ozone na Okwu Mmalite: Jiri ozone generator mepụta ozone gas, nke a na-enyefe ya n'ime mmiri mkpofu site na ngwaọrụ nkesa gas. Ọ dị mkpa ịhazigharị ọnụọgụ ozone ewebata dabere na ntinye nke cyanide na oke mmiri mmiri na-emebi emebi.

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• Mmeghachi omume na nlekota oru: Mee mmeghachi omume na tank mmeghachi omume mechiri emechi maka otu oge. Nyochaa mkpokọta cyanide n'ime mmiri mkpofu n'ezie n'oge mmeghachi omume. Oge mmeghachi omume na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụfọdụ ụzọ oxidation ndị ọzọ, mana ọ ka dabere na ọnọdụ mmiri mmiri n'efu.

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• Ọgwụgwọ Ọfụfụ: Mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ gasịrị, mmiri mmiri mkpofu a na-agwọ nwere ike ịchọ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, dị ka ịhazigharị uru pH na iwepu ozone ọ bụla fọdụrụ - nke metụtara ngwaahịa, iji mezuo ụkpụrụ nkwụsị.

2. Usoro anụ ahụ - Chemical

2.1 Usoro mgbanwe ion

• Ụkpụrụ: A na-eji resins mgbanwe pụrụ iche ion. Resins ndị a nwere otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ion cyanide ma ọ bụ metal - cyanide complexes na mmiri mkpofu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ anion - resins mgbanwe nwere ike gbanwee anion ha na ion cyanide na ngwọta.

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• Nhọrọ resin na Nkwadebe: Họrọ ion kwesịrị ekwesị - resin mgbanwe dabere na njirimara nke cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu, dị ka ụdị metal - cyanide complexes dị ugbu a. Pretreat resin site na-asa ya na acid na alkali ngwọta rụọ ọrụ ya mgbanwe ọrụ.

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• Nbukota kọlụm: Kwakọba resin a gwọchara n'ime kọlụm mgbanwe ion.

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• Ihe mkpofu mmiri na-agafe: Jiri nwayọọ na-agafe cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu site na kọlụm mgbanwe ion. Jikwaa ọsọ ọsọ iji hụ na oge kọntaktị zuru oke n'etiti mmiri mkpofu na resin.

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• Resin Regeneration: Ozugbo resin ahụ gbasasịrị ụfọdụ cyanide, ọ dị mkpa ka e megharịa ya. Usoro mmeghari na-agụnyekarị iji ngwọta mmeghari, dị ka acid siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta siri ike, iji wepụ ion cyanide adsorbed na resin. Enwere ike iji resin ahụ emegharịrị ọzọ.

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• Ọgwụgwọ Liquid Ntugharị: Mmiri mmiri na-emegharị ahụ, nke nwere nnukwu ntinye nke cyanide, chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, na-emekarị site na usoro oxidation chemical akọwara n'elu, iji gbanwee cyanide ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu.

2.2 Usoro mgbasa ozi

• Ụkpụrụihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ dị ka Carbon arụ ọrụ na zeolite nwere nnukwu oke elu na ikike ịmịkọrọ ihe siri ike. Ha nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ion cyanide na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ime mmiri mkpofu site na ịmịkọrọ ihe anụ ahụ, dịka ike van der Waals, na ịmịkọrọ ihe kemịkalụ, dịka ịmepụta njikọ kemịkalụ na otu ọrụ elu. Karịsịa, a na-eji carbon arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi oke arụmọrụ ịmịkọrọ ihe dị iche iche maka ihe dị iche iche.

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• Nhọrọ Adsorbent na Ngwọta: Họrọ adsorbent kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka ọdịdị nke mmiri mmiri mkpofu si dị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikarị carbon na-arụ ọrụ granular mee ihe maka ọgwụgwọ dị ukwuu, ebe carbon na-arụ ọrụ ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịka mma maka ọgwụgwọ dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ dị elu. Kwadebe adsorbent site na ịsacha na ihicha iji wepụ adịghị ọcha.

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• Usoro mgbasa ozi: Tinye adsorbent na cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu na-akpali akpali na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye ebe kọntaktị n'etiti adsorbent na mmiri mkpofu. Oge mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche dabere na ntinye nke cyanide na ụdị adsorbent, na-abụkarị site na ọtụtụ nkeji ruo ọtụtụ awa.

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• Nkewa: Mgbe mgbasa ozi gwụchara, kewapụ adsorbent na mmiri mkpofu site na iji ụzọ dị ka filtration ma ọ bụ sedimentation.

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• Adsorbent Regeneration: Dị ka ion - resin mgbanwe, enwere ike ịmaliteghachi adsorbent eji eme ihe. Maka carbon arụrụ ọrụ, ụzọ mweghachi gụnyere mgbake ọkụ (ịkpọ carbon na-arụ ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ okpomọkụ dị elu iji mebie ihe ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ) na mmeghari kemịkalụ (iji kemịkalụ reagents meghachi omume n'ihe ndị a na-ekesa).

3. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu

• Ụkpụrụ: Ụfọdụ microorganisms nwere ike imebi cyanide. Ihe microorganisms ndị a na-eji cyanide dị ka isi iyi nke carbon, nitrogen, ma ọ bụ ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịtụgharị cyanide n'ime ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka amonia na carbon dioxide site na usoro mmeghachi omume enzymatic. Usoro dum na-agụnye metabolism nke microorganisms, na microorganisms dị iche iche nwere ike inwe ụzọ dị iche iche nke metabolic maka mmebi cyanide.

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• Nhọrọ na ịzụlite Microorganism: Họrọ cyanide kwesịrị ekwesị - microorganisms na-emebi emebi, nke nwere ike kewapụ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ala ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi mmiri. Zụlite microorganisms ndị a na ụlọ nyocha iji nweta oke inoculum microbial zuru oke. Usoro ihe ọkụkụ kwesịrị ịnwe nri kwesịrị ekwesị iji kwado uto nke microorganisms.

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• Ntọala reactor: Hazie ihe na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ sludge reactor ma ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe biofilm. N'ime sludge reactor na-arụ ọrụ, microorganisms nọ n'ọnọdụ nkwụsịtụ n'ime mmiri mkpofu, ebe n'ime reactor biofilm, microorganisms na-ejikọta na elu nkwado siri ike iji mepụta biofilm.

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• Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu: Webata cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu n'ime ihe na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ndu. Na-achịkwa ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na reactor, gụnyere okpomọkụ (na-emekarị gburugburu 25 - 35 Celsius C), pH (na-emekarị gburugburu 7 - 8), na agbazekwa ikuku oxygen, iji mepụta ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị maka microorganisms.

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• Nleba anya na njikwa: Na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ntinye nke cyanide na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na mmiri mkpofu n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ. Gbanwee ọnọdụ ọrụ nke reactor ngwa ngwa dị ka nsonaazụ nlebanya siri dị iji hụ na arụ ọrụ siri ike nke usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu.

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• Ọgwụgwọ Ọfụfụ: Mgbe ọgwụgwọ nje gasịrị, nsị nwere ike ịnwe ụfọdụ microorganisms na obere ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, dị ka mkpochapụ (iji ụzọ dị ka ultraviolet irradiation ma ọ bụ na-agbakwunye ọgwụ nje) na nzacha, nwere ike ịdị mkpa iji mezuo ụkpụrụ mwepụ.

4. Echiche na Ọgwụgwọ

• Safety First: Cyanide - nwere ihe ndị na-ekpofu ihe na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu, na a ghaghị ịrụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ niile na mpaghara ikuku nke ọma, ọkacha mma na mkpuchi uzuzu. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị iyi ngwa nchebe onwe ha kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere gas - uwe aka siri ike, enyo, na ngwaọrụ nchebe iku ume.

• Mkpebi itinye uche ziri ezi: Tupu ọgwụgwọ, tụọ nha nke cyanide n'ime mmiri mkpofu. Nke a dị oké mkpa maka ịhọrọ usoro ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị na ikpebi usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ.

• Ọgwụgwọ jikọtara ọnụ: N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, otu usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ọ gaghị ezuru iji mezuo ụkpụrụ nkwụsị. Ya mere, tụlee iji usoro ọgwụgwọ jikọtara ọnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchikota kemịkalụ oxidation na ọgwụgwọ ndu nwere ike nweta nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ ka mma.

• Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi: Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ usoro ọgwụgwọ na ndị ọrụ ọgwụgwọ, tụlee mmetụta ha nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi. Họrọ ụzọ na ihe ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-emepụta mmetọ nke abụọ.

• Nnabata na Iwu: Gbaa mbọ hụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ na ịdị mma ikpeazụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo na mpaghara. Na-enyocha mgbe niile ma kọọ nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ na ngalaba nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa.

N'ikpeazụ, ọgwụgwọ cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu - nke nwere ihe mkpofu na-achọ nlebara anya nke ọma nke ihe dị iche iche. Site n'ịhọrọ usoro ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị na ịgbasochi usoro arụ ọrụ, anyị nwere ike belata nsí nke cyanide nke ọma - nke nwere ihe mkpofu na-echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ.