Sodium cyanide leaching na Ngwuputa ọla edo

Okwu Mmalite

Ihe ịchọ mma ọla edo na ọrụ Cyanide leaching

Ọlaedo adọtala ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ịma mma ya na ụkọ ya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akara nke akụ na ụba, ike na ịma mma n'ofe ọdịnala. Site na ọmarịcha ọla edo nke Ijipt oge ochie ruo n'ọla edo nke oge a nke ụlọ akụ etiti nwere, ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha pụtara na ọla edo nwere na akụ na ụba ụwa na omenala. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ahịa bara uru, mgbochi megide ejighị n'aka akụ na ụba, yana akụkụ bụ isi na ọla, ngwá electronic, na ụlọ ọrụ ikuku.

Na alaeze nke Ngwuputa ọla edo, cyanide leaching apụtala dị ka usoro mmịpụta kachasị. Ebe ọ bụ na nkuchi ụlọ ọrụ ya na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, cyanide leaching agbanweela ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ọla edo, na-eme ka mmịpụta ọla edo sitere na ọla ndị dị ala nke na-adịbughị usoro akụ na ụba. Usoro a na-eji kemịkalụ kemịkalụ pụrụ iche nke cyanide na-agbaze ọla edo site na ọla, na-akpụ ụlọ cyanide ọla edo soluble nke enwere ike ikewa ma nụchaa.

Chemistry dị n'azụ Cyanide Leaching

Mmeghachi omume nke Cyanide na ọla edo

Usoro cyanide leaching dabere na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ pụrụ iche n'etiti ion cyanide na ọla edo. Mgbe ole sodium cyanide (NaCN) na-agbaze na mmiri, ọ na-ekewa n'ime sodium ions (Na⁺) na cyanide ion (CN⁻). Ion cyanide ndị a na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu n'ebe ọla edo nọ, na n'ihu ikuku oxygen, ha na-ebute mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị mgbagwoju anya.

Usoro kemịkalụ maka mmeghachi omume n'etiti ọla edo, sodium cyanide, oxygen, na mmiri bụ ndị a:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Na mmeghachi omume a, atom ọla edo dị na ọla na-emeghachi omume na ion cyanide iji mepụta mgbagwoju anya soluble, sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Igwe ikuku oxygen dị na ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ahụ dị mfe site n'inye electrons dị mkpa maka ịmepụta ọla edo - mgbagwoju cyanide. Mkpụrụ ndụ mmiri na-ekerekwa òkè na mmeghachi omume ahụ, na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke mgbagwoju anya na ngwaahịa, sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Mmeghachi omume a bụ usoro redox. A na-eme ka ọlaedo dị oxidized site na ọnọdụ elemental ya (Au⁰) gaa na ọnọdụ oxidation +1 na mgbagwoju anya [Au(CN)₂]⁻, ebe a na-ebelata oxygen. Nhazi nke mgbagwoju anya ọlaedo - cyanide na-agbaze dị oke mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-ekwe ka ọlaedo ahụ, nke dị na mbụ n'ụdị siri ike, nke na-anaghị agbaze n'ime ọla ahụ, gbazee n'ime ngwọta ahụ. Enwere ike kewapụ ọlaedo a gbazere agbaze na ihe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ site na usoro nhazi ndị ọzọ, dị ka adsorption na activated carbon ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo site na iji ntụ zinc.

Gịnị mere Cyanide? Njirimara pụrụ iche nke sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ reagent kachasị mma maka ịcha ọla edo na ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa:

1. Nhọrọ dị elu maka ọla edo: Cyanide ion nwere ikike dị ịrịba ama iji họrọ agbaze ọla edo n'ihu ọtụtụ mineral ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị na ọla edo. Nhọrọ a dị oke mkpa ka ọ na-enye ohere maka mmịpụta ọla edo site na ọla kọpa dị ala ebe ọla edo na-ejikọta ya na nnukwu mineral gangue. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ore nwere quartz, feldspar, na mineral ndị ọzọ na-abaghị uru, cyanide ga-eji ọla edo mee ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, na-ahapụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mineral gangue na-enweghị mmeghachi omume na-adị mfe iche na ọla edo - nwere ngwọta.

2. Ọdịmma dị elu n'ime mmiri: Sodium cyanide bụ nke ukwuu soluble na mmiri, nke dị mkpa maka ngwa ya na leaching usoro. Nnukwu solubility na-eme ka ion cyanide nwee ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa n'ime slurry ore, na-eme ka kọntaktị dị n'etiti cyanide na ihe ndị ahụ ọla edo. Mgbasa ngwa ngwa a na-eduga na ọnụego mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa yana ọnụego mgbake ọla edo dị elu. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ okpomọkụ, a ịrịba ego nke sodium cyanide nwere ike igbari na mmiri, na-enye nnukwu ntinye nke ion cyanide reactive na ngwọta leaching.

3. Ọnụ ego ikwu - arụmọrụ: Tụnyere ụfọdụ reagents ọzọ enwere ike iji maka mmịpụta ọla edo, sodium cyanide dị ọnụ ala. Ọnụ ego a - ịdị irè bụ isi ihe na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ọla edo, karịsịa maka nnukwu ọrụ. Ndị na-egwuputa ihe nwere ike nweta sodium cyanide n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na ọnụ ahịa ezi uche dị na ya, nke na-enyere aka idobe ọnụ ahịa nchịkọta ọla edo n'ozuzu ya n'ime oke akụ na ụba.

4. Nkwụsi ike na ngwọta Alkaline: Cyanide kwụsiri ike na ngwọta alkaline, nke bụ uru na usoro leaching. Site n'idebe ihe ngwọta leaching na pH dị elu (na-emekarị ihe dịka 10 - 11), enwere ike ibelata mwepu nke cyanide n'ime hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nke na-egbu egbu na gas na-agbanwe agbanwe. Nkwụsi ike a na-eme ka cyanide na-anọgide n'ụdị mmeghachi omume ya ruo ogologo oge, na-enye ohere maka mgbaze ọla edo nke ọma. A na-agbakwunye lime na ngwọta leaching iji nọgide na-enwe gburugburu alkaline ma kwalite nkwụsi ike nke cyanide.

Nzọụkwụ - site - Usoro nzọụkwụ nke Cyanide leaching na ọla edo

Ngwọta mbụ: ịzọpịa na egweri

Tupu usoro ntanye cyanide amalite, ọla-edo na-ebu ọla na-enweta ọkwa dị mkpa tupu ọgwụgwọ. Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime ogbo a bụ ịkụpịa, nke dị mkpa maka ibelata nnukwu ọnụ ahịa ore n'ime obere iberibe. A na-enweta nke a site n'iji usoro nhịhịa dị iche iche, dị ka ndị na-ahịhịa agba, cone crushers na gyratory crushers. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-akụ agba agba nwere usoro dị mfe yana oke ngwepịa. Ọ nwere ike ijikwa ọla ndị buru ibu ma na-agbaji ha n'ime obere iberibe.

Mgbe a zọpịasịrị ya, a na-egweri ọla ahụ. A na-egweri ihe iji belata nha nke ore, na-abụkarị n'igwe igwe ma ọ bụ igwe mkpanaka. N'ebe a na-egwu bọlbụ, a na-eji bọọlụ ígwè na-egwe ọka. Ka igwe igwe na-agbagharị, bọọlụ ndị ahụ na-adaba, na-emetụta ma na-egweri irighiri ọla. Usoro a dị oké mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka elu ala nke ore. Ebe dị elu ka ukwuu pụtara na enwere ọtụtụ kọntaktị n'etiti ọla edo - nwere ihe dị n'ime ore na ngwọta cyanide n'oge oge nkwụsị.

Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na e gwepịaghị ọla ahụ nke ọma ma gwerie ya, ụmụ irighiri ọla edo ndị ahụ nwere ike ịdaba n'ime nnukwu iberibe ọla. Ngwọta cyanide ga-esizi ike iru ụmụ irighiri ọla edo ndị a, na-eduga na ọnụego mmịpụta dị ala. Site n'ibelata ore ahụ na ntụ ntụ dị mma site n'igweri, ọla edo na-enwetakwu ohere na ion cyanide, na-eme ka arụmọrụ nke usoro leaching dịkwuo mma.

The Leaching Stage: Mkpali Leaching vs. Heap Leaching

Ozugbo edozichara ọla ahụ nke ọma, ọkwa ịsa ahụ na-amalite, ma e nwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: ịkpali leaching na ikpo ọkụ.

Leaching kpalitere

Na leaching na-akpali akpali, a na-agwakọta ọka ahụ nke ọma na ngwọta cyanide n'ime nnukwu tank, nke a na-akpọkarị tankị leaching ma ọ bụ tank agitator. A na-eji ndị na-eme ihe igwe, dị ka impellers, na-eme ka ngwakọta ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Ọgba aghara a mgbe niile na-arụ ọtụtụ ebumnuche dị mkpa. Nke mbụ, ọ na-ahụ na ngwọta cyanide na-ekesa nke ọma na slurry ore. Ọbụna nkesa a dị oké mkpa ka ọ na-enye ohere ka ihe niile na-ebu ọla edo nwee ohere nhata iji meghachi omume na ion cyanide. Nke abuo, mgbakasị ahụ na-enyere aka idobe ihe ndị na-emepụta ore na nkwusioru, na-egbochi ha ka ha dozie na ala nke tank. Nke a dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na irighiri ihe edozi, mmeghachi omume n'etiti ọla edo na cyanide nwere ike igbochi.

A na-ahọrọkarị leaching mkpali maka elu - ọkwa ọkwa ma ọ bụ mgbe achọrọ mgbake dị elu n'ime obere oge. Ọ dịkwa mma maka ọla ndị na-esi ike ịpụpụ, n'ihi na mkpasu iwe nwere ike ime ka kọntaktị dị n'etiti ore na ngwọta cyanide. Otú ọ dị, ịkpali leaching na-achọkwu ume n'ihi na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nke agitators. Ọ na-enwekwa ọnụ ahịa ego dị elu dịka ọ na-achọ nnukwu ngwá ọrụ na nnukwu ihe ngwọta cyanide.

Obo Leaching

N'aka nke ọzọ, ikpo mkpokoro bụ ụzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa - ọ dị irè, karịsịa maka mmanụ ndị dị ala. N'ime usoro a, a na-akwakọba ọla ndị ahụ e gwepịara egwepịa n'ime nnukwu mkpọ, na-adịkarị n'elu eriri na-adịghị agwụ agwụ iji gbochie nkwụsị nke ngwọta cyanide. Mgbe ahụ, a na-efesa ihe ngwọta cyanide ma ọ bụ tụsa ya n'elu ikpo ọla ahụ. Dị ka ihe ngwọta na-agbaba site n'obo, ọ na-emeghachi omume na ọla edo dị na ọla ahụ, na-agbaze ya ma na-emepụta mgbagwoju anya ọla edo - cyanide. Leachate ahụ, nke nwere ọla edo gbazere, wee na-asọba na ala nke ikpo ahụ ma na-anakọta ya na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ tank maka nhazi ọzọ.

Obo leaching bụ nhọrọ dabara adaba maka nnukwu arụ ọrụ nke nwere ọkwa ọkwa dị ala, ebe ọ na-achọ obere ego itinye ego na akụrụngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere leaching kpaliri. O nwekwara obere ume chọrọ ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị mkpa maka mkpasu iwe na-aga n'ihu. Otú ọ dị, ikpokọta mkpokoro nwere ogologo oge nkwụsịtụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere leaching kpaliri, na ọnụego mgbake nwere ike ịdị ntakịrị ala. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ikpo mmiri na-adaberekwa n'ihe ndị dị ka nkwụsị nke ikpo ọla. Ọ bụrụ na arụghị obo ahụ nke ọma na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ na-akwakọba nke ọma, ihe ngwọta cyanide nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịbanye n'otu n'otu, na-eduga n'ịkwasa nke ọma na mgbake ọla edo.

Nhazi ọkwa leaching: Iweghachi ọla edo site na Ngwọta

Mgbe agbazechara ọla edo ahụ n'ime ngwọta cyanide n'oge a na-agbapụta agba, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ iji nwetaghachi ọla edo na ngwọta a. Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche a, yana abụọ n'ime ihe kachasị ewu ewu bụ carbon adsorption na zinc uzuzu cimentation.

Mgbasa ozi Carbon arụ ọrụ

Carbon arụ ọrụ nwere nnukwu ebe dị elu na mmekọrịta dị elu maka ọla edo - cyanide complexes. N'ime usoro mgbasa ozi carbon arụ ọrụ, nke a makwaara dị ka carbon - in - pulp (CIP) ma ọ bụ carbon - in - leach (CIL), a na-agbakwunye carbon na-arụ ọrụ na leachate. Igwe ọla edo - cyanide dị na ngwọta na-adọta n'elu carbon a na-arụ ọrụ ma tinye ya na ya. Nke a na-etolite carbon "kwadoro" ma ọ bụ "dị ime", nke kewapụrụ na ngwọta.

Enwere ike nweta nkewa nke carbon a na-ebu ibu site na ngwọta site na nyocha ma ọ bụ nzacha. Ozugbo e kewapụrụ ya, a na-enwetazi ọla edo ahụ na carbon nke ebujuru. A na-emekarị nke a site na usoro a na-akpọ elution ma ọ bụ desorption, ebe a na-ewepụ ọla edo na carbon site na iji ngwọta na-ekpo ọkụ nke sodium cyanide na sodium hydroxide. A na-edozikwa ihe ngwọta nke na-esi na ya pụta, nke bara ụba na ọla edo, site na electrolysis iji tinye ọla edo ahụ na cathode, na-eme ka e nwee ọla edo dị ọcha.

Zinc Dust Cementation

Zinc uzuzu simentation, nke a makwaara dị ka usoro Merrill - Crowe, bụ usoro ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mgbake ọla edo na leachate. N'ime usoro a, a na-agbakwunye ájá zinc na ngwọta nke nwere ọla edo - cyanide complex. Zinc na-arụ ọrụ karịa ọla edo, ọ na-ewepụkwa ọla edo na mgbagwoju anya dịka mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ndị a:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au

A na-emepụta ọla edo ahụ site na ngwọta dị ka ihe siri ike, na-emepụta ọla edo - zinc precipitate. A na-ehichakwa mkpọda mmiri a wee kewapụ ya na ngwọta ya. A na-anụcha ọla edo ahụ site n'ịgbaze mmiri iji wepụ zinc na adịghị ọcha ndị ọzọ, na-ebute mmepụta ọla edo dị ọcha. Zinc uzuzu simenti bụ usoro dị mfe ma kwụ ọtọ, mana ọ na-achọ njikwa nlezianya nke pH na ntinye nke ngwọta cyanide iji hụ na mgbake ọla edo dị mma.

Ihe na-emetụta arụmọrụ Cyanide Leaching

Njirimara ore

Ọdịdị nke ọla edo - ibu ọla bụ isi ihe na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke leaching cyanide. Ụdị ọla dị iche iche, dị ka ọla edo sulfide na ọla edo oxidized, nwere njirimara dị iche iche nke nwere ike imetụta usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ.

Ore ọla edo sulfide: Ore ọla edo sulfide na-enwekarị nnukwu mineral sulfide, dị ka pyrite (FeS₂), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), na chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂). Ihe mineral sulfide ndị a nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka n'oge leaching cyanide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, pyrite bụ ịnweta sulfide nkịtị na ọla edo - na-ebu ores. Mgbe pyrite dị na ore, ọ nwere ike meghachi omume na ngwọta cyanide na ikuku oxygen na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọxịdashọn nke pyrite na ọnụnọ oxygen na cyanide nwere ike iduga nguzobe nke dị iche iche site na - ngwaahịa, dị ka sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) na ígwè - cyanide complexes. Nhazi nke sulfuric acid nwere ike belata pH nke ngwọta leaching, nke na-emebi nkwụsi ike nke cyanide. Na mgbakwunye, mmeghachi omume nke mineral sulfide na cyanide nwere ike iri nnukwu cyanide, na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa reagent. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ore ebe ọdịnaya sulfide dị elu, oriri cyanide nwere ike ịdị elu karịa nke ahụ na sulfide - ore efu.

ọla ọla edo oxidized: N'aka nke ọzọ, ọla edo oxidized na-enwekarị ebe ịsa mmiri dị mma karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ore sulfide. Ore ndị a emeela usoro ihu igwe na oxidation, bụ ndị agbanyelarị ọtụtụ n'ime mineral sulfide n'ụdị oxide kwụsiri ike karị. N'ihi ya, nsogbu ndị metụtara sulfide - cyanide mmeghachi omume na-ebelata. Ọlaedo dị n'ime mmanụ oxidized na-enwekarị ohere ịnweta ngwọta cyanide n'ihi na nhazi ọla na-adịkarị mfe karịa ma na-adịchaghị mgbagwoju anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọla edo ọla edo na-esote, nke bụ ụdị ọla oxidized, a na-ahụkarị ọla edo n'ụdị gbasasịrị agbasasị na obere - mkpuchi. Nke a na-enye ohere ion cyanide ka ọ dị mfe iru irighiri ọla edo, na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ leaching dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ọla ndị oxidized nwekwara ike ịnwe ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha, dị ka ígwè oxides na hydroxides, nke nwere ike ime ka ọla-edo - cyanide mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ gbochie usoro nsị ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

The urughuru size nke gold n'ime ore na-arụkwa a dị oké mkpa ọrụ. Ngwakọta ọla edo dị mma - nke nwere ọka nwere nnukwu elu - mpaghara - oke - oke, nke pụtara na ha nwere ike meghachi ngwa ngwa na ngwọta cyanide. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụmụ irighiri ihe ọla edo na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ike ịchọ ogologo oge nkwụsịtụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ leaching karịa iji nweta ọnụego mgbake dị elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ụmụ irighiri ọla edo dị oke oke, ngwọta cyanide nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịbanye n'ime omimi nke ọma n'ime ihe ndị ahụ, na-ahapụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọla edo ahụ.

Ntụkwasị Cyanide

Ntinye uche nke cyanide sodium na ngwọta leaching bụ oke dị oke egwu nke na-emetụta ma arụmọrụ nke mmịpụta ọla edo na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ niile.

Mmetụta na arụmọrụ Leaching: Ka mkpokọta cyanide na-abawanye, ọnụego mmeghachi omume n'etiti ọla edo na cyanide na-abawanye na mbụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mkpokọta ion cyanide dị elu na-enye ụmụ irighiri ihe na-emeghachi omume ka ha na ụmụ irighiri ọla edo na-emekọrịta ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale ụlọ nyocha, mgbe a na-abawanye ụbara cyanide site na 0.01% ruo 0.05%, ọnụego mgbasa ọla edo nwere ike ịbawanye nke ukwuu, na-eduga na mgbake ọla edo dị elu n'ime obere oge. Agbanyeghị, mmekọrịta a abụghị ahịrị ogologo oge. Ozugbo ntinye nke cyanide ruru ọkwa ụfọdụ, mmụba n'ihu nwere ike ọ gaghị eme ka mmụba dị nhata na ọnụego mgbasa ọla edo. N'ezie, mgbe ntinye nke cyanide dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ime ka hydrolysis nke cyanide. Cyanide hydrolysis na-eme mgbe cyanide jiri mmiri mee ihe iji mepụta hydrogen cyanide (HCN) na ion hydroxide (OH⁻). Mmeghachi omume bụ otu a: CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Hydrogen cyanide bụ gas na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke na-egbu egbu. Nhazi nke HCN abụghị naanị na-ebelata cyanide dị maka ọla edo - mmeghachi omume leaching kamakwa ọ na-ebute nnukwu nchekwa na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.

Atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa: Cyanide bụ reagent dị oke ọnụ, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nnukwu ọla edo - arụ ọrụ Ngwuputa. Iji ntinye dị elu nke cyanide karịa ka ọ dị mkpa nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ahịa mmepụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnukwu ikpo okwu - ọrụ leaching, ma ọ bụrụ na ntinye uche cyanide na-abawanye site na 0.05% karịa ọkwa kachasị mma, ọnụ ahịa cyanide kwa afọ nwere ike ịbawanye site na nnukwu ego, dabere na olu nke ngwọta leaching na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrụ ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, iji obere cyanide dị ala ga-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nwayọọ na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa, nke nwere ike ịchọ ogologo oge nkwụsịtụ ma ọ bụ nnukwu olu nke ngwọta leaching iji nweta mgbake ọla edo achọrọ. Nke a nwekwara ike ịbawanye ọnụ ahịa n'ozuzu ya n'ihi ogologo oge nhazi, ike ike dị elu, yana enwere ike ịmepụta ihe dị ala.

N'ozuzu, maka ọtụtụ ọla edo - arụ ọrụ Ngwuputa, oke ịta ahụhụ cyanide kwesịrị ekwesị dị n'etiti 0.03% na 0.1%. Agbanyeghị, oke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere n'ihe ndị dị ka ụdị ọla, ọnụnọ adịghị ọcha, yana usoro leaching akọwapụtara nke ejiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime usoro mkpali - leaching maka ọla edo dị oke ọcha, ntinye cyanide dị ala n'ime oke, gburugburu 0.03% - 0.05%, nwere ike zuo oke. N'ụzọ dị iche, maka sulfide dị mgbagwoju anya - na-ebu ọla ọla edo n'ime ikpo - arụ ọrụ leaching, ntinye uche cyanide dị ntakịrị elu, ikekwe nso 0.08% - 0.1%, nwere ike ịchọrọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka oriri cyanide site na mineral sulfide.

Uru pH nke Ngwọta

Uru pH nke cyanide leaching solution bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na ọla edo - cyanide leaching usoro, ebe ọ na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke cyanide, solubility nke ọla edo, na mmebi nke akụrụngwa.

Nkwụsi ike nke Cyanide: Cyanide kwụsiri ike na gburugburu alkaline. Mgbe pH nke ngwọta dị na nso nke 10 - 11. hydrolysis nke cyanide, nke na-emepụta gas hydrogen cyanide na-egbu egbu (HCN), na-ebelata. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, mmeghachi omume hydrolysis nke cyanide bụ CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. N'ime ihe ngwọta alkaline, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ion hydroxide (OH⁻) na-agbanwe nha nke mmeghachi omume a n'aka ekpe, na-ebelata nhazi nke HCN. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na pH nke ngwọta leaching na-adaba na 8 ma ọ bụ ala, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke cyanide hydrolysis ga-abawanye nke ọma, na-eduga na mfu nke cyanide na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ntọhapụ HCN, nke na-abụghị nanị ihe mkpofu nke reagent kamakwa ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nchekwa maka ndị ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Solubility nke ọla edo: Ihe solubility nke ọla edo - mgbagwoju cyanide na-emetụtakwa uru pH. N'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị pH alkaline, nhazi nke ọla edo soluble - cyanide complex, dị ka Na [Au (CN) ₂], na-amasị. Mgbe pH dị ntakịrị, mgbagwoju ahụ nwere ike ịla n'iyi, na-ebelata oke ọla edo na ngwọta ma si otú a na-ebelata arụmọrụ leaching. Na mgbakwunye, na gburugburu acidic, ion ọla ndị ọzọ dị na ọla nwere ike ịgbaze ngwa ngwa, na-etinye aka na usoro ịsa ọla edo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ion iron (Fe³⁺) sitere na ígwè - nwere mineral n'ime ọla nwere ike ịmalite ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya na cyanide na ngwọta acidic, na-asọmpi ọla edo maka ion cyanide.

Nrụrụ akụrụngwa: Idokwa pH ziri ezi dịkwa oke mkpa maka ichekwa ngwa eji eme ihe n'usoro ịsa mmiri. Na gburugburu acidic, ihe ngwọta cyanide nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa igwe, dị ka tankị na-agbapụta mmiri, pipeline, na nfuli. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tankị na-agbapụta ígwè nwere ike imebi ngwa ngwa na ngwọta cyanide acid, na-eduga na ntanye na mkpa maka nnọchi ngwa ngwa ugboro ugboro, nke na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa mmepụta na oge nkwụsị. N'ụzọ dị iche, ihe ngwọta alkaline na-adịchaghị njọ na ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọla edo - ihe ndị na-egwupụta ihe.

Iji nọgide na-enwe uru pH kwesịrị ekwesị, a na-agbakwunye lime (CaO) ma ọ bụ sodium hydroxide (NaOH) na ngwọta leaching. Wayo bụ reagent a na-ejikarị emezi pH na ọla edo - arụ ọrụ Ngwuputa n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị ala yana ịdị irè ya. Ọ na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)₂), nke nwere ike imebi ihe ọ bụla acidic na ngwọta ma mee ka pH dịkwuo elu. Mgbakwunye nke lime nwekwara uru agbakwunyere nke na-ebuli ụfọdụ ion metal, dị ka ígwè na ọla kọpa, nke nwere ike ibelata nnyonye anya ha na usoro nsị.

Oge okpomọkụ na oge nkwụsị

Okpomọkụ na oge nkwụsịtụ bụ ihe abụọ jikọrọ ọnụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ nke leaching cyanide.

Mmetụta okpomọkụ: Mmụba nke okpomọkụ n'ozuzu na-eduga na mmụba nke ọnụego nke cyanide - mmeghachi omume ọla edo. Nke a bụ n'ihi na okpomọkụ dị elu na-eme ka ike ike nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-emeghachi omume, gụnyere ion cyanide na atom ọla edo dị n'elu ala. N'ihi ya, ugboro nke collisions n'etiti reactants na-abawanye, na mmeghachi omume ọnụego accelerates. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ụlọ nyocha - nnwale nha, mgbe okpomọkụ nke ngwọta leaching na-ebuli site na 20 ° C ruo 40 Celsius, ọnụego mgbasa ọla edo nwere ike okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna okpukpu atọ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere njedebe na ịba ụba okpomọkụ. Ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, solubility nke oxygen na ngwọta na-ebelata. Ebe ọ bụ na ikuku oxygen bụ ihe dị mkpa oxidizing n'ime ọla edo - mmeghachi omume cyanide, mbelata nke solubility oxygen nwere ike igbochi ọnụego mmeghachi omume. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 ° C, ikuku oxygen na-adị ala nke ukwuu, usoro ịhịa ahụ nwere ike ịghọ oxygen - oke. Na mgbakwunye, okpomọkụ dị elu nwekwara ike ibute mmụba cyanide hydrolysis, dị ka ekwuru na mbụ, nke na-ebelata cyanide dị maka mmeghachi omume leaching ọla edo. Ọzọkwa, okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ime ka mmebi nke ngwá ọrụ dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, na-abawanye ụgwọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ ma na-ebelata oge ndụ nke akụrụngwa. N'ọtụtụ ọrụ ọla edo-ngwuputa, a na-edobe okpomọkụ n'ogo dị oke oke, na-adịkarị n'etiti 15°C na 30°C. Oke okpomọkụ a na-enye nguzozi n'etiti ọnụego mmeghachi omume, ikuku oxygen solubility, nkwụsi ike cyanide, na ịdịte ngwa ngwa.

Mmetụta nke Oge Nkuzi: Oge nkwụsịtụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ego ọla edo nwere ike isi na ọla. N'ozuzu, ka oge nkwụsịtụ na-abawanye, ọla edo karịa ga-agbaze na ngwọta cyanide. Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti leaching oge na gold mgbake abụghị linear. Na mbido, ọnụego mgbaze ọla edo dị oke elu, enwere ike wepụta ọla edo dị ukwuu n'ime obere oge. Mana ka usoro ịhịa ahụ na-aga n'ihu, ọnụego mgbasa ọla edo ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-agbaze akụkụ ọla edo kachasị enweta na mbụ, na ka oge na-aga, ọla edo fọdụrụnụ na-esiwanye ike iru n'ihi ihe ndị dị ka nhazi ngwaahịa mmeghachi omume n'elu ala nke nwere ike ime dị ka ihe mgbochi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ọrụ mkpali-leaching, nnukwu akụkụ ọla edo nwere ike gbazee n'ime awa 24-48 mbụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịchara, ịba ụba oge ntanye nwere ike bute ntakịrị mmụba na mgbake ọla edo. Ịgbatị oge nlegharị anya nke ukwuu nwere ike ịbụ enweghị akụ na ụba ka ọ na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa ọrụ, gụnyere oriri ike, oriri reagent na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ pụkwara iduga nkwụsị nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ọcha, nke nwere ike ime ka ọla edo na-esote - usoro mgbake.

Iji kwalite arụmọrụ mmepụta, ọ dị mkpa ka a kpata nguzozi n'etiti okpomọkụ na oge nkwụsịtụ. Nke a na-achọkarị ịme nyocha ụlọ nyocha - ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ụdị ụdị ọla a kapịrị ọnụ iji chọpụta ngwakọta kacha mma nke paramita abụọ a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka otu ụdị ọla, enwere ike ịhụ na okpomọkụ nke 25 Celsius C na oge nkwụsịtụ nke awa 36 na-ebute mgbake ọla edo kachasị elu na ọnụ ahịa kacha ala.

Nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu

Nsi nke Cyanide: Nlekọta na nchekwa nchekwa

Cyanide, n'ụdị sodium cyanide eji eme ihe n'ime ola edo, bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. Ọbụlagodi obere ego nwere ike igbu mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Mgbe sodium cyanide batara na acids, ọ nwere ike ịhapụ hydrogen cyanide gas, nke na-agbanwe nke ukwuu na ahụ na-abanye ngwa ngwa site na iku ume. Nri ma ọ bụ mmetụ akpụkpọ ahụ na sodium cyanide nwekwara ike iduga nsi siri ike. Nsi nke cyanide bụ n'ihi ikike ya ijikọ na cytochrome oxidase na sel, na-akpaghasị usoro iku ume cellular nkịtị ma mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ ghara iji oxygen na-eme ihe, na-eduga na ọnwụ cell ngwa ngwa.

Nyere oke nsi ya, ijikwa nlezianya na nchekwa nchekwa dị mkpa. Ndị ọrụ na-etinye aka na iji sodium cyanide ga-enweta ọzụzụ nchekwa zuru oke tupu ha ejiri kemịkalụ a. Akụrụngwa nchekwa nke onwe, gụnyere uwe aka ejiri ihe dabara adaba dị ka nitrile iji gbochie mmetụ akpụkpọ ahụ, enyo nchekwa iji chebe anya, yana akụrụngwa nchekwa iku ume dị ka gas - ihe nzacha nwere nzacha kwesịrị ekwesị maka hydrogen cyanide, ga-eyirịrị oge niile n'oge ejizi.

Ebe nchekwa maka sodium cyanide kwesịrị ịdị n'ime olulu mmiri - ventilashị, ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na isi iyi ọkụ, ọkụ, na ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ. Ekwesịrị ka ejiri akara ịdọ aka na ntị mara ebe nchekwa nke ọma na ọnụnọ nke ihe na-egbu egbu. Ekwesịrị ịchekwa sodium cyanide n'ime arịa ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi nke ọma nke ejiri ihe na-eguzogide corrosion site na cyanide, dịka ụfọdụ ụdị plastik ma ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ekwesịrị ịchekwa akpa ndị a n'ime usoro ihe eji echekwa nke abụọ, dị ka tray - proof proof ma ọ bụ kabinet nchekwa nke emebere iji gbochie mgbasa nke ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịwụfu. Nnyocha mgbe niile nke ebe nchekwa na arịa dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ dịghị nkwụsị ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke mmebi.

N'oge njem, a ga-ebufe sodium cyanide dịka iwu siri ike. Ụgbọ ala njem pụrụ iche nke nwere atụmatụ nchekwa iji gbochie mwụfu na akara nke ọma dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ chọrọ. Ekwesịrị ileba anya nke ọma usoro njem, yana atụmatụ nzaghachi mberede kwesịrị ịdị na ya ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ihe mberede.

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa mkpofu

Ojiji nke cyanide na mkpocha ọla edo nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke bụ isi n'ihi mwepụta nke cyanide - nwere ihe mkpofu. Nke kachasị gbasara ngwaahịa mkpofu bụ cyanide - mmiri mkpofu bara ụba nke a na-emepụta n'oge usoro ịsa ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na e mezighị mmiri mkpofu a nke ọma ma wepụta ya n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta na-agbawa obi na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.

Cyanide na-egbu egbu maka ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Ọbụlagodi na ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị nta, ọ pụrụ igbu azụ̀, invertebrates, na ndụ mmiri ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ntinye nke cyanide dị ntakịrị ka 0.05 mg / L n'ime mmiri nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ ụdị azụ. Ọnụnọ nke cyanide n'ime mmiri nwekwara ike ịkpaghasị usoro nri na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike igbu ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-azụ ahịa, na-eduga ná nkwụsị nke mmetụta ọjọọ na ihe ndị dị elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eji mmiri emetọ eme ihe maka ịgba mmiri, ọ nwere ike imetụta àgwà ala ma mebie ihe ọkụkụ.

Iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, njikwa mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị nke cyanide - nke nwere mmiri mkpofu dị oke mkpa. Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a na-ahụkarị maka ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu a:

Ụzọ oxidation: Chemical oxidation bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Otu n'ime oxidants a na-ahụkarị bụ ogige chlorine, dị ka sodium hypochlorite (bleach) ma ọ bụ gas chlorine. Na ọnụnọ nke ebe alkaline, ndị oxidants ndị a nwere ike meghachi omume na cyanide iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ obere ogige na-egbu egbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmeghachi omume na sodium hypochlorite na ngwọta alkaline nwere ike ịtụgharị cyanide (CN⁻) nke mbụ na cyanate (CNO⁻) wee gaa n'ihu na carbon dioxide (CO₂) na nitrogen (N₂) gas site na usoro mmeghachi omume. Enwere ike ịnọchite anya mmeghachi omume n'ozuzu dịka ndị a:

2CN⁻+5OCl⁻ + H₂O→2HCO₃⁻+N₂ + 5Cl⁻

Ụzọ ọzọ oxidation bụ ojiji nke hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Hydrogen peroxide nwere ike oxidize cyanide ka cyanate n'ihu ihe na-akpata. Usoro a na-amasịkarị n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ebe ọ naghị ewebata ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ dị ka ụfọdụ ụzọ dabere na chlorine.

Nnọpụiche na Ọdịda: N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, cyanide - nwere mmiri mkpofu nwekwara ike ịnwe nnukwu ígwè - cyanide complexes. Site n'ịgbanwe pH nke mmiri mkpofu na ịgbakwunye kemịkalụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ọla ndị a dị arọ nwere ike ịmalite. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbakwunye lime (CaO) na mmiri mkpofu nwere ike ibuli pH ma mee ka mmiri ozuzo nke ọla dị arọ dị ka ọla kọpa, zinc, na ígwè dị ka hydroxides ha. Enwere ike meziwanye cyanide ahụ site na ụzọ oxidation mgbe ewepụrụ ọla ndị ahụ dị arọ.

Ọgwụgwọ ndu: Ụfọdụ microorganisms nwere ike imebi cyanide. N'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ ndụ, dị ka arụ ọrụ - usoro sludge ma ọ bụ biofilm reactors, enwere ike iji microorganisms ndị a gbarie cyanide n'ime obere ihe na-emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adaba adaba maka mmiri mkpofu cyanide dị ala - ruo - agafeghị oke, n'ihi na ụbara cyanide dị elu nwere ike na-egbu egbu na microorganisms. Ihe microorganisms na-eji cyanide dị ka isi iyi nke nitrogen na carbon, na-atụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ amonia, carbon dioxide na ndị ọzọ na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na - ngwaahịa site na usoro metabolic ha.

Na mgbakwunye na ịgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri, ekwesịrị ịgba mbọ belata ọnụọgụ cyanide a na-eji na ọla edo - usoro ịsa mmiri na iji megharịa na iji cyanide - nwere ihe ngwọta mgbe ọ bụla enwere ike. Nke a nwere ike inye aka belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọla edo - ọrụ Ngwuputa nke na-adabere na leaching cyanide.

Ọmụmụ ikpe na omume ụlọ ọrụ

Akụkọ ịga nke ọma: Ọrụ Cyanide Leaching dị elu - arụmọrụ

Ọtụtụ ọla edo - arụ ọrụ ngwuputa gburugburu ụwa enwetala ihe ịga nke ọma dị ịrịba ama na leaching cyanide, na-esetịpụ akara maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ, ọnụ ahịa - ịdị irè, na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ ogbunigwe Yanacocha dị na Peru, otu n'ime ọla edo kachasị ukwuu - na-emepụta ogbunigwe n'ụwa niile. Ngwuputa ogbunigwe emejuputala usoro ohuru iji bulite usoro ntapu nke cyanide ya. Site n'inwe ọmụmụ ihe gbasara njirimara ọla, ndị injinia na-egwupụta akụ nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma ihe ndị nwere ore nwere. Nke a nyere ha ohere ịhazi ntinye nke cyanide na ọnọdụ nsị na njirimara ọla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha chọpụtara na maka otu ụdị ọla nke nwere ọdịnaya sulfide dị elu, achọrọ ntakịrị cyanide dị elu gburugburu 0.08% - 0.1% iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka oriri cyanide site na mineral sulfide. Ngbanwe a ziri ezi nke ịta cyanide abụghị naanị mere ka ọnụọgụ mgbake ọla edo dịkwuo mma kamakwa belatara oriri cyanide n'ozuzu ya kwa ton nke ore.

N'ihe gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ogbunigwe Yanacocha etinyela nnukwu ego n'ebe a na-ahụ maka mmiri mkpofu dị elu. Ha anabatala usoro ọgwụgwọ ọtụtụ nke na-ejikọta kemịkalụ oxidation, neutralization, na ọgwụgwọ ndu iji wepụ cyanide na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ na mmiri mkpofu nke ọma. A na-emegharịgharị mmiri a na-edozi maka iji mee ihe na usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ, na-ebelata ndabere nke ogbunigwe ahụ na isi mmiri dị ọhụrụ ma na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma ọzọ bụ ogbunigwe Porgera dị na Papua New Guinea. Ngwuputa ogbunigwe a lekwasịrị anya na nkwalite usoro na-aga n'ihu na mmepụta teknụzụ. Ha emejuputala usoro njikwa akpaaka akpaaka nke steeti - nke - nka maka tankị agbagharị agbagharị ha. Sistemu a na-enyocha ma na-ahazi paramita dị ka ọsọ mkpasu iwe, ọnụego nrịba nke cyanide ngwọta, na okpomọkụ nke leaching slurry. Site na idobe ọnọdụ kachasị mma n'oge niile, ogbunigwe ahụ enwetala ọnụọgụ mgbake ọla edo dị elu karịa 90% na ọrụ ụfọdụ. Na mgbakwunye, ogbunigwe Porgera etinyela aka na nyocha na mmepe iji chọta reagents ọzọ nke nwere ike belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro leaching cyanide. Ha ejirila ụdị cyanide ọhụrụ na-eme nnwale onye nlekọta leachings, ọ bụ ezie na leaching cyanide ka bụ usoro bụ isi n'ihi arụmọrụ ya na ọnụ ahịa ya - ịdị irè.

Ihe ịma aka ndị chere ihu na anabatara azịza ya

N'agbanyeghị na a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, cyanide leaching n'ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo abụghị ihe ịma aka ya. Mines na-ezutekarị nsogbu dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta arụmọrụ, ọnụ ahịa, na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro ahụ.

Ngwongwo ọla dị mgbagwoju anya

Ọtụtụ ọla ndị na-ebu ọla edo nwere ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe ịma aka na leaching cyanide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọla ndị nwere arsenic dị elu, dị ka nke dị n'ụfọdụ nkwụnye ego na ọdịda anyanwụ United States, nwere ike isi ike ịhazi ya. Arsenic - na-ebu mineral, dị ka arsenopyrite, nwere ike imeghachi omume na cyanide na oxygen, na-eri nnukwu cyanide ma na-ebelata ọla edo - ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọnụnọ nke arsenic na leachate nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya na ihe ịma aka n'ihi nsị nke ogige arsenic.

Iji dozie okwu a, ụfọdụ ogbunigwe ejirila ụzọ ọgwụgwọ tupu oge eruo. Otu ụzọ a na-emekarị bụ ịsa nri, ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku n'ihu. Iri nri na-eme ka arsenic na-ebu mineral, na-atụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ ụdị kwụsiri ike nke na-adịkarịghị egbochi usoro cyanide - leaching. Mgbe a suchara mmanụ ahụ, a ga-edobe ụrọ cyanide nkịtị. Ụzọ ọzọ a na-emebu tupu ọgwụgwọ bụ bio-oxidation, nke na-eji microorganisms oxidize sulfide na arsenic - na-ebu mineral. Usoro a dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ịsa anụ ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na obere okpomọkụ ma na-emepụta mmetọ ikuku dị ntakịrị.

Iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-abawanye

Ka mmata gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto, ọrụ ọla edo-ngwuputa na-eche iwu siri ike ihu gbasara ojiji na mkpofu cyanide. N'ọtụtụ mba, oke ikike nke cyanide dị n'ime mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na ikuku na-ekuku ka agbachiela nke ọma. Dị ka ihe atụ, n’Australia, ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ewepụtala ókè n’ebe a na-edebe cyanide n’ime mmiri mkpofu a na-esi n’ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo. Achọrịrị ogbunigwe ka ọ mezu oke ndị a ka ịzenarị nra dị ukwuu yana mmechi nwere ike ime.

Iji rube isi n'iwu ndị a, ogbunigwe na-etinye ego na teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị elu. Ụfọdụ na-eji usoro oxidation dị elu, dị ka iji ozone ma ọ bụ ultraviolet (UV) na-ejikọta ya na hydrogen peroxide, iji mebie cyanide n'ụzọ dị irè karị n'ime mmiri mkpofu. Ụzọ ndị a nwere ike nweta mkpokọta cyanide fọdụrụnụ dị ala na mmiri a na-edozi. Na mgbakwunye, ogbunigwe na-emejuputa usoro nlekọta ka mma iji gbochie mwụfu cyanide na ntapu. Nke a na-agụnye imeziwanye nhazi na nhazi nke ebe nchekwa, na-eji ọdọ mmiri abụọ - lined maka cyanide - nwere ngwọta, na imejuputa usoro nlekota oge iji chọpụta ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ime ozugbo.

Ọnụ - ịdị irè n'ahịa ọla edo na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe

Ọnụ ego nke ọrụ ngwupụta ọla edo, gụnyere cyanide leaching, bụ isi ihe na-echegbu, karịsịa na ahịa ọla edo na-agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa ọla edo nwere ike imetụta uru nke ogbunigwe. Cyanide, dị ka onye bụ isi reagent na usoro leaching, nwere ike itinye nnukwu akụkụ na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ihe.

Iji lebara ọnụ ahịa - ịdị irè, ogbunigwe na-achọ ụzọ iji belata oriri reagent na ịbawanye arụmọrụ usoro. Ụfọdụ ogbunigwe na-eji nyocha dị elu na data - akwalitekwa ụzọ iji kwalite usoro ịsa ahụ. Site n'inyocha data buru ibu na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, ọnọdụ nlegharị anya, na ọnụego mgbake ọla edo, ha nwere ike ịchọpụta oke ọrụ kacha mma maka batch nke ọla ọ bụla. Nke a na-enye ha ohere ibelata ọnụọgụ cyanide eji eme ihe n'achụghị mgbake ọla edo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ogbunigwe emejuputala igwe - mmụta algọridim nke nwere ike ibu amụma kacha mma cyanide itinye uche na oge leaching dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ore na nkesa nha. Na mgbakwunye, ogbunigwe na-enyochakwa iji ụzọ ọzọ, ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ - reagents ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye dị irè nke nwere ike ịkwalite usoro ịhịa ahụ ma belata ịdabere na cyanide.

Ọdịnihu na-agbanwe na teknụzụ Cyanide Leaching

Ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ na-achọ imelite arụmọrụ yana belata ihe egwu

Ọdịnihu nke teknụzụ leaching cyanide nwere nnukwu nkwa yana ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ dị na mbara igwe. Otu n'ime isi ebe a na-elekwasị anya bụ mmepe nke akụrụngwa leaching dị elu yana nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-arụ ọrụ n'ichepụta tankị ọgbọ ọhụrụ nwere usoro mkpasu iwe ka mma. Usoro ndị a na-achọ ịkwalite ngwakọta nke ore slurry na ngwọta cyanide, na-ahụ na nkesa ndị ọzọ na-edoghị anya. Mmepe na nso nso a bụ iji computational fluid dynamics (CFD) iji kwalite atụmatụ nke mkpasu iwe na tankị na-agbapụta. Site n'ịmepụta usoro nrịba nke slurry na ngwọta, ndị injinia nwere ike chepụta impellers nke na-enye ngwakọta ka mma, belata oriri ike, ma melite arụmọrụ zuru oke nke usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ.

Akụkụ ọzọ nke ihe ọhụrụ bụ na mmepe nke usoro leaching na-aga n'ihu. Ogbe omenala - usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu n'ihi mkpa ọ dị ịmalite mmalite na mechie - arụ ọrụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, na-ebelata oge nkwụsị na ịba ụba arụpụtaghị ihe. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-achọpụtalarị iji na-aga n'ihu na-akpali - tank reactors (CSTRs) na cyanide leaching. Ndị a reactors nwere ike ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke steeti, na-enye ohere maka usoro nlegharị anya na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ịmekọrịta n'ụzọ dị mfe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọla edo - usoro Ngwuputa, dị ka ikiri ore na mgbake ọla edo, na-eduga n'ịrụ ọrụ zuru oke na nke ọma.

N'ihe gbasara ibelata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa, a na-emepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa cyanide nke ọma - ihe mkpofu nwere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere mmasị na-arịwanye elu na mmepe nke akpụkpọ anụ - teknụzụ nkewa nke dabeere na ọgwụgwọ cyanide - mmiri mkpofu bara ụba. Nchacha nke membrane nwere ike wepụ cyanide na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ na mmiri mkpofu nke ọma, na-emepụta iyi mmiri dị ọcha nke enwere ike ịmegharịghachi azụ n'ime usoro nsị. Ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ Ngwuputa kamakwa na-echekwa na iji mmiri eme ihe. Emebere ụfọdụ sistemu akpụkpọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ mkpanaka, na-enye ohere maka ọgwụgwọ saịtị nke cyanide - nwere ihe mkpofu, nke bara uru karịsịa maka ọrụ Ngwuputa dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Chọọ maka ndị ọrụ nkuzi ọzọ

Ọchịchọ maka ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme leaching iji dochie sodium cyanide bụ mpaghara na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nyocha n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Isi ihe na-eme nchọpụta a bụ mkpa iji belata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa na-ejikọta na iji cyanide na ịchọta ụzọ dị irè na ọnụ ahịa dị irè karị.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekwe nkwa leaching ọzọ bụ thiosulfate. Thiosulfate bụ reagent na-adịghị egbu egbu nke nwere ike igbari ọla edo n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Usoro leaching nke thiosulfate gụnyere nguzobe nke mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ọla edo na ion thiosulfate n'ihu onye na-ahụ maka oxidizing. E jiri ya tụnyere cyanide, thiosulfate nwere ọtụtụ uru. Ọ na-adịchaghị egbu egbu, nke na-ebelata nchekwa na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na iji ya. Na mgbakwunye, thiosulfate leaching adịghị enwe mmetụta nke ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha dị na ọla, dị ka ọla kọpa na ígwè, nke nwere ike igbochi cyanide - usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Agbanyeghị, leaching thiosulfate nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka. Usoro leaching na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ njikwa nlezianya nke pH, okpomọkụ, na ntinye nke reagents. Ọnụ ego nke thiosulfate dịkwa oke elu, nke nwere ike igbochi ojiji ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na-arụ ọrụ Ngwuputa.

Nhọrọ ọzọ bụ iji halide na-eme ihe na-edozi ahụ, dị ka bromide na chloride. Ndị ọrụ ndị a nwere ike igbari ọla edo site na oxidation na mgbagwoju anya mmeghachi omume. Bromide - leaching dabere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egosila oke ọla edo - ọnụego mgbasa na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme ihe na-eme ka halide na-enwekwa ihe ndọghachi azụ ha. Ha nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa, nke na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa mmezi. Na mgbakwunye, mkpofu mkpofu a na-enweta site na usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka n'ihi mmetụta nwere ike na gburugburu ebe obibi nke halide - nwere ihe mkpofu.

A na-enyochakwa ihe ndị na-eme ihe na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ụfọdụ microorganisms, dị ka ụfọdụ nje bacteria na fungi, nwere ike ịmepụta organic acids ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike igbari ọla edo. Leaching ndu bụ nhọrọ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ naghị agụnye iji kemịkal na-egbu egbu. Otú ọ dị, usoro ahụ na-adị nwayọọ, na ọnọdụ maka uto nke microorganisms kwesịrị iji nlezianya chịkwaa. A na-aga n'ihu na nyocha iji meziwanye arụmọrụ nke leaching ndu na ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mma maka ịrụ ọrụ ọla edo buru ibu.

mmechi

Nchịkọta nke mkpa na mgbagwoju anya nke Cyanide Leaching na Ngwuputa ọla edo

Cyanide leaching abụwo, ma na-aga n'ihu na-adị, nke kachasị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ọla edo. Ikike ya ịwepụta ọla edo n'ọla dị ala emeela ka ọrụ ngwupụta ọla edo na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba n'ọtụtụ buru ibu. Njirimara kemịkalụ pụrụ iche nke sodium cyanide, dị ka nhọrọ ya dị elu maka ọla edo, solubility na mmiri, ọnụ ahịa - ịdị irè, na nkwụsi ike na ngwọta alkaline, emeela ka ọ bụrụ reagent nke nhọrọ maka mmịpụta ọla edo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.

Otú ọ dị, usoro ahụ adịghị mfe. A na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke leaching cyanide site n'ọtụtụ ihe. Njirimara ore, gụnyere ụdị ọla (sulfide ma ọ bụ oxidized), ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha dị ka mineral sulfide, na nha nke ọla edo dị n'ime ọla, nwere ike imetụta usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ. Ntinye nke cyanide na ngwọta leaching, pH uru nke ngwọta, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke leaching na-eme, na oge nkwụsịtụ niile kwesịrị iji nlezianya mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma iji nweta ọnụego mgbake ọla edo dị elu ma na-ebelata oriri reagent na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọzọkwa, nsi nke cyanide na-ebute nnukwu nchekwa na ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ijikwa nlezianya na nchekwa nchekwa dị mkpa iji chebe ndị ọrụ pụọ na mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke cyanide, na njikwa mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị dị oke mkpa iji gbochie mwepụta nke cyanide - nwere ihe mkpofu n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọdachi maka gburugburu mmiri na ahụike mmadụ.

Kpọọ ka emee maka omume Ngwuputa ọla edo na-adịgide adịgide yana nchekwa

Ka ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ọla edo na-aga n'ihu, ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe na-ebute ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na omume nchekwa. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụghị naanị ịkwalite usoro leaching cyanide maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma kamakwa itinye ego na nyocha na mmepe iji chọta ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka leaching nke nwere ike belata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa metụtara iji cyanide.

N'oge dị mkpirikpi, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'imejuputa usoro nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị mma. Nke a na-agụnye ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu iji hụ na a na-edozi ihe mkpofu nwere cyanide nke ọma tupu ebupụ ya. Ekwesịrị ịwụnye sistemụ nleba anya oge dị adị iji chọpụta ntapu cyanide ọ bụla nwere ike ịpụta ozugbo, na-enye ohere maka nzaghachi ngwa ngwa yana mbelata. Ekwesịrị inye ndị ọrụ ọzụzụ nchekwa nchekwa zuru oke yana ịnweta akụrụngwa nchedo onwe kachasị ọhụrụ.

N'ime ogologo oge, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwesịrị imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mahadum iji mee ka mmepe nke teknụzụ leaching ọzọ. A ga-enyochakwu nyocha na nnụcha nke nyocha a na-ekwe nkwa na thiosulfate, halide-based, na ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, ime ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu na akụrụngwa na usoro ngwuputa, dị ka mmepe nke tankị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na usoro ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-aga n'ihu, nwere ike itinye aka n'ịkwalite nkwado zuru oke nke ọrụ ngwupụta ọla edo.

Ndị ahịa nwekwara ọrụ ha ga-arụ. Site n'ịchọ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị - ọla edo a na-enweta, ha nwere ike imetụta ahịa ahụ ma gbaa ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ ume ka ha nakwere omume na-adigide na nchekwa. Site na mbọ mkpokọta ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ọla edo nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ma na-ebelata akara ukwu gburugburu ebe obibi yana hụ na nchekwa na ọdịmma nke ndị niile metụtara.