Sodium Cyanide: Ihe dị mkpa sitere na Synthesis ụlọ ọrụ ruo na kemịkalụ dị mma

Okwu Mmalite

sodium cyanide, na usoro ọgwụ NaCN, bụ ntụ ntụ kristal na-acha ọcha. Ọ na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'ime mmiri ma nwee isi almond na-egbu egbu. Dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị atụ na mpaghara mmepụta ihe dị iche iche, karịsịa na njikọ mmepụta ihe na Chemicals dị mma.

Njirimara nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal

Sodium cyanide bụ usoro kristal cubic. Ọ bụ nke ukwuu soluble na mmiri na mfe hydrolyzes na-emepụta hydrogen cyanide, ya aqueous ngwọta na-egosi ike alkalinity. Ebe mgbaze ya bụ 563.7 Celsius C, ebe isi ya bụ 1496 Celsius. Ọ nwere njupụta nke 1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na ọbụlagodi ọnụọgụ nke kọntaktị site na ọnya akpụkpọ ahụ, iku ume, ma ọ bụ iri nri nwere ike ibute ọnwụ. Nke a na-egbu egbu dị elu bụ n'ihi cyanide ion (CN⁻) dị na ya, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na ferric ion na sel ọbara, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara kwụsị ọrụ na-ebu oxygen, na n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa nke organism n'ihi hypoxia.

Ụzọ njikọ mmepụta ihe

1. Usoro Andrussow: Usoro a na-eji gas, amonia, na ikuku eme ihe dị ka akụrụngwa, yana platinum-rhodium alloy dị ka ihe na-akpata. Mmeghachi omume na-eme na oke okpomọkụ. Gas sitere n'okike (karịsịa methane) na-emeghachi omume na amonia na oxygen na ọnụnọ nke ihe na-emepụta hydrogen cyanide, mgbe ahụ hydrogen cyanide na-emeghachi omume na ngwọta sodium hydroxide iji nweta. sodium cyanide. Enwere ike igosipụta mmeghachi omume n'ozuzu dị ka: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Usoro a nwere nrụpụta nrụpụta dị elu ma dabara adaba maka mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-achọ ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume dị elu na njikwa siri ike nke oke akụrụngwa na oke mmeghachi omume.

2. Ụzọ pyrolysis mmanụ ọkụ: Ammonia mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ wee gwakọta ya na mmanụ ọkụ na igwekota na preheated. Ngwakọta gas a gwakọtara agwakọta na-abanye n'ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa, ebe mmeghachi omume na-agbawa na-eme na nnukwu okpomọkụ (ihe dịka 1450 Celsius). A na-eji coke mmanụ eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ebu, a na-ejikwa nitrogen dị ka gas nchebe iji gbochie oxidation. Gas na-agbawa nwere hydrogen cyanide. Mgbe usoro dị ka mwepụ nke amonia, mmịpụta mmiri, mmezi, na condensation, a na-enweta hydrogen cyanide, mgbe ahụ ọ na-emeghachi omume na ngwọta sodium hydroxide iji nweta mmiri mmiri. sodium cyanide. Liquid sodium cyanide nwere ike itinyekwu uche na crystallized iji nweta sodium cyanide siri ike. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a nwere nkà na ụzụ tozuru okè, ọ na-enwekwa nsogbu dị ka desulfurization siri ike na iwepụ adịghị ọcha nke hydrogen cyanide, oriri ike dị elu nke ngwaahịa, ihe isi ike dị ukwuu na ọgwụgwọ "ihe mkpofu atọ", yana ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ihe dị elu.

3. Acrylonitrile Site - Usoro ngwaahịa: N'ime usoro nke ịmepụta acrylonitrile site na ammoxidation nke propylene, a na-emepụta gas hydrogen cyanide dị ka ngwaahịa (ọnụego ya bụ 4% - 10% nke mmepụta acrylonitrile). Gas sitere na reactor nwere oke amonia. Mgbe wepụ amonia na itughari sulfuric acid, mmeghachi omume gas na-abanye n'ime mmiri absorption ụlọ elu jụrụ oyi iji banye acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, na acrolein, wdg The absorption mmiri mmiri undergoes ọzọ nkewa na ọcha Filiks dị ka mkpebi na rectification na-enweta elu - ịdị ọcha acrylonitrile hydrogen cyanide na site - ngwaahịa. A na-etinyezi hydrogen cyanide site na ngwaahịa site na ngwọta alkali iji mepụta sodium cyanide. Ngwaahịa enwetara site na usoro a nwere obere adịghị ọcha yana ọdịnaya sọlfọ dị ala. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ejedebe site na ikike mmepụta acrylonitrile. Ugbu a, mmepụta acrylonitrile na China erutela saturation, na mmepụta ya siri ike ịbawanye nke ọma.

Ngwa na Fine Chemicals

1. Industrylọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ: A na-eji sodium cyanide eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na njikọ nke etiti ọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na njikọ nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka penicillin, ibuprofen, vitamin B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, na berberine, sodium cyanide bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa. Ọ na-ekere òkè na mmeghachi omume dị mkpa na ụzọ njikọ ahụ, na-enyere aka wulite usoro ihe omimi nke ọgwụ ahụ ma na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na usoro nchịkọta ọgwụ dum.

2. Industrylọ Ọrụ Pesticide: Ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa na mmepụta nke pesticides. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, na isoprothiolane niile chọrọ iji sodium cyanide na usoro nrụpụta ha. Sodium cyanide na-etinye aka na njikọ nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ pesticide, na-enye ọgwụ pesticides nwere ụdị kemịkal akọwapụtara na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, nke dị oke mkpa maka ịhụ na mmepụta nke ugbo na igbochi na ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ nke ugbo.

3. Ụlọ ọrụ agbaji na pigmenti: N'ime ụlọ ọrụ agba agba, a na-eji sodium cyanide eme ihe dị mkpa dị n'etiti dị ka cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride bụ ihe dị mkpa n'etiti maka agba agba na-arụ ọrụ ma bụrụkwa ihe eji eme ihe maka mmepụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke. Ọ na-ekere òkè na njikọ nke agba, na-enye agba agba nwere ezigbo agba agba na ngwa ngwa agba, na-akwalite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ịcha akwa.

4. Nkwekọrịta nke ngwakọta Organic Pụrụ Iche: Sodium cyanide nwere ike na-eji synthesize a dịgasị iche iche nke pụrụ iche organic ogige, dị ka cyanobenzyl na ya ewepụtara usoro ngwaahịa, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), chelating gị n'ụlọnga usoro ngwaahịa (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) na ha metal nnu ngwaahịa, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), ndị dị otú ahụ chemical ngwa na organic mmiri ọgwụ, ndị dị otú ahụ chemical ngwa. njikọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekekọta ion metal, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime nro mmiri na usoro nkewa ion metal.

Nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu

N'ihi oke nsi ya, a ghaghị iwere usoro nchekwa siri ike na mmepụta, njem, nchekwa, na iji sodium cyanide. N'ime usoro mmepụta, ndị na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị iyi ngwa nchebe onwe ha kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere gas - suut siri ike, respirators, na gloves nchebe, iji gbochie kọntaktị na sodium cyanide. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta kwesịrị ịkwado ya na ikuku ventilashị dị elu na usoro ikpochapu iji hụ na ikuku ebe ọrụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa. N'oge njem, a ga-edobe sodium cyanide n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa, na-abụkarị n'ime igwe anaghị agba nchara, ma jiri ụgbọ njem kemịkalụ pụrụiche dị ize ndụ buru ya. Ekwesịrị iji nlezianya hazie ụzọ njem iji zere ebe ndị mmadụ juru na isi mmiri. Na nchekwa, ekwesịrị ịchekwa ya n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe raara onwe ya nye nke nwere ezigbo ikuku ventilashị, pụọ na ebe okpomọkụ, ihe mgbanye ọkụ, na ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ dị ka acid na oxidants. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe kwesịrị ịkwado ya na nkwụsị - ihe akaebe na mgbochi - ụlọ ohi, ma mejuputa usoro nlekọta "okpukpu abụọ - mkpọchi".

N'ihe gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, "ihe mkpofu atọ" a na-emepụta na mmepụta nke sodium cyanide ga-edozi nke ọma. Ekwesịrị ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu nke nwere cyanide site na oxidation kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mebie ion cyanide n'ime ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu tupu ahapụ ya. Ekwesịrị ịsacha gas mkpofu nwere hydrogen cyanide site na nnabata ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ọkụ iji belata mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ikuku. Ekwesịrị ka ejuju ahịhịa siri ike nwere cyanide n'enweghị nsogbu ma ọ bụ gwọọ ya site na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche dị ize ndụ iji gbochie mmetọ nke ala na mmiri ala.

mmechi

Sodium cyanide, n'agbanyeghị oke nsi ya, bụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Site na njikọ ụlọ ọrụ ruo na kemịkalụ mara mma, o nyela onyinye dị mkpa n'akụkụ dị iche iche. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu, n'otu aka ahụ, a na-enyocha usoro mmepụta nke sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi; N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ime usoro ntinye, a na-eme mgbalị iji meziwanye ọnụego ojiji nke sodium cyanide ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ ya na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọdịnihu, sodium cyanide ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke akụ na ụba mmepụta ihe ma na-edozi nchekwa nke ọma, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, na mkpa mmepụta.