Ntụle nsi nke sodium Cyanide na usoro mgbochi ihe ize ndụ dị mkpa

sodium cyanide (NaCN), dị ka ihe kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị atụ na mpaghara mmepụta ihe, dị ka ngwupụta ọla edo, electroplating, na njikọ ọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ize ndụ nke nsi ya nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Edemede a ga-enyocha usoro nsi, ngosipụta ihe egwu, na mgbochi mgbochi nke sodium cyanide, na-enye ntọala sayensị maka njikwa nchekwa.

I. Usoro nsi na ihe egwu ahụike

1. Nnukwu nsi

Nsi ojoo nke sodium cyanide tumadi sitere na cyanide ion (CN⁻) kewapụrụ na ya. CN⁻ nwere ike ibute nsị site na ụzọ ndị a:

• Na-egbochi iku ume cellular: Ọ na-ejikọta na cytochrome oxidase na mitochondria, na-egbochi ụdọ njem elektrọn na igbochi anụ ahụ iji oxygen ("intracellular asphyxia").

• Ime ngwa ngwa: Ọgwụ ọnụ na-egbu egbu bụ ihe dịka 1-2 mg/kg (a na-agbakọ dị ka CN⁻), na iku ume ma ọ bụ kọntaktị anụ ahụ na ngwọta ntinye uche dị elu nwekwara ike ịnwụ.

• Ọrịa:

• Nsi dị nro: isi ọwụwa, ọgbụgbọ, dyspnea, mgbagwoju anya;

• Nsi siri ike: Nrụgide, coma, njide obi, na ọnwụ na-emekarị n'ime nkeji ole na ole.

2. Nsi na-adịghị ala ala

Ikpughe ogologo oge na obere doses nwere ike ibute:

• Mmebi akwara: Nchekwa ncheta, neuritis mpụta;

• Arụ ọrụ thyroid: CN⁻ na-egbochi metabolism nke iodine, na-eduga na goiter ma ọ bụ hypothyroidism;

• Nsi omumu: Nnwale anụmanụ na-egosi na ọ nwere ike imetụta mmepe nke usoro ọmụmụ.

II. Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi

1. Nsi nye ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri

Sodium cyanide na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Ọmụmaatụ:

Azụ: Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egbu egbu nke etiti (LC₅₀) dị ntakịrị ka 0.05-0.5 mg / L (gbakọọ dị ka CN⁻);

plankton: 0.01 mg / L nwere ike igbochi photosynthesis.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe mberede mwụfu ọla edo Baia Mare na Romania na 1995 kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ̀ nwụrụ n'osimiri Danube, o werekwa ọtụtụ afọ maka mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

2. Ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala

• Mbugharị: Ọ kwụsiri ike na ala alkaline, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-emepụta gas HCN na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu n'okpuru ọnọdụ acid;

• Biodegradation: Ụfọdụ microorganisms nwere ike ịtụgharị CN⁻ n'ime formamide (NH₂CHO) site na cyanide hydrolase, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ mmebi ahụ na-ejedebe site na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

III. Usoro mgbochi ihe ize ndụ

1. Njikwa Injinia

• Sistemu mechiri emechi: Nabata ngwá ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ọma iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe cyanide;

• Imepụta ikuku: Kwado usoro ikuku nke ọma iji hụ na ntinye uche nke cyanide n'ebe ọrụ dị ala karịa oke ikpughe ọrụ (dị ka 5 mg/m³ nke OSHA kwuru);

• Akpaaka Technology: Jiri robọt ma ọ bụ njikwa anya iji belata ọrụ aka.

2. Ngwa nchekwa nkeonwe (PPE)

• Nchedo iku ume: Jiri ikuku respirator nwere ihe nzacha gas (dị ka ụdị A gas filter tank), ma yiri ngwa iku ume nke nwere onwe ya (SCBA) ma ọ bụrụ na mberede;

• Nchedo akpụkpọ: Yiri uwe nchebe nke kemịkal na uwe aka (ihe ahụ kwesịrị ịdị na-eguzogide ntinye cyanide, dị ka rọba nitrile);

• Nchedo AnyaYiri enyo nchekwa kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ọta ihu.

3. Usoro nchịkwa

• Ọzụzụ na asambodo: Na-eduzi ọzụzụ mgbe niile na ọrụ nchekwa nke cyanide maka ndị ọrụ, na ha nwere ike ịnọ naanị n'ọrụ mgbe ha gafere nyocha ahụ;

• Sistemu ikike: Jikwaa nke ọma ịzụrụ, nchekwa na njem nke cyanide, ma mejuputa njikwa "mmadụ abụọ na mkpọchi abụọ";

• Nleba anya na nzaghachi ihe mberede: Wụnye ihe mmetụta cyanide dị n'ịntanetị, chọpụta mgbe niile itinye uche n'ikuku na ahụ mmiri, wee mepụta atụmatụ nzaghachi mberede nke ntapu.

4. Ọgwụgwọ Mberede

• Mkpofu mkpofu:

1. Ngwa ngwa kewapụ ebe mmetọ ma bepụ isi iyi ọkụ (HCN na-ere ọkụ);

2.Wepụ ya na oke sodium hypochlorite ma ọ bụ sodium thiosulfate ngwọta:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ (ọzọ oxidized na CO₂ na N₂);

3. Tinye mmiri fọdụrụ (dịka mgbe ejiri ya rụọ ọrụ) carbon) iji gbochie mgbasa nke mmetọ.

• Enyemaka mbụ maka nsị:

1. Ngwa ngwa pụọ ​​na saịtị ahụ ma mee ka traktị iku ume ghara igbochi;

2.Ozugbo jiri ọgwụ mgbochi (dị ka iku ume amyl nitrite + intravenous injection of sodium thiosulfate);

3.Mee resuscitation cardiopulmonary (CPR) ruo mgbe nnapụta ndị ọkachamara rutere.

IV. Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu

1. Dochie usoro Cyanide na-enweghị

• Mwepụta ọla edo: Thiourea leaching usoro, usoro leaching ndu (iji microorganisms na-ere ere);

• Ụlọ ọrụ Electroplating: Nabata electrolytes na-enweghị cyanide dị ka zincate na citrate.

2. Digital Monitoring System

Nyochaa itinye uche nke cyanide ozugbo site na ịntanetị nke Ihe (IoT) na ọgụgụ isi (AI), wee kwalite ikike ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ site na ijikọ na nyocha drone.

3. Mmelite nke ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ

• Ụkpụrụ mba ụwa: Soro International Cyanide Management Code (ICMI) mee ka nkwenye gburugburu ebe obibi sie ike;

• Chinesekpụrụ Chinese: GB 31574-2015 "Ụkpụrụ mmetọ nke mmetọ maka ụlọ ọrụ inorganic Chemical" na-amachi njedebe nke cyanide.

V. Mmechi

Ihe ize ndụ toxicity nke sodium cyanide enweghị ike ileghara ya anya, mana site na njikwa sayensị, teknụzụ teknụzụ, na nlekọta siri ike, enwere ike ịchịkwa ihe egwu ya nke ọma. N'ọdịnihu, na mgbasawanye nke usoro akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmepe nke teknụzụ nlekota nke ọgụgụ isi, iji cyanide dị nchebe ga-eru ọkwa dị elu. Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nke "mgbochi mbụ, ihe ize ndụ na-achịkwa", ma na-arụ ọrụ ha nke ọma na-elekọta mmadụ ka ha na-achụso uru akụ na ụba iji hụ na ahụike mmadụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.