Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Usoro Zinc: Nyocha zuru oke

Okwu Mmalite

Electroplating bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche iji kwalite njirimara nke elu igwe. N'ime usoro electroplating dị iche iche, sodium cyanide zinc electroplating na-ejide ọnọdụ dị ịrịba ama n'ihi njirimara na uru ya pụrụ iche. Isiokwu a na-achọ ịnye nkọwa zuru ezu nke nyocha sodium cyanide electroplating zinc usoro, na-ekpuchi ụkpụrụ ya, usoro usoro, ihe mejupụtara bat, na echiche arụmọrụ.

Ụkpụrụ nke sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

na sodium cyanide electroplating zinc usoro, isi ụkpụrụ dabeere na electrolysis. Bath bath electroplating nwere zinc ion na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik, ion zinc na bat na-ebelata na cathode (ihe a ga-etinye), na zinc atom na-echekwa n'elu cathode, na-eme mkpuchi zinc. Ọnụnọ nke sodium cyanide na bat na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na-emepụta ogige ndị kwụsiri ike na ion zinc. Mgbagwoju anya a na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ọnụọgụ ego nke zinc ma na-eme ka mma nke oyi akwa zinc ahụ dị mma. Ọmụmaatụ, mmeghachi omume nwere ike nanị na-anọchi anya dị ka: Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → Zn + 4CN⁻ na cathode. ion zinc gbagwojuru anya n'ụdị Zn (CN) ₄²⁻ na-akwụsi ike na bat ahụ, nke na-eduga n'otu n'otu na ntinye zinc dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere sistemụ enweghị mgbagwoju anya.

Nzọụkwụ Nhazi

1. Pretreatment nke Substrate

Tupu eletrọnịkị, mkpụrụ (ihe igwe a ga-etinye) kwesịrị ka edocha ya nke ọma. Nzọụkwụ a dị mkpa iji hụ na adhesion dị mma nke mkpuchi zinc.

• Na-agbada: A na-ebu ụzọ tee mmanụ ahụ ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha iji wepụ mmanụ, mmanụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'elu ya. Enwere ike ime nke a site na ụzọ dịka ịbelata mmanụ alkaline, ebe a na-emikpu ihe ahụ n'ime mmiri alkaline nwere surfactants. Mmiri alkaline ahụ na-emeghachi omume na mmanụ ahụ, na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma na-ekwe ka a sachaa ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri alkaline nkịtị nwere ike ịnwe sodium hydroxide, sodium. carbonihe ndị dị ka sodium dodecyl sulfate na-eri nri, yana ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro dị ka mmiri.

• Ickgba mma: Mgbe emechara ya, a na-eme pickling iji wepụ nchara, oxides na adịghị ọcha ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụ n'elu mkpụrụ. A na-ejikarị ihe ngwọta acid, dị ka hydrochloric acid ma ọ bụ sulfuric acid, eme ihe maka pickling. Acid na-emeghachi omume na oxides n'elu, na-agbaze ha. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ihe banyere nchara (iron oxide) n'elu ihe nchara, mmeghachi omume na hydrochloric acid bụ: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Mgbe pickling, a na-asacha mkpụrụ ahụ nke ọma na mmiri iji wepụ acid ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ.

2. Nkwadebe nke Electroplating Bath

Nkwadebe nke bat electroplating bụ nzọụkwụ dị oke mkpa na sodium cyanide electroplating zinc usoro.

• Efrata: Isi ihe dị na bat ahụ gụnyere zinc oxide (ZnO) dị ka isi iyi nke zinc ion, sodium cyanide (NaCN) dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya, na sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dị ka nnu na-eduzi. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike itinye mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ iji melite ogo plating, dị ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke. Maka ịsa ahụ ọkụ cyanide dị ala, ihe mejupụtara nwere ike ịbụ: ZnO 8 - 12 g / L, NaCN 10 - 20 g / L, NaOH 80 - 120 g / L.

• Usoro ngwakọta: Nke mbụ, a na-agbakwunye akụkụ nke mmiri (ihe dị ka otu - atọ nke ngụkọta bat) na tankị efere. Mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakwunye sodium cyanide na sodium hydroxide achọrọ ma kpalie ya ruo mgbe agbazere kpamkpam. Na-esote, zinc oxide na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbakwunye na ngwọta mgbe ọ na-akpali akpali. Zinc oxide na-emeghachi omume na sodium hydroxide na sodium cyanide iji mepụta ogige ndị dị mkpa. Mgbe mgbakwunye nke zinc oxide, a na-agbanye bat ahụ na olu a chọrọ na mmiri. N'ikpeazụ, a na-agbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye dịka ntuziaka onye nrụpụta si dị.

3. Electrolating Usoro

• Ịtọlite ​​​​Electroplating Cell: The electroplating cell mejupụtara plating bath, na cathode (mkpụrụ ga-plated), na anode. A na-ejikarị ígwè zinc eme anode. Mgbe ọkụ eletrik na-agafe na bat ahụ, ion zinc na-agbaze site na anode n'ime bat ma tinye ya n'otu oge na cathode. A na-ejikwa nlezianya na-achịkwa njupụta dị ugbu a, nke bụ ọnụọgụ nke ugbu a n'otu mpaghara nke cathode. Maka sodium cyanide electroplating zinc, ụdị njupụta dị ugbu a sitere na 1 - 5 A/dm². Njupụta dị ugbu a dị ala nwere ike ibute ọnụego ntinye nwayọ nwayọ mana ọ nwere ike iduga n'otu n'otu na mkpuchi dị mma karịa. N'aka nke ọzọ, njupụta dị elu dị ugbu a nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ntinye ego mana ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dịka ịkwanye na-enweghị isi na ọkụ nke mkpuchi na ebe dị elu ugbu a.

• Okpomọkụ na mkpali: Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke bat electroplating na-emetụtakwa usoro ntinye. N'ozuzu, a na-echekwa okpomọkụ bat na nso 20-40 Celsius. Okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego nkwụnye ego mana ọ nwekwara ike ibelata polarization cathode, na-eduga na mkpuchi mkpuchi ọka. Mkpasu iwe nke bat ahụ dị mkpa iji hụ na nkesa otu ion gburugburu cathode. Enwere ike nweta nke a site na mkpasu iwe, dị ka iji ihe na-akpali akpali, ma ọ bụ site na ikuku ikuku. Ọgba aghara na-enyere aka mejupụta ion zinc dị nso na elu cathode, na-egbochi ịmepụta gradients nke nwere ike iduga na-enweghị isi.

4. Mbipute - ọgwụgwọ

• Rinsing: Mgbe electroplating gasịrị, a na-asacha ihe ahụ nke ọma na mmiri iji wepụ ihe ngwọta ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ n'elu ya. Enwere ike ịme ọtụtụ usoro nchacha mmiri, na nke mbụ ịsacha na-adị na mmiri oyi iji wepụ nnukwu ihe ngwọta ahụ, na-esote nchacha ọzọ na mmiri dị ọcha iji hụ na iwepụ ihe ọ bụla na-emerụ emerụ.

• Chromating: A na-emekarị chromating iji kwalite nguzogide corrosion nke oyi akwa zinc-plated. A na-emikpu ihe ahụ e tinyere n'ime ihe ngwọta chromating, nke nwere chromic acid ma ọ bụ nnu ya. Usoro chromating na-etolite oyi akwa ntụgharị chromate na-echebe nke dị n'elu mkpuchi zinc. Igwe oyi akwa a na-enye nchebe ọzọ megide corrosion site n'ime ihe mgbochi yana site n'ịgwọ onwe ya ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ mgbe a na-akpụcha elu. Enwere ụdị chromating dị iche iche, dị ka chromating odo, acha anụnụ anụnụ - chromating na-acha ọcha, na chromating ojii, nke ọ bụla na-enye ọkwa dị iche iche nke nguzogide corrosion na ọdịdị mara mma.

• Icha: N'ikpeazụ, ihe plated na chromated akpọnwụwo. Maka obere akụkụ, enwere ike ịkpọ ha nkụ na centrifugal draya na ikuku ọkụ, ebe akụkụ buru ibu nwere ike ịbụ ikuku - akpọnwụwo na ụlọ okpomọkụ. Ịkpọ nkụ dị mkpa iji gbochie ịmepụta ntụpọ mmiri na iji hụ na nkwụsi ike ogologo oge nke mkpuchi.

Ngwakọta bat na mmetụta ya

1. Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Zinc oxide bụ isi iyi nke ion zinc na bat electroplating. Ntinye nke zinc oxide na bat ahụ na-emetụta ọnụọgụ ego nke zinc. Mmụba dị elu nke zinc oxide n'ozuzu na-eduga n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nkwụnye ego dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ichikota zinc ion dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dị ka ike ịkwanye na-adịghị mma (ikike nke ngwọta plating na-etinye ihe mkpuchi edo na ihe mgbagwoju anya - ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe) na ihe mkpuchi - mkpuchi ọka. N'ebe ịsa ahụ dị ala - cyanide, ntinye zinc oxide kwesịrị ekwesị na-abụkarị n'ụdị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ (8 - 12 g / L), nke na-enye nguzozi n'etiti ọnụego nkwụnye ego na mma mkpuchi.

2. Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

Sodium cyanide na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya na bat. Ọ na-etolite ogige nwere ion zinc, dị ka Zn (CN)₄²⁻. Ntinye nke sodium cyanide na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke ogige ndị a na, ya mere, omume ntinye nke zinc. N'ebe ịsa ahụ dị elu - cyanide, a na-eji ihe dị elu nke sodium cyanide na-eme ihe, nke na-enye ike ịtụba ihe magburu onwe ya na mkpuchi dị mma nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, ịsa ahụ nke cyanide dị elu na-ebute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa n'ihi nsị nke cyanide. N'ụzọ dị iche, baths cyanide dị ala, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'oge a, na-eji ntanye sodium cyanide dị ala (dịka, 10 - 20 g / L). Bathlọ ịsa ahụ ndị a ka na-enye ezigbo ike ịtụba ike na mkpuchi mkpuchi ma na-ebelata nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Oke sodium cyanide na zinc oxide (NaCN/ZnO ratio) na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa. Oke kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka e guzobe ụlọ siri ike na ọnọdụ plating kacha mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụfọdụ ngwa, oke NaCN/ZnO nke gburugburu 1.5 - 2.5 ka a na-ahọrọ.

3. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Sodium hydroxide na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nnu na-eduzi n'ime bat ahụ, na-abawanye conductivity eletrik nke ngwọta. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nnyefe dị ugbu a nke ọma n'oge electroplating. Ọ na-enyekwa aka idobe pH nke bat ahụ. The pH nke sodium cyanide electroplating zinc bath bụ a na alkaline nso, gburugburu pH 12 - 14. A kwụsiri ike pH dị mkpa maka nkwụsi ike nke ogige na n'ozuzu plating usoro. Ọ bụrụ na pH dị ala, ogige ndị ahụ nwere ike ire ere, na-eduga na nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na pH dị oke elu, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu dịka oke corrosion nke anode na nhazi nke zinc hydroxide na-ebuli na bat.

4. Ihe mgbakwunye

• Ndị na-egbuke egbuke: A na-agbakwunye ndị na-egbuke egbuke na bat ahụ iji meziwanye nchapụta na ncha nke mkpuchi zinc. Ha na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịgbanwe ọdịdị elu nke oyi akwa zinc echekwara na ọkwa atọm. A na-ejikarị ogige ndị dị ka saccharin, coumarin, na ụfọdụ nnu ammonium quaternary eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, saccharin nwere ike gbasaa n'elu cathode n'oge electroplating, na-egbochi uto nke kristal zinc n'akụkụ ụfọdụ ma na-akwalite nhazi nke elu na-egbuke egbuke.

• Ndị ọkwa ọkwa: Levelers na-enyere aka mee ka ihe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma dị n'elu ala n'oge electroplating. Ha na-akacha mma itinye ego na mpaghara dị elu - nke dị ugbu a - njupụta nke mkpụrụ, na-ebelata ọdịiche dị n'etiti oke - na obere - ugbu a - njupụta mpaghara ma na-ebute mkpuchi ọzọ. Ụfọdụ polymers na surfactants nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkwa ọkwa na bat electroplating.

• Antioxidants na Stabilizers: A na-eji ihe mgbakwunye ndị a iji gbochie oxidation nke ihe ndị dị na bat, karịsịa ion cyanide. Cyanide nwere ike oxidized na ọnụnọ nke ikuku na ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha, nke nwere ike iduga mbelata nke ịdị irè nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na mgbanwe na kemịkalụ bat. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye antioxidants dị ka sodium sulfite na bat ahụ iji kpochapụ oxygen ma gbochie oxidation nke cyanide. A na-agbakwunyekwa ndị na-eme ihe ike iji nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke ịsa ahụ na oge, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Ntụle arụmọrụ

1. Nchedo Nchedo

Ebe ọ bụ na sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, a ghaghị ịkpachapụ anya nchekwa siri ike n'oge njikwa na ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro electroplating. Ndị ọrụ niile na-etinye aka na usoro a kwesịrị iyiri akụrụngwa nchekwa nkeonwe kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere uwe aka, enyo enyo na ihe iku ume. Mpaghara electroplating kwesịrị ịdị mma - ventilashị iji gbochie nchịkọta nke uzuzu na-egbu egbu. Ọ bụrụ na mwụfu ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ọ bụla metụtara sodium cyanide, ekwesịrị ịgbaso usoro nzaghachi mberede ozugbo. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye iji kemịkalụ kwesịrị ekwesị wepụ cyanide (dị ka ngwọta hypochlorite) yana gwa ndị ọrụ nchekwa dị mkpa.

2. Nlekọta ụlọ ịsa ahụ

• Nyocha oge niile: Ekwesịrị nyochaa ihe mejupụtara nke bat electroplating mgbe niile iji hụ na mkpokọta zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, na ihe mgbakwunye dị n'ime oke kacha mma. Enwere ike iji ụzọ nyocha dị ka titration iji chọpụta mkpokọta ihe ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ikpebi ntinye nke ion zinc site n'itinye ihe nlele nke bat ahụ na ngwọta EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Njikwa mmetọ: Mmetọ nke bat nwere ike ime site na isi mmalite dị iche iche, dị ka adịghị ọcha na akụrụngwa, 带入 nke ihe ndị mba ọzọ si na mkpụrụ n'oge plating, na-ewu - elu nke mmeghachi omume site - ngwaahịa. Iji chịkwaa mmetọ, a ga-eme nzacha nke ọma nke bat ahụ. Usoro nzacha nke nwere mgbasa ozi nzacha kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike wepụ ihe siri ike na ụfọdụ ihe na-emerụ emerụ. Na mgbakwunye, ịsacha ịsa ahụ n'oge ọ bụla nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na adịghị ọcha dị arọ (dị ka ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ lead) na-agbakọta n'ime bat ahụ, enwere ike iwepụ ha site n'ịgbakwunye kemịkalụ ndị na-eme ka adịghị ọcha ndị a pụta, na-esote nzacha.

• Mmeju nke akụrụngwa: Ka usoro electroplating na-aga n'ihu, a na-eri ihe ndị dị na bat ahụ. A na-etinye Zinc na cathode, na ụfọdụ ihe mgbagwoju anya na ihe mgbakwunye nwere ike ire ere ma ọ bụ rie ya na mmeghachi omume n'akụkụ. Ya mere, a chọrọ iji zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, na ihe mgbakwunye emeju mgbe niile iji nọgide na-enwe ihe mejupụtara bat ahụ. Enwere ike ikpebi ọnụọgụ nke mmeju na-adabere na oge ntinye akwụkwọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akụkụ ndị a na-agbanye, na nsonaazụ nyocha nke ịsa ahụ.

3. Nchọpụta nsogbu

• Adhesion mkpuchi mkpuchi na-adịghị mma: Ọ bụrụ na mkpuchi zinc enweghị nrapanye na-adịghị mma na mkpụrụ, ihe nwere ike ime gụnyere ezughị ezu pretreatment nke mkpụrụ, ihe mejupụtara bat na-ekwesịghị ekwesị (dị ka pH na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya dị ala), ma ọ bụ ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ na bat. Iji dozie okwu a, a ga-enyocha usoro ọgwụgwọ tupu oge eruo ma kwalite ya. Ekwesịrị inyocha ihe mejupụtara bat ahụ ma dozie ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ekwesịrị ịme usoro iji belata mmetọ.

• Mwepu na-enweghị isi: Enwere ike ịkpata plating na-ezighi ezi site na ihe ndị dị ka nkesa na-ezighi ezi ugbu a na cell electroplating, ọgba aghara na-enweghị otu nke bat, ma ọ bụ ọdịiche dị na geometry nke mkpụrụ. Iji dozie nsogbu a, enwere ike ịhazi nhazi cell electroplating iji hụ na nkesa na-edobe ugbu a. Enwere ike imezi usoro mkpasu iwe, na enwere ike imepụta ihe ndozi iji jide mkpụrụ osisi n'ụzọ na-akwalite ịkwanye otu. Maka ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na-eme ka ọ dị mgbagwoju anya, a pụrụ ịchọ usoro ịkwanye pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ iji anodes inyeaka.

• Mkpuchi mkpuchi ma ọ bụ gbara ọchịchịrị: Ihe mkpuchi zinc na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ gbara ọchịchịrị nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị ntinye na-egbukepụ egbukepụ na bat, ọkwa dị elu nke adịghị ọcha, ma ọ bụ akara plating na-ezighi ezi (dị ka njupụta dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ bat). Ekwesịrị ịlele ma mezie ntinye na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ekwesịrị ịsacha bat ahụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha, na ihe ndị dị na plating kwesịrị ka ọ dị mma.

mmechi

Usoro zinc cyanide electroplating zinc bụ usoro a na-ejikarị na ụzọ dị mkpa maka inye nguzogide corrosion na ịchọ mma na ihe ọla. Ịghọta ụkpụrụ ya, usoro nhazi ya, ihe mejupụtara bat, na ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa iji nweta nsonaazụ dị elu dị elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke jikọtara ya na iji sodium cyanide, na-eji usoro nchekwa kwesịrị ekwesị na ịmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka obere - cyanide ma ọ bụ cyanide - usoro n'efu), ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ụgbọala, ikuku ikuku, na ngwá electronic. Site na iji nlezianya na-achịkwa akụkụ niile nke usoro ahụ, ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịmepụta zinc - ngwaahịa ndị nwere mma na arụmọrụ dị mma.