Ngwa nke sodium Cyanide na ọgwụ na Organic synthesis

Okwu Mmalite

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), ihe na-adịghị n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta ihe na kemịkalụ. Isiokwu a na-enyocha ojiji ya na mmepụta ọgwụ na Organic , na-akọwapụta mkpa ọ dị na mmeghachi omume ọ na-esonye na ya.

Ngwa dị na Synthesis ọgwụ

Synthesis nke ọgwụ nkịtị

1. Penicillin

Ngwakọta Cyanide, gụnyere Sodium cyanide , na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-ebute ụzọ maka penicillin. N'ime ngwakọta nke penicillin dị mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume chọrọ ka ewebata otu ọrụ pụrụ iche. Enwere ike iji sodium cyanide webata otu cyanide (-CN) na ogige dị mkpa. Enwere ike ịgbanwe otu cyanide a site na hydrolysis, mbelata, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ iji mepụta usoro molekul achọrọ nke dị mkpa maka ọrụ nje bacteria nke penicillin.

2. Vitamin B6

Mmepụta vitamin B6 na-ejikwa Sodium Cyanide eme ihe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ e si emepụta ya. Otu cyanide nke sodium cyanide webatara nwere ike isonye na mmepụta mmeghachi omume mgbanaka na mgbanwe otu ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ya wuo usoro mgbanaka pyridine nke bụ ihe e ji mara vitamin B6. Site na usoro mmeghachi omume dịka mgbakwunye nucleophilic na mmeghachi omume mwepụ, enwere ike ịgbanwe cyanide - nke nwere etiti ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa vitamin B6 ikpeazụ site na nhazi stereochemistry na nhazi otu ọrụ.

3. folic Acid

Na njikọ nke folic acid, sodium cyanide nwere ike iji na njikọ nke sub- nkeji. Folic acid nwere mgbanaka pteridine, para-aminobenzoic acid na glutamic acid moieties. Sodium cyanide nwere ike itinye aka na mmeghachi omume na-etolite ma ọ bụ gbanwee nhazi nke mpaghara ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na njikọ nke mgbanaka pteridine, enwere ike iji mmeghachi omume sitere na cyanide webata nitrogen - nwere otu arụ ọrụ, nke dị oke mkpa maka nhazi mkpokọta na ọrụ ndụ nke folic acid.

4. caffeine

Ngwakọta caffeine nwekwara ike ịgụnye sodium cyanide na ụfọdụ atụmatụ sịntetik. Enwere ike wulite usoro methylxanthine nke caffeine site na usoro mmeghachi omume na-amalite site na mmalite dị mfe. Sodium cyanide nwere ike isonye na mmeghachi omume na-ewebata otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na mgbanaka mgbanaka, nke a na-emezi methylated ma na-ahazi ya ka ọ bụrụ caffeine. Ndị otu cyanide - arụ ọrụ ewepụtara nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi ụlọ dị mkpa maka owuwu nke molekul caffeine dị mgbagwoju anya.

Nkwekọrịta nke Intermediates ọgwụ

1. Amino Acids na ọgwụ

Amino acid bụ isi ihe na-ewu ụlọ maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ọgwụ. A na-eji sodium cyanide eme ihe na njikọ nke ụfọdụ amino acid. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na njikọ Strecker, aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone na-emeghachi omume na amonia na sodium cyanide iji mepụta α-amino nitrile. Nke a α-amino nitrile nwere ike mechaa hydrolyzed ka ọ bụrụ amino acid kwekọrọ. Mmeghachi omume a na-enye usoro dị iche iche maka njikọ amino asịd na-abụghị nke eke na nke anụ ahụ nke a na-eji na mmepe ọgwụ, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ ọgwụ (APIs) n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ dị ka etiti dị mkpa maka ụmụ irighiri ọgwụ dị mgbagwoju anya.

2. Ndị etiti maka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa

Na mmepe nke ọgwụ anticancer, a pụrụ iji sodium cyanide mee ihe na njikọ nke etiti etiti. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ anticancer nwere usoro mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke chọrọ iwebata otu nitrile n'ọnọdụ ziri ezi. Enwere ike iji sodium cyanide webata otu nitrile ndị a, nke enwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ otu ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka amides, carboxylic acid, ma ọ bụ amines site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ guzosiri ike. Otu ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa maka mmekọrịta ọgwụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe ya lekwasịrị anya na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa, dị ka enzymes ma ọ bụ ndị nnabata na-etinye aka na uto cell na mmụba.

Ngwa na Organic Synthesis

Mmalite nke otu Cyanide

1. Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide bụ ihe na-emekarị reagent maka njikọ nke nitriles. Na kemịkalụ organic, mgbe alkyl halide na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide na ihe mgbaze polar aprotic dị ka dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ma ọ bụ dimethylformamide (DMF), mmeghachi omume na-esote usoro nucleophilic bimolecular nnọchi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ethyl bromide na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide na DMSO iji mepụta ethyl cyanide, nke a makwaara dị ka propionitrile. Nitriles bụ ihe dị n'etiti etiti dị iche iche na njikọ organic. Enwere ike ịtụgharị ha na acid carboxylic site na hydrolysis, belata ka ọ bụrụ amines nke mbụ, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ nke ogige heterocyclic.

2. Aromatic Nitrile Synthesis

A pụkwara itinye sodium cyanide n'ọrụ na njikọ nke nitriles aromatic. Mmeghachi omume n'etiti aryl halides na sodium cyanide na-esiwanye ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwere alkyl halides n'ihi obere mmeghachi omume nke aryl halides. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dị ka iji ọla kọpa na-emepụta ihe a maara dị ka mmeghachi omume Rosenmund - von Braun, aryl nitriles nwere ike ịmepụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, bromobenzene nwere ike meghachi omume na sodium cyanide na ọnụnọ ọla kọpa (I) cyanide na DMF iji mepụta benzonitrile.

Nchịkọta nke Molecules Organic mgbagwoju anya

1. Njikọ nke Heterocyclic Compounds

Sodium cyanide na-esonyekarị na mmepụta nke heterocyclic compounds, nke a na-ahụkarị na ngwaahịa eke, ọgwụ, na ihe ndị e ji mee ya. N'ime mmepụta nke pyrimidines, otu ụdị heterocyclic compounds nwere ọrụ dị mkpa na bayoloji, sodium cyanide nwere ike itinye aka na mmeghachi omume ndị na-ewulite nhazi mgbanaka pyrimidine. Otu n'ime usoro dị otu a bụ mgbe ngwakọta Carbon yl 1,3 - di na-emeghachi omume na urea na sodium cyanide n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị bụ isi. A na-etinye otu cyanide n'ime etiti mmeghachi omume, site na usoro mmeghachi omume cyclization na mwepụ, a na-emepụta mgbanaka pyrimidine.

2. Synthesis nke Natural Product - dị ka Molecules

Na njikọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbagwoju anya yiri ngwaahịa eke, enwere ike iji sodium cyanide mee ihe na usoro dị mkpa iji webata otu ọrụ ma ọ bụ mepụta carbon-carbon bond. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mkpokọta njikọ nke ụfọdụ alkaloids, enwere ike iji sodium cyanide were webata otu nitrile n'otu ọnọdụ dị n'ime molekul. Enwere ike iji otu nitrile a mee ihe na mmeghachi omume dị ka Grignard - ụdị mmeghachi omume iji mepụta carbon ọhụrụ - njikọ carbon ma ọ bụ gbanwee gaa n'ihu n'òtù ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-enye ohere maka nzọụkwụ-site-nzọụkwụ na-ewu usoro ihe okike dị mgbagwoju anya.

Ntụle Nchekwa

A ghaghị imesi ya ike na sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. Ọ nwere ike hapụ ion cyanide na ngwọta, nke nwere ike jikọta na ígwè (III) na cytochrome c oxidase na sel, na-egbochi iku ume cellular ma na-eduga n'ọnwụ cell ngwa ngwa. Ya mere, na ngwa ọ bụla metụtara sodium cyanide, a ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa siri ike. Nke a na-agụnye ijikwa mkpuchi anwụrụ ọkụ ikuku ventila nke ọma, iyiri akụrụngwa nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka uwe, enyo, na uwe nchebe, na inwe atụmatụ nzaghachi mberede kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụrụ na ọwụfu ma ọ bụ ikpughe. Na mgbakwunye, a ga-agwọrịrị ihe mkpofu nwere sodium cyanide nke ọma iji gbochie mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi.

mmechi

Sodium cyanide, n'agbanyeghị oke nsi ya, bụ ihe dị mkpa reagent na ọgwụ na organic njikọ. Ọ na-eme ka njikọ nke ụdị ọgwụ dịgasị iche iche, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya. Site n'ịghọta ngwa ya na ịgbaso usoro nchekwa siri ike, ndị na-ahụ maka chemist nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-eji sodium cyanide emepụta ọgwụ ọhụrụ, ihe, na ngwaahịa kemịkal ndị ọzọ bara uru. Otú ọ dị, a na-eme mgbalị iji mepụta ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-adịghị egbu egbu maka mmeghachi omume na-adabere ugbu a na sodium cyanide iji belata ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara ya.