Ihe Sodium Cyanide pụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ

sodium cyanide (NaCN), n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị na-egbu egbu ya, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọtụtụ akụkụ na ọgwụ ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka ihe bụ isi akụrụngwa n'ime organic synthesis, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka isi ihe mgbochi ụlọ maka iwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ọgwụ molecule. Isiokwu a na-abanye n'ime isi ọrụ nke sodium cyanide n'ichepụta ọgwụ na usoro nchekwa siri ike jikọtara ya na iji ya.

Sodium Cyanide dị ka ihe etiti sịntetik: "Scalpel Molecular"

Otu cyano (-CN) nyere site na sodium cyanide dị n'obi uru ọ bara na njikọ ọgwụ. Otu a na-esonye n'ọtụtụ usoro dị oke mkpa:

Okwu Mmalite nke Nitrogen - nwere otu arụ ọrụ

Enwere ike gbanwee otu cyano ka ọ bụrụ otu ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na hydrolysis, enwere ike ịtụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ otu carboxylic acid (-COOH), na site na mbelata, ọ nwere ike ịghọ otu amino (-NH₂). Otu ndị a bụ saịtị na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ. N'ime ọgwụ nje, otu carboxylic acid nwere ike itinye aka na njikọta na mgbidi cell nje, na-egbochi uto ha. N'ime ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa, otu amino nwere ike soro ndị na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa na-emekọrịta ihe, na-egbochi mmụba ha na-adịghị mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na njikọ nke ụfọdụ cephalosporin - ụdị ọgwụ nje, ngbanwe nke otu cyano ka ọ bụrụ otu carboxylic acid bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Owuwu nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya

Sodium cyanide dị mkpa maka iwulite ihe owuwu molekụla dị mgbagwoju anya. Njikọ nke vitamin B12. ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka ahụike mmadụ, na-adabere na nhazi nke otu cyano na cobalt ion. Nchikota a dị oke mkpa maka ịmepụta nhazi pụrụ iche nke vitamin B12. nke dị mkpa maka ọrụ akwara na njikọ DNA. Na njikọ nke β-blockers dị ka propranolol, sodium cyanide a na-eji ewebata agbụ akụkụ igodo. Agbụ akụkụ a na-ahụ maka ikike ọgwụ ahụ igbochi beta-adrenergic receptors, si otú a na-ebelata ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ obi na ọbara mgbali. Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ na njikọ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa 5 - fluorouracil. Sodium cyanide na-etinye aka n'iwu mgbanaka pyrimidine, nke na-emetụta ọrụ mgbochi tumor nke ọgwụ ahụ ozugbo. Nhazi ziri ezi nke atọm na mgbanaka pyrimidine, nke mere site na iji sodium cyanide na nhazi usoro, na-enye ohere 5 - fluorouracil igbochi DNA na njikọ RNA na mkpụrụ ndụ kansa.

Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke ịnya ụgbọ ala

Mmeghachi omume Cyanidation

Sodium cyanide na-ekere òkè na mmeghachi omume nnọchi nucleophilic (dị ka SN2). Na mmeghachi omume a, otu cyano nwere ike dochie atom halogen nke hydrocarbon halogenated iji mepụta ogige nitrile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na njikọ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba chloroquine, α - chloro valeronitrile, nke etiti, na-etolite site na mmeghachi omume dị otú ahụ. Otu nitrile dị na α - chloro valeronitrile nwere ike gbanwee site na mmeghachi omume ndị na-esote iji wuo usoro mgbagwoju anya nke chloroquine, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịgwọ ọrịa ịba site n'itinye aka n'ụzọ nke heme detoxification nke nje nje.

Strecker Synthesis

Mmeghachi omume a na-agụnye sodium cyanide iji aldehyde/ketone na amonia na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta α-amino nitrile, nke nwere ike ime ka hydrolyzed nweta amino acid. Amino acid bụ ihe na-emepụta ọgwụ protein. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, alanine, amino acid, nwere ike ịmepụta site na mmeghachi omume Strecker. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, a na-eji amino acid na-abụghị nke eke na nke eke emepụtara n'ụzọ dị otú a ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ dị ka etiti dị mkpa maka ụmụ irighiri ọgwụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọgwụ ndị sitere na peptide dabere na amino acid akọwapụtara site na iji sodium cyanide - mmeghachi omume mgbasa ozi iji nweta nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ ha, dị ka n'ihe banyere ụfọdụ analogues insulin ebe usoro na nhazi nke amino acid, gụnyere nke sitere na Strecker - ụdị njikọ, dị oke mkpa maka glucose kwesịrị ekwesị na-ahazi ọrụ.

Mmeghachi omume cyclization

Otu cyano nwere ike isonye na intramolecular cyclization iji mepụta nitrogen - nwere heterocycles, dị ka pyridine na pyrimidine. A na-ahụ ihe ndị a n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọgwụ mgbochi nje dị ka oseltamivir (Tamiflu) na ọgwụ mgbochi AIDS. Na oseltamivir, mgbanaka pyrimidine, nke emere site n'enyemaka nke mmeghachi omume metụtara otu cyano sitere na sodium cyanide, dị mkpa maka ikike ọgwụ ahụ iji gbochie nje influenza neuraminidase enzyme. Mgbochi a na-egbochi nje ahụ ịpụpụ na sel ndị butere ọrịa, si otú a na-ebelata mgbasa nke nje n'ime ahụ. N'ime ọgwụ mgbochi AIDS, nitrogen - nwere heterocycles nwere ike imekọrịta na reverse transcriptase enzyme nke nje HIV, na-egbochi usoro mmeghari ya.

Njikwa ogo na njikwa nchekwa

N'iburu oke nsi nke sodium cyanide, a na-ahazi ngwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ:

Njikwa usoro zuru ezu

Site n'ịzụta sodium cyanide ruo na nchekwa na ojiji ya, ọrụ niile ga-agbasorịrị "Iwu maka njikwa nchekwa nke kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ." A na-emejuputa sistemu mkpọchi okpukpu abụọ-onye okpukpu abụọ, ebe achọrọ mmadụ abụọ enyere ikike ịnweta sodium cyanide echekwara n'otu oge. A na-arụkwa ọrụ nleba anya n'ezie iji nyochaa ọnụọgụ na ọnọdụ nke sodium cyanide oge niile. Nke a na-eme ka o doo anya na enwere ike ịchọta ohere ọ bụla na-enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ntapu nwere ike ịchọta ozugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, a na-etinye sensọ na ebe nchekwa iji chọpụta ntinye nke cyanide na ikuku, na ịnweta ebe nchekwa ahụ na-egbochi site na nkwenye biometric na koodu nchekwa, na ndekọ nke ihe niile ịnweta ihe omume na-abanye.

Nkwalite usoro

A na-eji teknụzụ ndị dị elu dị ka microchannel reactors na-arịwanye elu. Microchannel reactors na-enye ọtụtụ uru. Ha nwere ike ịchịkwa ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume n'ụzọ ziri ezi, dị ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide, na ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ịgba ọsọ na-emeghachi omume, na ọkwa micro-scale. Ọ bụghị naanị na nke a na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe cyanide sodium ka mmeghachi omume na-eme na gburugburu ebe a na-achịkwa ma na-achịkwa ma na-emeziwanye mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume na nhọrọ nhọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mmeghachi omume metụtara sodium cyanide iji mepụta otu etiti ọgwụ, microchannel reactor nwere ike hụ na mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu na mkpụrụ dị elu nke ngwaahịa achọrọ ma na-ebelata mmepụta nke ngwaahịa na-achọghị, nke nwere ike ịnwe cyanide fọdụrụnụ.

Nchọgharị nke teknụzụ ndị ọzọ

Na mbọ iji belata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-enyocha ụzọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka biocatalysis (iji enzymes dị ka nitrile hydratase) na cyanidation electrochemical. Biocatalysis na-enye ụzọ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ka ọ na-eji enzymes iji kpalite mmeghachi omume n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị nro. Nitrile hydratase nwere ike ịtụgharị nitriles (nke enwere ike nweta na mmeghachi omume sodium cyanide) ka ọ bụrụ amides na-enweghị mkpa maka reagents kemịkalụ siri ike. N'aka nke ọzọ, cyanidation electrochemical nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ sodium cyanide ejiri mee ihe site na ime ka mmeghachi omume dị mma na nke ezubere iche site na itinye ọkụ eletrik. Ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ ndị ọzọ ka nọ na mmepe mmepe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha na-ekwe nkwa dị ukwuu maka ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-ebelata ịdabere na sodium cyanide na-egbu egbu ma na-ejigide ikike njikọ ọgwụ.

Usoro Ọdịnihu: Ịhazi nchekwa na arụmọrụ

Usoro nke Green Chemistry

Ọdịnihu nke iji sodium cyanide mee ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ bụ n'ịzụlite cyanide - ụzọ mmeghachi omume efu. Otu ụzọ bụ iji metal - organic frameworks (MOFs). MOF bụ ihe ndị nwere oghere nwere usoro pụrụ iche nke nwere ike ịhọpụta ma mee ka otu cyano rụọ ọrụ. Nke a na-enye ohere maka iji otu cyano arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mmeghachi omume ma na-ebelata mkpokọta sodium cyanide dị mkpa dị ka akụrụngwa. Site n'ibelata oriri akụrụngwa, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na sodium cyanide kamakwa ọ nwere ike belata ọnụ ahịa mmepụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ụlọ nyocha-ọnụ ọgụgụ, MOF ejiri mee ka mmeghachi omume na-achọkarị sodium cyanide. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mmeghachi omume MOF - catalyzed nwere ike nweta ụdị mkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa a chọrọ yana mbelata nke ukwuu nke ntinye sodium cyanide.

Nleba anya nke ọgụgụ isi

Ijikọta AI na teknụzụ sensọ bụ usoro ọzọ na-apụta. Algọridim nke AI kwadoro nwere ike nyochaa data sitere na sensọ na-enyocha ihe fọdụrụ nke cyanide na usoro mmeghachi omume ozugbo. Nke a na-eme ka o doo anya na ịdị ọcha na nchekwa ọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mmetụta nwere ike ịchọpụta ọnụọgụ cyanide n'ime ngwakọta mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ọgwụ ikpeazụ. A na-etinye data sitere na sensọ ndị a n'ime usoro AI, nke nwere ike nyochaa ngwa ngwa data ma nye ọkwa ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa cyanide gafere oke ikike. Usoro nleba anya nke ọgụgụ isi a nwekwara ike ịkọ amụma ihe ndị nwere ike ime na usoro mmeghachi omume dabere na data akụkọ ihe mere eme na oge n'ezie, na-enye ohere ime mgbanwe ngwa ngwa iji hụ na ịdịmma na nchekwa nke ngwaahịa ọgwụ.

N'ikpeazụ, sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ "abụọ-ọrụ" na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ ma isi ihe na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ, na-eme ka njikọ nke ndụ dịgasị iche iche - ịzọpụta na ahụike - meziwanye ọgwụ, na ihe dị ize ndụ nke chọrọ nlekọta kachasị mma na njikwa. Site na teknụzụ teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na njikwa nchekwa siri ike, ntinye nke sodium cyanide na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-aga n'ihu na ọdịnihu dị mma na nke ọma, na-enye mkpali dị mkpa maka ụmụ mmadụ n'ọgụ megide ọrịa.