Njira Yathunthu ya Hydrometallurgy: Kuchokera ku Cyanide Leaching kupita ku Electrolysis

Mu gawo lamakono la metallurgy, Hydrometallurgy ali ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa ndi kuyenga zitsulo chifukwa cha ubwino wake wapadera. Ndi zinsinsi ziti zomwe zakhala kumbuyo kwa kusinthika kuchokera ku ore kupita ku chitsulo choyera kwambiri? Lero, tiyeni tifufuze mozama mu njira yonse ya hydrometallurgy, kuchokera ku leaching mpaka electrolysis, kudzera mu mafunso ofunikira khumi ndi awiri.

1. Kodi hydrometallurgy ndi chiyani?

Hydrometallurgy, m'mawu osavuta, ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma leaching agents kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku ores, concentrates, calcines, ndi zipangizo zina kuti zikhale zothetsera. Pambuyo pake, zitsulo zimachotsedwa, kulekanitsidwa, ndi kulemeretsedwa kuchokera ku mayankho kudzera mumndandanda wamankhwala ndi njira zakuthupi. Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy makamaka imagwira ntchito m'malo othetsera mavuto, okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

2. Kodi zolinga za leaching ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi zotani?

Cholinga cha leaching ndikulekanitsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku gangue mu ores ndikusungunula zitsulo mu mawonekedwe a ayoni kukhala njira zothetsera. Njira zodziwika bwino za leaching zimaphatikizapo acid leaching. Mwachitsanzo, miyala yamkuwa imapangidwa ndi sulfuric acid kuti isungunuke mkuwa ngati ayoni amkuwa. Alkaline leaching amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza bauxite ndi sodium hydroxide solution kuchotsa aluminiyamu. Kutulutsa madzi ndi koyenera mchere wina - mtundu wa mchere wokhala ndi kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino, monga kuchotsa mchere wa glauber.

3. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa leaching panthawi ya leaching?

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zikuphatikizapo ndende ya leaching wothandizira. Nthawi zambiri, kuchulukirachulukira kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa leaching. Komabe, kuchulukirachulukira kungapangitse kuchulukirachulukira kwamitengo ndi zovuta pakukonza kotsatira. Kutentha: Kutentha moyenerera kumatha kufulumizitsa momwe zimachitikira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa leaching, koma kutentha kwambiri kumawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi dzimbiri la zida. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono: Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kukulirapo komwe kumawonekera, komanso momwe leaching imachitikira. Kukondoweza: Kukondoweza bwino kumatha kuwonetsetsa kulumikizana kwathunthu pakati pa chotsitsa ndi miyala, ndikupititsa patsogolo kusamutsa kwakukulu.

4. Kodi cholimba - kulekanitsa kwamadzimadzi kumachitikira bwanji zamkati pambuyo pa leaching?

Njira zokhazikika zolimba - zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi zimaphatikizapo kusefera. Zosefera za vacuum ndi mbale - ndi - zosindikizira zosefera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadutsa muzosefera ndikulola kuti madziwo adutse. Sedimentation: Tinthu zolimba zimaloledwa kukhazikika pansi pa mphamvu yokoka kapena mphamvu ya centrifugal. Mwachitsanzo, mu thickeners, zamkati pang'onopang'ono zimakhazikika mu chipangizo chachikulu - voliyumu. The supernatant zimasefukira, ndipo m'munsi - wosanjikiza wandiweyani slurry ndi kukonzedwanso. Kupatukana kwa Centrifugal: Mphamvu ya centrifugal yopangidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa zolimba - kulekanitsa kwamadzimadzi, komwe kuli koyenera kulekanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono.

5. Kodi cholinga cha kuyeretsedwa kwa njira ndi chiyani ndipo njira zodziyeretsera zofala ndi ziti?

Kuyeretsa yankho kumafuna kuchotsa zonyansa mu leachate kuti asasokonezedwe ndi kuchotsedwa kwachitsulo chotsatira. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo mpweya wamankhwala. Ma precipitants amawonjezeredwa kuti apange ma ion odetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, sodium sulfide anawonjezera mpweya wolemera - zitsulo ayoni. Njira yosinthira ion: Ion - ma resins osinthanitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthanitsa ndi ayoni munjira yochotsa zonyansa. Kutulutsa kosungunulira: Kutengera kusiyana kwa kusungunuka kwa solutes m'magawo awiri osasinthika, chitsulo chandamale chimachotsedwa mu gawo la organic kuti akwaniritse kulekana ndi zonyansa.

6. Kodi mfundo ya zosungunulira m'zigawo ndi mmene kusankha yoyenera extractant?

Mfundo yochotsa zosungunulira ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa ma coefficients a solutes pakati pa gawo la organic ndi gawo lamadzi, zomwe zimathandizira kusamutsidwa kwa zosungunulira kuchokera ku gawo lamadzi kupita ku gawo lachilengedwe. Posankha extractant, m'pofunika kuganizira selectivity ake mkulu kwa chandamale zitsulo, kutanthauza ali amphamvu m'zigawo luso chandamale zitsulo ndi ofooka m'zigawo luso zosafunika. Iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu yochotsa kuti ichotse bwino zitsulo zambiri. Iyeneranso kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, kuti isawonongeke mosavuta, ikhale yosasunthika ndi gawo lamadzimadzi, komanso kukhala ndi kusiyana koyenera kwa kachulukidwe kuti apatukane mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo ndi kupezeka kwake ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

7. Kodi kuvula ndi chiyani ndipo kumagwirizana bwanji ndi kuchotsa?

Kuvula ndi njira yosamutsira chitsulo chotengedwa mu gawo la organic kubwerera ku gawo lamadzi. Zimakwaniritsa m'zigawo. M'zigawo kumalemeretsa ndi kulekanitsa zitsulo, pamene anavula akupanga zitsulo analemeretsa ku gawo organic kupeza mkulu - ndende zitsulo njira kwa wotsatira electrolysis kapena processing zina. Posintha mtundu, ndende, ndi pH ya chitsulo chovula, kuchotsa zitsulo moyenera kumatha kukwaniritsidwa.

8. Kodi electrowinning (electrolytic deposition) ndi chiyani ndipo mfundo yake ndi yotani?

Electrowinning ndi njira yomwe ayoni achitsulo mu njira yothetsera amachepetsedwa ndikuyikidwa pa cathode pansi pakuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji. Kutenga electrowinning yamkuwa monga chitsanzo, mu njira yothetsera sulphate yamkuwa, ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji, ma ion amkuwa amapeza ma electron pa cathode, amachepetsedwa kukhala zitsulo zamkuwa, ndikuyika pa mbale ya cathode. Pa anode, makutidwe ndi okosijeni amadzi amachitika, kutulutsa mpweya. Ili ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kuti mupeze zitsulo zoyera kwambiri mu hydrometallurgy.

9. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza momwe magwiridwe antchito amakono komanso zitsulo zimapangidwira panthawi ya electrolysis?

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito apano ndi kutentha kwa electrolyte. Kutentha kwambiri kumawonjezera zochitika zam'mbali ndikuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito apano. Kachulukidwe kakali pano: Kachulukidwe kambiri komanso kotsika kwambiri sikungakhale bwino pakuchita bwino kwapano, ndipo pali mitundu ingapo yoyenera. Zonyansa: Ma ion odetsedwa amatha kupikisana pama electrode, kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito apano. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe lachitsulo zimaphatikizapo kupangidwa kwa electrolyte. Mtundu ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zimatha kukhudza kristalo morphology yachitsulo. Ma elekitirodi ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba: Maelekitirodi osalala komanso osalala amathandizira kuti zitsulo zamtundu wapamwamba zikhazikike. Nthawi ya electrolysis ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito: Mikhalidwe yokhazikika yogwirira ntchito imatha kutsimikizira kukhazikika kwachitsulo.

10. Kodi anode slime amapangidwa bwanji ndipo ntchito zake ndi zotani?

Panthawi ya electrolysis, kuwonjezera pa kusungunuka kwazitsulo pa anode, zonyansa zina zosasungunuka monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide, siliva, platinamu, ndi zonyansa zina zimapanga anode slime ndi mpweya. Anode slime ndi chinthu chofunikira chachiwiri. Zitsulo zingapo zamtengo wapatali zimatha kubwezedwamo. Mwachitsanzo, golidi, siliva, etc., akhoza yotengedwa mkuwa electrolysis anode matope mwa angapo umisiri processing, amene ali kwambiri mtengo wapatali zachuma.

11. Momwe mungakwaniritsire chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kubwezeretsanso zinthu munjira yonse ya hydrometallurgy?

Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe, madzi otayira, gasi wonyansa, ndi zotsalira za zinyalala zimakonzedwa kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya. Pochiza madzi akuwonongeka, njira monga neutralization, mpweya, ndi kusinthana kwa ion zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ma ion zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zovulaza. Mpweya wonyansa umayeretsedwa kuchotsa zowononga monga sulfure dioxide kudzera mu zipangizo zoyeretsera. Pankhani yobwezeretsanso zinthu, chithandizo chachiwiri chimachitika pazotsalira za leaching ndi matope a anode kuti apezenso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Electrolyte yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito imayeretsedwa ndikusinthidwanso kuti ibwezerenso.

12. Kodi chitukuko chamtsogolo cha hydrometallurgy ndi chiyani?

M'tsogolomu, hydrometallurgy idzakhala yobiriwira, yothandiza, komanso yanzeru. Padzakhala kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha anthu ochezeka kwambiri komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito leaching agents ndi extractants kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kuipitsa. Ukadaulo waukadaulo wapamwamba komanso umisiri wanzeru udzagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa kuwongolera ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa njira yopangira, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito komanso mtundu wazinthu. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito adzakulitsidwa, monga kuchotsa zitsulo kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano monga zinyalala zamagetsi ndi mchere wakuya - nyanja.

Kupyolera mu mafunso khumi ndi awiriwa, tapeza kumvetsetsa bwino kwa njira yonse ya hydrometallurgy kuchokera ku leaching mpaka electrolysis. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwaukadaulo, hydrometallurgy itenga gawo lalikulu kwambiri pantchito yochotsa zitsulo, zomwe zimathandizira pakukula kwachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma.