Zokambirana pa Zaukadaulo Wochotsa Golide ndi Sodium Cyanide

Introduction

Golide, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwake, kusungunuka kwake, ndi kukana dzimbiri, wakhala chizindikiro cha chuma ndi njira yosinthira zinthu kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kutulutsa golide kuchokera ku miyala yake ndi njira yovuta yomwe yasintha pakapita nthawi. Mwa njira zosiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide in Kuchotsa golide, yotchedwa cyanidation, yakhala njira yodziwika bwino kuyambira m'ma 1970. Tsamba ili labulogu lifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za njirayi, mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito, malingaliro achilengedwe ndi chitetezo, komanso zomwe zikuyembekezeka mtsogolo.

Udindo wa Cyanide mu Kuchotsa Golide

Momwe Cyanide Amachitira ndi Golide

Cyanide, mankhwala omwe ali ndi carbon ndi nitrogen, amapanga zinthu zosungunuka ndi golide pamaso pa mpweya. Zomwe zimachitika zitha kuyimiridwa ndi ma chemical equation awa:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Pochita izi, golide amapangidwa ndi okosijeni ndikupanga chokhazikika, chosungunuka chosungunuka, sodium aurocyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Izi zimapangitsa golide kukhala wolekanitsidwa ndi matrix ore ndikubwezeretsedwanso kudzera munjira zotsatila.

Zoyenera Kuchita Bwino Cyanidation

Kuti ntchito ya cyanidation ikhale yogwira mtima, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa. Kukhazikika kwa Sodium Cyanide mu njira yothetsera leaching nthawi zambiri imakhala kuyambira 100 ppm mpaka 500 ppm (0.01% - 0.05%). Mulingo woyenera wa pH, womwe nthawi zambiri umazungulira 10 - 11. umasungidwa kuti uteteze kupangidwa kwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi wowopsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa okosijeni ndikofunikira, chifukwa kumagwira ntchito ngati oxidizing. Komabe, nthawi zina, chifukwa cha nkhawa zamtengo wapatali, kukhazikitsidwa kwa okosijeni wowonjezera kuti kufulumizitse njira ya leaching sikuchitika nthawi zonse m'mphero.

Njira ya Cyanide Leaching process

Kukonzekera kwa Ore

Pamaso pa cyanide leaching, miyala yokhala ndi golide iyenera kukonzedwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya ndi kugaya miyalayo kuti ionjezere pamwamba pake. Pamene tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono, golidiyo amawonekera kwambiri muzitsulo za cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino. Pambuyo pophwanyidwa ndi kupera, miyalayo imatha kukonzedwanso kudzera mu kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka kapena kuyandama kuti muchotse mchere wina wa gangue ndikuyika gawo lokhala ndi golide.

Kuchuluka kwa Leaching

Heap leaching ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakukumba migodi ya golide. Pochita izi, miyala yokonzedwayo imayikidwa mu milu ikuluikulu pa chingwe chosatha. A dilute yankho la sodium cyanide kenako amapopera kapena kudonthezedwa pa mulu wa zitsulo. Pamene yankho likudutsa mulu, limagwirizana ndi golide mu ore, kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Ma complexes awa amasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa mulu mu dziwe kapena dongosolo lotolera.

Kuchotsa milu ndi mtengo - kothandiza, makamaka kwa ore otsika. Komabe, pamafunika kasamalidwe kosamala kuti mupewe kutayikira kwa cyanide - okhala ndi mayankho m'chilengedwe.

Vat Leaching (Magila Olamulidwa)

Vat leaching, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti vat cyanidation kapena agitation leaching, nthawi zambiri imachitika mu mphero yapadera pamalo amigodi. Mwanjira iyi, miyala yophwanyidwa bwino imayikidwa muzitsulo kapena matanki. Mtsuko womwe uli ndi cyanide umawonjezeredwa, ndipo kusakaniza kumagwedezeka kuti zitsimikizire kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa ore ndi yankho. Mpweya wa okosijeni mumlengalenga kapena nthawi zina mpweya wowonjezera umayambitsidwa kuti uthandizire zomwe zikuchitika.

Kuyelekeza ndi Kuchuluka kwa leaching, leaching ya vat imalola kuwongolera bwino mikhalidwe ya leaching, monga kutentha, pH, ndi liwiro la chipwirikiti. Komabe, nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera mtengo chifukwa chofuna zida zapadera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.

Kubwezeretsanso Golide kuchokera ku Cyanide Solutions

Golideyo akasungunuka mu cyanide solution, ayenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu za izi:

1. Mpweya - mu - Leach (CIL) ndi Carbon - mu - Pulp (CIP): Mu njira ya CIL, kaboni wokhazikitsidwa amawonjezedwa mwachindunji ku zamkati za cyanide - leached. Ma complexes agolide - cyanide amakongoletsedwa pamwamba pa kaboni woyatsidwa chifukwa cha malo ake okwera komanso mawonekedwe amphamvu adsorption. Mu ndondomeko ya CIP, zamkati zimasiyanitsidwa poyamba ndi yankho, ndiyeno yankho limadutsa mumndandanda wa akasinja odzazidwa ndi carbon activated. Pambuyo pa adsorption, mpweya wodzaza golide umachotsedwa m'dongosolo ndikukonzedwanso kuti upeze golide.

2. Kuchuluka kwa Zinc: Fumbi la zinc kapena zinc shavings zitha kuwonjezeredwa ku golide - cyanide solution. Zinc ndi electropositive kwambiri kuposa golide, choncho imachotsa golide kuchokera ku golide - cyanide complex. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Golide wonyezimirayo amatha kupatulidwa ndi yankho ndi kusefera kapena kusefedwa.

Kuganizira Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Kuopsa kwa Cyanide

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. M'malo ambiri, imatha kupha anthu, nyama, komanso zamoyo zam'madzi. Pankhani ya migodi ya golidi, nkhawa yaikulu ndiyo kutulutsa kwa cyanide m'chilengedwe, makamaka m'madzi a pamwamba. Nsomba zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi cyanide, ndipo ngakhale kuchepa kwa cyanide m'madzi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pazachilengedwe zam'madzi.

Kulinganiza kwa Chilengedwe

Kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito cyanide mumigodi ya golide, njira zingapo zimatengedwa. Migodi imayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza kutulutsa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi mayankho. Malo opangira michira, komwe cyanide yotsalira - yomwe ili ndi mayankho ndi zinyalala zimasungidwa, amapangidwa ndi zomangira zosasunthika kuti asatayike. Kuonjezera apo, njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa cyanide ku mayankho asanatuluke. Njirazi ndi monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni wamankhwala, chithandizo chachilengedwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuphwanya cyanide.

Ntchito zambiri zamigodi zimafunanso kukonzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito cyanide yotsalira m'mabwalo okonza kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide.

Njira Zachitetezo kwa Ogwira Ntchito

Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ali pachiwopsezo chokumana ndi poizoni wa cyanide. Pofuna kuteteza ogwira ntchito, migodi imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makina odzipangira okha kuti achepetse kukhudzana kwachindunji ndi anthu ndi cyanide - zokhala ndi zinthu, kupatsa ogwira ntchito zovala zoyenera zodzitetezera, monga magolovesi, ma apuloni, ndi zopumira, komanso kuchititsa maphunziro achitetezo pafupipafupi.

Tsogolo Labwino

Ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, njira yochotsera golide yochokera ku cyanide ikukumana ndi zovuta chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Chotsatira chake, pali chidwi chokulirapo pakupanga njira zina, zowongoka bwino zochotsera golide. Zina mwa njira zomwe zikubwerazi ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito thiosulfate, bromide, kapena zakumwa za ayoni ngati mankhwala ena owonjezera. Komabe, njirazi zikadali mu gawo loyesera kapena loyambirira - lamalonda ndipo zili ndi malire awo malinga ndi mtengo - kuchita bwino komanso kuchita bwino.

Pakadali pano, makampani opanga migodi golide apitiliza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuwongolera chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe cha cyanide - leaching process. Izi zikuphatikizanso kukhathamiritsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, kulimbikitsa njira zochizira cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala, komanso kulimbikitsa kutsata malamulo.

Kutsiliza

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide pochotsa golide kwakhala mwala wapangodya wamakampani amakono amigodi yagolide kwazaka zambiri. Zimapereka njira yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo yochotsera golide kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kawopsedwe ka cyanide ndi momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe sichinganyalanyazidwe. Pamene makampani akupita patsogolo, mgwirizano uyenera kuchitidwa pakati pa phindu lachuma la migodi ya golide ndi kufunikira koteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Kaya kudzera mukuwongolera njira zomwe zilipo kale za cyanide kapena kupanga umisiri watsopano, tsogolo la kukumba golide limakhala pakupeza njira zokhazikika komanso zotetezeka.