Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sodium Cyanide mu Pesticide Synthesis

1. Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), gawo lofunikira kwambiri lazachilengedwe, limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana azamakampani. Mu ufumu wa Kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, mankhwala ake apadera amathandiza kuti pakhale mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito Sodium cyanide mu kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuyang'ana momwe amachitira, mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo yomwe imathandizira, ndi chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

2. Chemical Properties ya Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi yoyera, yolimba ya crystalline yomwe imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Ili ndi kulemera kwa molar kwa 49.01 g/mol ndipo imasungunuka pa 563.7 °C. Chimodzi mwamakhalidwe ake odziwika kwambiri ndi chizolowezi chake chophwanyira madzi opangira madzi, kutulutsa ayoni a cyanide omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri. Ma ions awa amatenga nawo mbali pamachitidwe ambiri amankhwala, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Liti Sodium Cyanide imakhudzidwa ndi madzi, njira yotchedwa hydrolysis imachitika, kupanga hydrogen cyanide ndi sodium hydroxide. Izi zitha kupita mbali zonse ziwiri, ndipo zinthu monga kutentha ndi pH zimatha kukhudza momwe zinthu zimayendera ndi zinthu. Mu kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, kuwongolera ndendende kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni a cyanide kuchokera sodium cyanide ndichofunikira kwambiri pakuyendetsa zochitika zamagulu.

3. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Ophera tizilombo

3.1. Kaphatikizidwe ka Organonitrile Pesticides

ambiri Organonitrile mankhwala ophera tizilombo amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri poyambira. Mwachitsanzo, popanga cypermethrin, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ofunikira a pyrethroid, sodium cyanide imakhudzidwa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, 3 - phenoxybenzaldehyde imakumana ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa chothandizira. Cyanide ion imaukira Carbongulu la yl la 3 - phenoxybenzaldehyde, kupanga mankhwala apakati. Pambuyo pa izi, zochitika zina monga cyclization ndi esterification zimachitika, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti cypermethrin ipangidwe. Njira yochitira izi si yokhudza cypermethrin yokha; imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo monga deltamethrin ndi permethrin.

3.2. Kaphatikizidwe wa Nitrile - wokhala ndi Herbicides

Sodium cyanide imathandizanso pakupanga mankhwala ophera udzu. Popanga nitrile - yomwe ili ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, gulu la cyanide lochokera ku sodium cyanide limakhala gawo lofunikira la molekyulu ya herbicidal. Dongosolo la machitidwe nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo kusintha kwa nucleophilic.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene halogen - yolowa m'malo onunkhira pawiri imachita ndi sodium cyanide, cyanide ion imakhala ngati nucleophile ndikulowa m'malo mwa atomu ya halogen. Nitrile wotuluka - wokhala ndi wapakatikati ndiye amasinthidwa kangapo kuti apange mankhwala omaliza a herbicide. Njirayi imalola kupanga mankhwala ophera udzu ndi njira zenizeni zogwirira ntchito, monga kuletsa ma enzymes ofunikira mu metabolism ya zomera.

3.3. Udindo Pakuphatikiza Zowongolera Kukula kwa Tizilombo

Kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina zowongolera kukula kwa tizilombo, sodium cyanide itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ofunikira pakupanga kwachilengedwe kwa chinthu chomaliza. Mwachitsanzo, popanga ena aang'ono a mahomoni otsanzira, gulu la cyanide limaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la mamolekyulu kudzera mumayendedwe angapo. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi molekyulu yoyambira yomwe ili ndi gulu loyenera lochoka. Sodium cyanide imachita ndi kalambulabwalo, kulowetsa gulu lochoka ndi gulu la cyanide. Kenako, zotsatira zake zimasinthanso cyanide - yomwe ili ndi apakatikati kuti ipange chowongolera kukula kwa tizilombo ndi zochitika zenizeni. Mtundu woterewu ukhoza kusokoneza kukula ndi kukula kwa tizilombo, monga kuteteza kusinthika kwawo, motero kumathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo.

4. Kuganizira za Chitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe

4.1. Poizoni wa Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Kuchikoka, kuchimeza, kapena kuchikhudza pakhungu kungakhale kwakupha. Ma cyanide ions otulutsidwa kuchokera ku sodium cyanide amatha kumangirira ku enzyme yotchedwa cytochrome c oxidase m'maselo. Kumangiriza kumeneku kumayimitsa njira yoyendera ma elekitironi, kulepheretsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito oxygen moyenera. Zotsatira zake, maselo amafa msanga, zomwe zingayambitse matenda aakulu komanso imfa mwa anthu ndi nyama. Kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide yomwe imatha kupha anthu ndi yaying'ono, nthawi zambiri imayambira 50 - 100 mg. Chifukwa chake, njira zopewera chitetezo ziyenera kutsatiridwa pogwira, kusunga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide m'malo ophatikizira mankhwala. Ogwira nawo ntchito yomangayi ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza chitetezo cha kupuma, magolovesi, ndi zovala zodzitetezera.

4.2. Kusintha kwa chilengedwe

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumabweretsanso zoopsa zachilengedwe. Ngati zitatayika mwangozi kapena kutayidwa molakwika, sodium cyanide ingawononge nthaka ndi madzi. Ikafika m'chilengedwe, imatha kusweka ndikupanga hydrogen cyanide, mpweya wotentha komanso wapoizoni kwambiri.

M'madzi, cyanide imatha kuwononga zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale zitakhala zochepa kwambiri, zimatha kusokoneza moyo, kukula, ndi kubereka kwa nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Komanso, ngati madzi okhala ndi cyanide agwiritsidwa ntchito m'thirira, amatha kuwononga zomera ndikulowa m'zakudya.

Pofuna kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwechi, opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zoyendetsera zinyalala. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuthira madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide kuti achotse kapena kuchepetsa cyanide asanatayidwe. Ukadaulo wodziwika bwino wamankhwala umaphatikizapo okosijeni wamankhwala, chithandizo chachilengedwe, ndi mpweya.

5. Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chomwe chimathandiza kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuthekera kwake kubweretsa gulu la cyanide kukhala mamolekyu ophera tizilombo kudzera m'machitidwe apadera amankhwala kwapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zothana ndi tizirombo zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri paulimi wamakono komanso chitetezo chaumoyo wa anthu.

Komabe, kawopsedwe wamkulu wa sodium cyanide komanso kuwonongeka kwake kwachilengedwe sikunganyalanyazidwe. Pamene makampani ophera tizilombo akupitilira kukula, ndikofunikira kuti tipeze mgwirizano pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide pakuphatikizika kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikukhazikitsa njira zotetezera komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Izi zingaphatikizepo kupanga njira zina, zochepetsera poizoni kapena kukonza njira zomwe zilipo kale kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutulutsa sodium cyanide. Ndi kasamalidwe koyenera komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumatha kupitiliza kuthandizira pachitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi ndikuwongolera tizirombo ndikuteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.