Kuletsedwa kwa Cyanide Padziko Lonse: Kuwulula Nkhaniyi

Introduction

Cyanide, gulu la mankhwala omwe ali ndi fungo lodziwika bwino komanso lodziwika kuti "amondi owawa - ngati" fungo, ndiwodziwika bwino chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake. M'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga haidrojeni cyanide (HCN), Sodium cyanide (NaCN), ndi potaziyamu cyanide (KCN), imatha kuvulaza zamoyo mwachangu komanso mwachangu.

Kawopsedwe ka cyanide kamakhala pakutha kwake kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a cell pamlingo wofunikira. Ikalowa m'thupi, cyanide imamangiriza ku atomu yachitsulo mu cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamayendedwe a electron mkati mwa ma cell. Kumanga kumeneku kumayimitsa bwino kupuma kwa ma cell, kulepheretsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuti apange mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Zotsatira zake, maselo amasowa mphamvu ndikuyamba kusagwira bwino ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zizindikiro zambiri zomwe zimatha kupita patsogolo mpaka kulephera kwa chiwalo ndi kufa.

Mphamvu ya cyanide imapitilira kutali ndi nkhawa zamunthu payekha. M'chilengedwe, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zinyalala zochokera ku mafakitale, makamaka kuchokera ku migodi, ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zowononga. Ikatulutsidwa m'madzi, ngakhale m'malo ochepa kwambiri, cyanide imatha kupha zamoyo zam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa 0.04 - 0.1 mg/L ya ayoni a cyanide (CN⁻) m'madzi ndikokwanira kupha nsomba. Izi sizimangosokoneza chilengedwe cha m'madzi komanso zimakhudzanso mafakitale asodzi komanso kusamala chilengedwe chonse.

Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa cyanide m'nthaka kumatha kuwononga nthaka yaulimi, kusokoneza kukula kwa mbewu komanso kulowa mgulu lazakudya. Zomera zikayamwa cyanide m’nthaka, zimatha kudziunjikira m’minyewa yawo, ndipo zikadyedwa ndi anthu kapena nyama, zingayambitse matenda aakulu.

Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwakukulu kokhudzana ndi cyanide, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi achitapo kanthu kuti aletse kapena kulamulira mosamalitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake, kasungidwe, ndi kayendetsedwe kake. Zoletsa izi ndikuyankha kufunikira koteteza thanzi la anthu, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti tsogolo labwino. M'magawo otsatirawa, tiwona zoletsa zosiyanasiyana za cyanide padziko lonse lapansi, zifukwa zomwe zimawatsogolera, komanso zomwe zikukhudzana ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso okhudzidwa.

Mayiko omwe ali ndi Zoletsa za Cyanide

kumpoto kwa Amerika

United States

Ku United States, nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito cyanide m’migodi yakhala nkhani ya mkangano waukulu ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, Montana yatsutsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pokumba golide. Mu 1998. Ntchito ya Montana Environmental Information Center's Citizens 137 inavomerezedwa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti boma liletse kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide migodi ya golide komanso mulu wa mpweya wotseguka m'boma. Khoti Lalikulu la ku Montana linatsimikiziranso kuti kuletsa kumeneku sikunaphwanye malamulo a dziko la United States. Lingaliroli linali chipambano chachikulu kwa osamalira zachilengedwe ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndi momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe ndi thanzi la ntchito zamigodi ya cyanide.

Komabe, zinthu ku Colorado ndizovuta kwambiri. Maboma ena ku Colorado, monga Costilla, Gunnison, Conejos, ndi Gilpin, poyamba anali ataletsa migodi ya cyanide. Koma Khothi Lalikulu la Colorado, mu chigamulo cha Colorado Mining Association Complaints Commission, linanena kuti dera, monga nthambi ya boma, silingaletse mankhwala ololedwa pansi pa Colorado Mining Land Reclamation Act. Lamulo la feduro, lomwe limalimbikitsa kufufuza, kukumba, ndi kukumba miyala yamtengo wapatali, linatsimikiza mtima kuti likhale patsogolo pa malamulo a boma. Mkangano wamalamulowu ukuwunikira kusamvana komwe kulipo pakati pa zoyesayesa zakomweko zoteteza chilengedwe ku zoopsa za migodi ya cyanide ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu za federal zomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa kukumba mchere kuti chitukuko chitukuke.

South America

Argentina

Argentina yawona malamulo angapo okhudzana ndi migodi ya cyanide pamagawo. M'chigawo cha Chubute, kuyambira pa August 5. 2003. migodi ya cyanide, migodi yotseguka, ndi kuchotsa zitsulo zaletsedwa. Chiletsochi chinakhazikitsidwa pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe, chifukwa migodi yochokera ku cyanide ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa pa magwero a madzi ndi nthaka yabwino. Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala za cyanide zomwe zimachokera ku migodi zimatha kulowa m'madzi apansi, kuwononga madzi am'deralo ndikuwononga ntchito zaulimi.

Chigawo cha Rio Negro chinachitanso chimodzimodzi pa July 21. 2005. pamene chinaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide muzofukula, chitukuko, ndi mafakitale azitsulo. M'chigawo cha Tucuman, kuyambira April 20. 2007. migodi ya cyanide, migodi yotseguka, ndi kuchotsa zitsulo zaletsedwa. Mendoza adatsatira zomwezo pa June 20. 2007. kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pozindikira zitsulo, kufufuza, chitukuko, ndi mafakitale. Chigawo cha La Pampa, pa August 16. 2007. choletsedwa chotseguka - migodi ya dzenje, kuchotsa zitsulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pofuna kufufuza, chitukuko, kuchotsa, ndi kusunga zitsulo. Chigawo cha Cordoba, pa Seputembara 24. 2008. idaletsanso migodi yotseguka, kukumba zitsulo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pazinthu zofananira.

Komabe, mkhalidwe wa chigawo cha Rioha ndi wosiyana pang’ono. Poyamba analetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kuchotsa zitsulo pa August 3. 2007. koma chiletsochi chinachotsedwa pa September 26. 2008. Zifukwa za kukwezako zikhoza kukhala zokhudzana ndi malingaliro a zachuma, monga kulimbikitsa chuma cha m'deralo kuchokera ku ntchito zochotsa zitsulo. Koma kusinthaku kudadzutsanso nkhawa pakati pa magulu azachilengedwe ponena za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kungatsatire kuyambiranso kwa migodi ya cyanide.

Costa Rica

Mu 2002. Dziko la Costa Rica linapanga chisankho chachikulu kuti asiye kutsegula migodi ya cyanide leaching. Kusamuka kumeneku kunali mbali ya zoyesayesa za dzikolo zotetezera chilengedwe chake cholemera. Dziko la Costa Rica limadziwika chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, ndipo migodi ya cyanide leaching, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kuchotsa golide ndi zitsulo zina kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali, inkawoneka ngati yowopsya ku cholowa chachilengedwechi. Kuyimitsidwako cholinga chake ndi kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, chifukwa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi onyansa ochokera kumigodi ikhoza kukhala poizoni kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Cholinga chake chinalinso kuteteza thanzi la anthu ammudzi, chifukwa kukhudzana ndi cyanide kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoopsa pa thanzi.

Europe

Czech Republic

Mu 2002. Nyumba yamalamulo ku Czech Republic inapanga chigamulo cholimba mtima choletsa kutulutsa golide wa cyanide. Lingaliroli linali yankho ku nkhawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira za kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi lomwe limakhudzana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa golide wa cyanide. Golide wa cyanide leaching amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a cyanide kuti asungunuke golide kuchokera ku miyala, ndipo njirayi imatha kupanga zinyalala zapoizoni zambiri. Poletsa njirayi, dziko la Czech Republic linali ndi cholinga choteteza magwero ake amadzi, nthaka yabwino, komanso moyo wa nzika zake. Kuletsa kumeneku kunatumizanso uthenga wamphamvu wokhudza kudzipereka kwa dziko lino pachitetezo cha chilengedwe poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zomwe bizinesi ya migodi ingakhale nayo.

Germany

Mu 2006. Germany idachitapo kanthu pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwa migodi pochepetsa pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwa cyanide yololedwa mumigodi. Njira imeneyi inali yoyezera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chiletso chenicheni. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa cyanide mwina kunali chifukwa cha kusamvana pakati pa kufunikira kwachuma kwa migodi ku Germany ndi kufunika koteteza chilengedwe. Pochepetsa pang'onopang'ono kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka cyanide, boma la Germany lidafuna kupatsa ogwira ntchito zamigodi nthawi kuti asinthe ndikupeza njira zina, zosawononga chilengedwe. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyika ndalama pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano omwe angathe kupeza zotsatira zomwezo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide yambiri.

Hungary

Mu December 2009. Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Hungary, pamsonkhano wokonzedwa ndi Hungarian Cyanide - Free Association, adavotera kuti aletse migodi ya cyanide. Kuletsa kumeneku kunali kupambana kwakukulu kwa olimbikitsa zachilengedwe ndi zaumoyo. Migodi ya Cyanide inali yodetsa nkhawa ku Hungary chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa kutaya kwa cyanide, zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zowononga pamadzi komanso zachilengedwe mdzikolo. Kutayikira kwa 2000 Baia Mare cyanide ku Romania yoyandikana nayo, komwe madzi onyansa a cyanide adakhuthukira m'mitsinje ya Danube ndi Tisza, zomwe zidawononga chilengedwe, mwina zidakhala ngati dzulo ku Hungary. Kutayikirako kunali ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa zamoyo za m'madzi, mafakitale asodzi, ndi moyo wonse m'madera okhudzidwawo. Kuletsa kwa Hungary kunali njira yodzitetezera kuti apewe ngozi zofananira m'malire ake.

mgwirizano wamayiko aku Ulaya

Mu 2010. Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Ulaya inachitapo kanthu pa kuchotsa cyanide povota kuti ilimbikitse European Commission kuti ikhazikitse lamulo loletsa kuchotsa cyanide. Komabe, bungweli linakana kuvomereza malamulo. Malinga ndi anthu odziwa bwino nkhaniyi, chifukwa chachikulu cha kukana kumeneku chinali nkhawa yakuti kuletsa kuchotsa golide wa cyanide ku Ulaya kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa pa ntchito. Makampani a migodi, makamaka m'madera omwe kukumba golide wa cyanide ndikofala, kumapereka mwayi wa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri. Bungweli lidayenera kuyeza phindu la chilengedwe la chiletso cha cyanide motsutsana ndi zomwe zingachitike pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa cha kutaya ntchito. Chigamulochi chinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa akatswiri a zachilengedwe, omwe adawona kufunika koletsa kuteteza chilengedwe, ndi omwe ali m'makampani ndi ena opanga malamulo omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zachuma.

Asia

nkhukundembo

Mu 2007. Bungwe la Turkey State Council, lochokera pa Gawo 56 la Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko la Turkey, lomwe likunena za “Kuteteza ufulu wa anthu okhala m’malo abwino,” linasankha kuti lisalole migodi ya cyanide. Chisankhochi chinali chisonyezero chodziwikiratu cha kudzipereka kwa Turkey kuteteza ubwino wa nzika zake ndi chilengedwe. Migodi ya cyanide, yokhala ndi kuthekera kwake kowononga magwero a madzi ndi nthaka, idawonedwa ngati chiwopsezo chachindunji ku malo abwino omwe malamulo adziko lino akufuna kuwateteza. Poletsa migodi ya cyanide, dziko la Turkey likufuna kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo ikhale yotetezeka.

America chapakati

El Salvador

Mucikozyanyo, kucisi ca El Salvador, ku Central America, kwakabikkilizya amulawo woonse wakukumba zitsulo m’gawo lake. Pa March 29. 2017. Nyumba yamalamulo ya El Salvador inavota, ndipo kuletsa kwakukulu kwa migodi yazitsulo kunaperekedwa mothandizidwa ndi mamembala 70 a zipani zosiyanasiyana. Kuletsa kwakutali kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kufufuza zitsulo zonse, kuyenga, ndi kukonza, kaya pansi kapena pansi, ndizoletsedwa. Pamodzi ndi izi, mankhwala oopsa monga cyanide ndi CHIFUNDO amaletsedwanso. Kuletsedwaku kunali kuyankha ku zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi migodi yazitsulo. Ntchito zamigodi ku El Salvador zinali ndi kuthekera kowononga nkhalango, kuipitsa madzi, ndi chipwirikiti. Poletsa migodi yonse yazitsulo, El Salvador cholinga chake chinali kuteteza chilengedwe chake, magwero a madzi, ndi ufulu wa anthu ammudzi.

Zifukwa Zoletsedwa

Zovuta Zachilengedwe

Cyanide imayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziletso m'maiko ambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimachitika mwachangu komanso zowoneka bwino za cyanide zili pamadzi. Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zinyalala ikatulutsidwa m'mitsinje, m'nyanja, kapena pansi pa nthaka, imatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa pazachilengedwe zam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2000 Baia Mare cyanide cyanide kutayika ku Romania, kulephera kwa damu pa mgodi wa golidi kunatulutsa madzi ambiri a cyanide - otsekedwa mu mitsinje ya Tisza ndi Danube. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide m’madzi kunachititsa kuti nsomba zambiri ndi zamoyo zina za m’madzi zife. Kutayikirako sikunangokhudza ntchito za usodzi m'derali komanso kudakhala ndi zotsatira zanthawi yayitali pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazamoyo za mitsinje.

Kuphatikiza pa kuipitsa madzi, cyanide imathanso kuwononga nthaka. Ntchito zamigodi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito cyanide nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa zinyalala zambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa tailings, zomwe zimakhala ndi cyanide yotsalira. Ngati michira iyi sinasamalidwe bwino, cyanide imatha kulowa m'nthaka. Ikafika m'nthaka, cyanide imatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu posokoneza kagayidwe kawo ka metabolism. Itha kutengedwanso ndi zomera, zomwe zimalowetsamo chakudya. Kuchulukana kumeneku kwa cyanide m'gulu lazakudya kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwa nyama zakuthengo komanso anthu. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zodya udzu zikadya zomera zomwe zili ndi cyanide, zimatha kudwala, ndipo cyanideyo imatha kuperekedwa kwa zilombo zomwe zimadya zomerazi.

Zowopsa Zaumoyo

Kuopsa kwa cyanide ku thanzi la anthu kwalembedwa bwino ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi. Cyanide ndi choletsa champhamvu cha kupuma kwa ma cell. Monga tanena kale, imamangiriza ku cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yofunikira pamayendedwe a ma elekitironi m'maselo. Poletsa enzyme imeneyi, cyanide imalepheretsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuti apange mphamvu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku chikhalidwe chotchedwa cellular asphyxiation.

Pachiwopsezo cha cyanide, zizindikiro zimatha kukhala zachangu komanso zowopsa. Zizindikiro zoyamba zingaphatikizepo mutu, chizungulire, nseru, ndi kusanza. Pamene poizoniyo ikupita patsogolo, zizindikiro zoopsa kwambiri monga kupuma mofulumira, kupweteka pachifuwa, ndi chisokonezo zimatha kuchitika. Pazovuta kwambiri, poizoni wa cyanide ungayambitse kukomoka, kukomoka, ndipo pamapeto pake kufa. Mlingo wakupha wa cyanide ukhoza kusiyana malingana ndi zinthu monga mawonekedwe a cyanide, njira yowonekera (kupuma, kuyamwa, kapena kukhudza khungu), ndi kulemera kwa thupi la munthu ndi thanzi lake lonse. Mwachitsanzo, mlingo wakupha wa hydrogen cyanide umakhala wozungulira 50 - 100 mg, pomwe mlingo wakupha wa Sodium Cyanide pafupifupi 1 - 2 mg/kg ya kulemera kwa thupi.

Kuwona kwanthawi yayitali kwa cyanide kutha kukhala ndi zotsatira za thanzi kwanthawi yayitali. Zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro monga kufooka, dzanzi, ndi kulephera kugwirizana. Palinso zodetsa nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za carcinogenic zomwe zingachitike pakapita nthawi yayitali cyanide. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa kuwonetsedwa kosatha kwa cyanide ndi chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha mitundu ina ya khansa, ngakhale kufufuza kwina kumafunika kuti pakhale mgwirizano wotsimikizika.

Mavuto a Anthu ndi Anthu

Nkhawa za anthu ammudzi komanso chikoka cha magulu a chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zathandiza kwambiri kuti maboma aletse cyanide. M'madera ambiri kumene mafakitale opangidwa ndi cyanide amagwira ntchito, monga migodi, anthu a m'deralo amadziwa bwino za kuopsa kwa thanzi lawo ndi chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amaopa zotsatira za kutayika kwa cyanide kapena zotsatira za nthawi yayitali zakukhala m'dera lomwe lili ndi vuto lalikulu la cyanide.

Mwachitsanzo, m’madera amene ali pafupi ndi migodi ya golidi amene amakumba zinthu za cyanide, anthu amakhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha madzi akumwa abwino, chitetezo cha ana awo akamaseŵera panja, ndiponso mmene ulimi wa m’deralo ungakhudzire. Zodetsa nkhawazi zitha kuyambitsa zionetsero, zodandaulira, komanso kampeni yapagulu yofuna kuti boma liletse kapena kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide.

Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe amagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri podziwitsa anthu za kuopsa kwa cyanide komanso kulimbikitsa kuletsa. Maguluwa amachita kafukufuku, kufalitsa malipoti, ndikuchita nawo zokambirana za anthu kuti aphunzitse anthu za kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la cyanide. Amalimbikitsanso maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti akhazikitse malamulo okhwima kapena kuletsa kwenikweni cyanide. Khama lawo lathandiza kwambiri kubweretsa nkhani ya cyanide patsogolo pa anthu ndi ndale, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mayiko ambiri aziletsa.

Zotsatira za Bans

Pa Mining Industry

Kuletsedwa kwa cyanide kwakhudza kwambiri ntchito yamigodi. Kwa makampani amigodi omwe akhala akudalira njira zochotsera cyanide, makamaka pamigodi ya golide, ziletsozo zadzetsa mavuto aakulu. Tsopano akukumana ndi kufunikira kosintha kotheratu njira zawo zochotsera kapena kupeza mankhwala ena omwe angalowe m'malo mwa cyanide.

Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu ndi mtengo wokwera wokhudzana ndi kusintha. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano ochotsa nthawi zambiri kumafuna ndalama zambiri pakufufuza ndi chitukuko, komanso zida zatsopano ndi zomangamanga. Mwachitsanzo, makampani ena amigodi akuyang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zochotsera madzi monga thiosulfate kapena bromide. Komabe, njira zina izi sizingakhale zogwira mtima ngati njira zopangira cyanide nthawi zina, ndipo zingafunikenso magwiridwe antchito ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makampani opanga migodi akuyenera kuyika ndalama pophunzitsa antchito awo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopanozi ndikumvetsetsa njira zatsopano.

Kuonjezera apo, ziletsozi zingapangitse kuti ntchito za migodi zichepe kwakanthawi pamene makampani akusintha malamulo atsopano. Panthawi ya kusinthaku, kupanga kungachepetse, zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji ndalama za kampani. Makampani ena ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono amatha kukumana ndi chiopsezo chosiya bizinesi ngati sangathe kulipira ndalama zomwe zimayenderana ndi kusintha.

Komabe, ziletsozi zimaperekanso mwayi kwa makampani opanga migodi kupanga zatsopano. Kukakamizika kupeza njira zina zochotserako kwalimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko m'munda. Mayunivesite ambiri, mabungwe ofufuza, ndi makampani amigodi tsopano akugwira ntchito limodzi kuti akhazikitse umisiri wosunga bwino zachilengedwe komanso wokhazikika wamigodi. Tekinoloje zatsopanozi sizimangochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha migodi komanso zimakhala ndi mwayi wopititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka migodi komanso phindu la ntchito zamigodi m'kupita kwanthawi. Mwachitsanzo, njira zina zatsopano zochotsera zitsulo zimatha kutulutsa zitsulo mwachisawawa, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa ndikuwonjezera zokolola zonse za migodi.

Pa Economy

Zotsatira zachuma za kuletsa kwa cyanide ndi ziwiri. M'madera omwe migodi ndi gawo lalikulu la chuma cha m'deralo, zoletsedwazo zingayambitse kusokonezeka kwachuma. Mwachitsanzo, m'matauni ena ang'onoang'ono ku Argentina komwe migodi yochokera ku cyanide inali bizinesi yayikulu, ziletsozo zidapangitsa kuti ntchito ziwonongeke chifukwa migodi idachepetsa ntchito zawo kapena kutseka. Izi zidasokoneza chuma cha m'deralo, zomwe zidakhudza mabizinesi monga malo odyera, mashopu, ndi othandizira omwe amadalira ndalama za anthu ogwira ntchito kumigodi.

Zoletsazi zitha kukhudzanso chuma chambiri potengera kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa zitsulo. Ngati kupanga zitsulo zina, monga golide, kuchepetsedwa chifukwa cholephera kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pochotsa, kuperekedwa kwa zitsulozi pamsika kungachepetse. Izi zingapangitse kuti mtengo wazitsulo ukhale wokwera, zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira za mafakitale osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulozi ngati zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera, omwe amagula kwambiri golidi, akhoza kukumana ndi ndalama zambiri ngati mtengo wa golidi ukuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kupezeka - zopinga.

Kumbali inayi, ziletsozi zimapanganso mwayi wokulitsa magawo ena. Kufunika kwa umisiri wina wochotsa m'zigawo ndi ntchito zokonzanso chilengedwe kwapangitsa kuti mafakitale atsopano akhazikitsidwe. Makampani omwe amagwira ntchito yokonza ndikupereka njira zotulutsira zinthu zopanda cyanide, komanso omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yosamalira ndi kutaya zinyalala zamigodi m'njira yosunga zachilengedwe, akuwona kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe akufuna komanso ntchito zawo. Izi zili ndi kuthekera kopanga ntchito zatsopano komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma m'magawo omwe akutukukawa. Mwachitsanzo, makampani omwe amapereka matekinoloje a bio-leaching m'malo mwa cyanide - akukhala otchuka kwambiri, ndipo akulemba ganyu asayansi, mainjiniya, ndi akatswiri kuti apange ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinolojewa.

Pa Zachilengedwe ndi Zaumoyo wa Anthu

Kuletsedwa kwa cyanide kwakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Monga tanenera kale, cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe ngati sichisamalidwa bwino. Poletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'migodi ndi m'mafakitale ena, chiopsezo cha cyanide - kuipitsidwa kokhudzana ndi chilengedwe chachepetsedwa kwambiri.

Pankhani ya ubwino wa madzi, ziletsozi zathandiza kuteteza mitsinje, nyanja, ndi magwero a madzi apansi pa nthaka kuti asaipitsidwe ndi cyanide. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga zachilengedwe zam'madzi zathanzi komanso kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa akupezeka bwino m'madera akumidzi. Mwachitsanzo, m’mayiko monga Costa Rica ndi Czech Republic, kumene malamulo oletsa cyanide akhala akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi ndithu, pakhala kusintha koonekeratu kwa madzi a m’madzi apafupi. Zamoyo za m'madzi, monga nsomba ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, sizilinso pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi poizoni wa cyanide - madzi otayira, ndipo mitundu yonse ya zamoyo zamoyozi yayamba kuchira.

Zoletsazi zimathandizanso kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino. Pokhala ndi cyanide yochepa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokumba, pali kuchepa kwa chiwopsezo cha cyanide kulowa munthaka ndikuipitsa malo aulimi. Izi ndizofunikira kuti nthaka ikhale yachonde komanso kuti mbewu za chakudya zikhale zotetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa cyanide kumakhudzanso mpweya wabwino, chifukwa cyanide imatha kutulutsidwanso mumlengalenga munjira zina zamafakitale. Pochotsa kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, kuchuluka kwa zowononga mlengalenga kumachepa, zomwe zimapindulitsa paumoyo wa kupuma kwa anthu amderalo.

Ponseponse, kuletsa kwa cyanide kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuteteza chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira pakukwaniritsa chitukuko chokhazikika.

Njira zina za Cyanide

Pofuna kuthana ndi nkhawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa cyanide, makamaka m’mafakitale a migodi, njira zingapo zina zapangidwa. Njira zina izi zimapereka njira yokhazikika komanso yosamalira zachilengedwe pakuchotsa zitsulo.

Chimodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosawononga chilengedwe Chotsukira Golides. Ma reagent awa adapangidwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa cyanide mu njira yochotsera golide popanda kufunikira kusintha kwambiri njira yoyambirira ndi zida. Mwachitsanzo, zina mwa ma reagent awa zimachokera ku thiosulfate, yomwe yawonetsedwa kuti ndi njira yothandiza yochotsera cyanide mu mitundu ina ya miyala yagolide. Ma leaching agents ochokera ku Thiosulfate ali ndi zabwino zingapo. Ndi ochepa poizoni kuposa cyanide, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kuvulaza thanzi la anthu chimachepa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kusankha bwino pochotsa golide, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yochotsa.

Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za bio-leaching. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga mabakiteriya ndi bowa, kuti tichotse zitsulo mu miyala. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timathyola miyalayo ndikutulutsa zitsulo, zomwe zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso. Bio-leaching ndi njira yachilengedwe komanso yokhazikika yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa zachilengedwe. Sichifuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa monga cyanide, ndipo amatha kuchitidwa pa kutentha kochepa komanso kupanikizika. Komabe, bio-leaching ndi njira yocheperako poyerekeza ndi cyanide - yochokera ku cyanide, ndipo mwina siyingakhale yoyenera mitundu yonse ya ores.

Kupanga ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zina zimenezi sikungokhudza za chilengedwe ndi chitetezo chokhudzana ndi cyanide komanso kumatsegula mwayi watsopano kuti makampani amigodi azigwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso modalirika. Pamene ukadaulo ukupitilirabe patsogolo, titha kuyembekezera kuwona njira zabwino komanso zotsika mtengo - zogwira ntchito za cyanide zikutuluka mtsogolo.

Kutsiliza

Kuletsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa cyanide kukuyimira gawo lofunikira kuti tsogolo likhale lokhazikika komanso lotetezeka. Chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, kuopsa kwa thanzi, ndi kupsinjika kwa anthu, ziletsozi zakhudza kwambiri mbali zosiyanasiyana za anthu.

Makampani amigodi, omwe kwa nthawi yaitali akhala akugwiritsira ntchito cyanide, adakumana ndi zovuta kuti agwirizane ndi zoletsedwa. Komabe, zovutazi zalimbikitsanso luso lamakono, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zina zopangira ndi matekinoloje. Njira zina izi sizimangochepetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi cyanide komanso zimapereka mwayi wogwira ntchito zamigodi bwino komanso zokhazikika m'kupita kwanthawi.

Zotsatira zazachuma za ziletsozi ndizovuta, ndi kusokonezeka kwakanthawi kochepa komanso mwayi wanthawi yayitali. M'kanthawi kochepa, madera omwe amadalira kwambiri mafakitale opangidwa ndi cyanide amatha kutaya ntchito komanso kuchepa kwachuma. Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kukula kwa mafakitale atsopano kumayang’ana kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupereka njira zina zothetsera mavuto kungadzetse ntchito zatsopano ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma.

Chofunika kwambiri, zoletsedwazo zakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, chiopsezo chowononga chilengedwe, monga kuipitsidwa kwa madzi ndi nthaka, chachepetsedwa kwambiri. Izi zimathandiziranso kuteteza thanzi la anthu amderalo ndikusunga bwino zachilengedwe.

Pamene tikupita patsogolo, ndikofunikira kuti mafakitale apitilizebe kuyikapo ndalama pazofufuza ndi chitukuko kuti apeze njira zina zokhazikika komanso zogwira mtima za cyanide. Maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse amathandizanso kwambiri kuletsa ziletso, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu zikutetezedwa.

Nkhani yoletsa cyanide padziko lonse lapansi ndi umboni wa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito limodzi pothana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zaumoyo. Zimasonyeza kuti pozindikira kuopsa kokhudzana ndi zinthu zina ndikuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza, tikhoza kupanga tsogolo lokhazikika komanso labwino kwa ife eni ndi mibadwo yotsatira.