Njira zochizira misala ya cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide

Introduction

Masamba a Cyanide ndi zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku migodi ya golide ndi mafakitale ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cyanide pochotsa zinthu. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala oopsa a cyanide, masamba a Cyanide ndi oopsa kwambiri ku chilengedwe. Chithandizo cha hydrogen peroxide ndi njira yothandiza yothanirana ndi ming'alu iyi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza njira iyi yochizira mwatsatanetsatane.

Mfundo ya Chithandizo cha Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) ndi mankhwala amphamvu ophera okosijeni. Pochiza ming'alu ya cyanide, mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti Hydrogen peroxide imayanjanitsidwa ndi mankhwala a cyanide m'malo okhala ndi alkaline (nthawi zambiri okhala ndi pH ya 10 - 11). Pothandizidwa ndi zinthu (nthawi zambiri ma ayoni amkuwa, Cu²⁺), zotsatirazi zimachitika:

Cyanide (CN⁻) ndi okosijeni kukhala cyanate (CNO⁻). Zomwe zingachitike zitha kufotokozedwa motere:

2CN⁻ + 5H₂O₂ + 2OH⁻ → 2CNO⁻ + 6H₂O

Pazifukwa zinazake, cyanate imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndikuwola kukhala zinthu zosavulaza kwenikweni, monga ammonia (NH₃), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ndi nayitrogeni (N₂).

CNO⁻ + 2H₂O → NH₃ + HCO₃⁻

Pambuyo pake, ammonia akhoza kuwonjezeredwa oxidized kapena volatilized pansi pa malo oyenera.

Njira Zochizira

Kukonzekera kwa Madontho a Misozi : Choyamba, madontho a cyanide ayenera kupangidwa kukhala slurry. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika powonjezera madzi ku slurry ndikusakaniza bwino mu chidebe choyenera (monga thanki yayikulu yosakanizira). Kukhazikika kwa slurry kumakonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti hydrogen peroxide ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi cyanide zimalumikizana bwino.

Kusintha kwa pH : pH ya slurry ya cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala alkaline yoyenera, nthawi zambiri pH 10 - 11. Gawoli ndi lofunika kwambiri chifukwa momwe hydrogen peroxide imagwirira ntchito ndi cyanide zimadalira kwambiri pH. Lime (Ca(OH)₂) kapena sodium hydroxide (NaOH) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera pH.

Kuwonjezera pa Catalyst : Ma catalyst ochokera ku mkuwa, monga copper sulfate (CuSO₄), amawonjezeredwa ku slurry. Ma ion a mkuwa amatha kuyambitsa reaction pakati pa hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti reaction ichitike mofulumira kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa ma ion a mkuwa mu slurry nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa pafupifupi 50 mg/L. Komabe, ngati tailings ili kale ndi mkuwa wokwanira kapena zinthu zina zoyambitsa, kuwonjezeranso kwa catalyst sikungakhale kofunikira.

Kuwonjezera pa Hydrogen Peroxide : Kenako, hydrogen peroxide imawonjezedwa ku slurry. Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide komwe kumawonjezedwa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'ma tailings. Chiŵerengero cha molar cha hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide nthawi zambiri chimakhala pakati pa 3:1 - 8:1. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'ma tailings kuli kwakukulu, chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha hydrogen peroxide chikufunika. Hydrogen peroxide iyenera kuwonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kusakaniza kosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kufalikira kofanana komanso kuchitapo kanthu mokwanira.

Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kusakaniza : Dothi limasunthidwa nthawi zonse panthawi yochitapo kanthu kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zikugwirizana mokwanira. Nthawi yochitirapo kanthu imasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide koyambirira komanso cholinga cha chithandizo, nthawi zambiri osapitirira ola limodzi mpaka awiri. Munthawi imeneyi, hydrogen peroxide imapangitsa cyanide kukhala zinthu zosavulaza kwenikweni.

Kulekanitsa Madzi Olimba : Pambuyo poti zonsezi zachitika, kulekanitsa madzi olimba kumachitika pa matope okonzedwa. Izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu njira monga kusungunuka mu chokhuthala kutsatiridwa ndi kusefa pogwiritsa ntchito makina osefera. Madzi olimba olekanitsidwa (monga, matope okonzedwa) amatha kutayidwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, kusungidwa m'dziwe lokhala ndi mipata yoyang'aniridwa bwino. Filtrate, yokhala ndi cyanide yochepa ndi zinthu zina, imatha kukonzedwanso kapena kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ngati zinthu zilola.

Zomwe Zimakhudza Kuchita Bwino kwa Chithandizo

Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide : Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide m'thupi kukakhala kwakukulu, kumabweretsa zotsatira zabwino za okosijeni pa cyanide. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide mopitirira muyeso sikuti kungowonjezera mtengo komanso kungayambitsenso zotsatira zoyipa komanso mavuto omwe angakhalepo pa chilengedwe.

Mtengo wa pH : Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mtengo wa pH wa dongosolo la reaction umakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa reaction ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kupatuka kuchoka pa mulingo woyenera wa pH wa 10 - 11 kudzachepetsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kwa cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide.

Kuchuluka kwa Catalyst : Kuchuluka kwa catalyst yochokera ku mkuwa kumakhudza liwiro la reaction. Ngati kuchuluka kwa catalyst kuli kochepa kwambiri, reaction ikhoza kukhala yochedwa kwambiri; ngati ili yokwera kwambiri, ingayambitse machitidwe ena ovuta a mankhwala komanso kuonjezera ndalama.

Nthawi Yochitira : Nthawi yokwanira yochitira imafunika kuti pakhale kukhuthala kwathunthu kwa cyanide momwe zingathere. Nthawi yosakwanira yochitira imabweretsa cyanide yotsala m'malo otsukidwa.

Kuchuluka kwa Cyanide Koyamba : Kuchuluka kwa cyanide koyambirira m'malo obisika, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti chithandizo chathunthu chichitike, ndipo pangafunike nthawi yayitali yochitira zinthu.

Ubwino wa Chithandizo cha Hydrogen Peroxide

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachangu kwa Oxidation : Hydrogen peroxide imatha kupangitsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cyanide iwonongeke bwino, kuphatikizapo free cyanide ndi zina zopangidwa ndi zitsulo - cyanide, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri poizoni wa cyanide tailings.

Njira Yosavuta : Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zochizira cyanide (monga njira zovuta zochizira mankhwala kapena njira zochizira zamoyo), njira yochizira hydrogen peroxide ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Chiwopsezo Chochepa cha Kuipitsidwa Kwachiwiri : Zopangidwa kuchokera ku hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction sizowopsa kwenikweni. Cyanate yapakatikati imatha kuwolanso kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni, ndipo hydrogen peroxide yokha imawolanso kukhala madzi ndi mpweya, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwambiri : Njirayi imagwira ntchito ku migodi yaying'ono komanso mafakitale akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yothandiza kwambiri pochiza ming'alu ya cyanide.

Mlanduwu Studies

Kampani Yogulitsa Migodi : Kampani yogulitsa golide yomwe ili pamalo enaake inali ndi matope ambiri a cyanide okhala ndi cyanide yambiri. Anagwiritsa ntchito njira yochizira hydrogen peroxide. Mwa kukonza bwino magawo a njira, kuphatikizapo kusintha pH kufika pa 10.5. Kuonjezera copper sulfate pa 50 mg/L ngati chothandizira, pogwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide - to - cyanide molar ratio ya 5:1. ndikuchita reaction ya maola 1.5, anachepetsa bwino matope a cyanide m'matopewo kufika pamlingo wotsika kwambiri kuposa miyezo yovomerezeka. Matayala okonzedwawo anasungidwa bwino m'dziwe la matayala, ndipo filtrate inagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochita migodi, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.

Ntchito Yokumba Migodi Yaing'ono : Ntchito yokumba golide yaing'ono kudera lakutali inakumananso ndi vuto la ming'alu yokhala ndi cyanide. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu, poganizira kusavuta kwa ntchito yake, anasankha njira yochizira hydrogen peroxide. Mwa kuwongolera mosamala kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide yomwe yawonjezeredwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide komwe kwayerekezeredwa m'ming'alu, kusintha pH ndi laimu yomwe ilipo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina osakaniza osavuta, anachepetsa bwino poizoni wa cyanide m'ming'alu. Ngakhale kuti muyeso wochizira unali wochepa, unali wokwanira kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachilengedwe zakumaloko kuti zichotse ming'alu, kuteteza chilengedwe chozungulira ku kuipitsidwa komwe kungachitike ndi cyanide.

CHENJEZO

Kusamalira Motetezeka Hydrogen Peroxide : Hydrogen peroxide ndi mankhwala amphamvu owonjezera okosijeni ndipo akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri ngati sagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Ogwira ntchito omwe akugwira ntchito yochizira ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, monga magolovesi, magalasi a maso, ndi zovala zodzitetezera. Kusunga hydrogen peroxide kuyeneranso kutsatira malamulo achitetezo kuti apewe kuwonongeka mwangozi kapena kukhudzana ndi zinthu zoyaka moto.

Kuwunika Molondola : Kuwunika kosalekeza kwa njira yochitira zinthu n'kofunika kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyang'anira pH ya slurry panthawi yochita zinthu, kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide, komanso kutentha kwa njira yochitira zinthu. Kutenga zitsanzo ndi kusanthula nthawi zonse kuyenera kuchitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira yochizira ikuyenda bwino monga momwe akuyembekezeredwa komanso kusintha nthawi yake ngati pakufunika kutero.

Kutaya Matayala Okonzedwa : Ngakhale mutakonza, matayala olimba ayenera kusungidwa m'dziwe lokhazikika la matayala lomwe limakwaniritsa miyezo ya chilengedwe. Dziwe lokonzedwa liyenera kukhala ndi kapangidwe koyenera kuti zinthu zotsalira zovulaza zisatuluke m'nthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka.

Kuwunika Zotsatira za Zachilengedwe : Musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira yochizira hydrogen peroxide, muyenera kuwunika momwe zinthu zingakhudzire chilengedwe kuti muwone momwe zinthu zingakhudzire mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka, komanso chilengedwe chozungulira. Kuwunika kumeneku kumathandiza kukonza njira yochizira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo okhudza chilengedwe atsatiridwa.

Pomaliza, njira yothandizira ya hydrogen peroxide imapereka njira yotheka komanso yothandiza pochiza michira ya cyanide. Pomvetsetsa mfundo yake, kutsata njira zochiritsira zolondola, kuganizira zokhudzidwa, ndi kusamala koyenera, njirayi ingachepetse kwambiri zoopsa za chilengedwe zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha cyanide tailings, zomwe zimathandizira kuti chitukuko cha migodi chikhale chokhazikika komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.