Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwasayansi Sodium Cyanide Popanda Kuvulaza Chilengedwe

Introduction

Sodium cyanide , mankhwala omwe ali ndi formula ya NaCN, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mankhwala ake apadera. Komabe, amadziwikanso ndi poizoni wake wambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nkhawa yokhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake motetezeka komanso momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufufuza momwe Sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwire ntchito mwasayansi kuti achepetse zoopsa ndikupewa kuwononga chilengedwe.

Katundu ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sodium Cyanide

Zakudya Zamakono

Sodium cyaide ndi chinthu choyera, cholimba cha kristalo chomwe chimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Chili ndi cyanide ion (CN-), yomwe imayambitsa poizoni wake. Pakakhala ma acid, Sodium Cyanide imatha kutulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, chinthu chosasunthika komanso chakupha kwambiri.

Mapulogalamu a Industrial

1.Migodi Makampani

• Mu gawo la migodi ya golide, sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutulutsa golide kuchokera ku miyala. Njirayi, yomwe imadziwika kuti cyanidation kapena cyanide leaching, yakhala ukadaulo wodziwika bwino wotulutsa golide kuyambira m'ma 1970. Njira yochepetsera ya sodium cyanide, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala kuyambira 100 ppm mpaka 500 ppm (0.01% mpaka 0.05% cyanide), imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula golide kuchokera ku miyalayi mosankha. Njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito cyanide pakubwezeretsa golide ndi kupukuta ndi kugaya (komwe kumadziwikanso kuti Carbon - in - leach, CIL). Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wambiri wachitika, palibe mankhwala ena omwe apezeka kuti akugwirizana ndi makhalidwe azachuma komanso zachilengedwe a cyanide pakubwezeretsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Migodi, monga gawo la machitidwe awo abwino, imagwiritsa ntchito cyanide yochepa momwe ingathere pazifukwa zachilengedwe, chitetezo, komanso zachuma. Golide akasungunuka, mayankhowo amakonzedwanso kuti apeze golide, yemwe kenako amasungunuka kukhala golidi.

2.Electroplating Industry

• Mu electroplating, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo njira yopangira. Itha kuchepetsa anode polarization, kuonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa anode. Izi zimathandiza kukhazikika kwa plating yankho ndikuwonjezera kufalikira kwa cathode, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusanjikiza kofananako.

3.Chemical Synthesis

• Sodium cyanide ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma cyanide ofunikira monga yellow prussiate of soda, yellow prussiate of potash, potassium cyanide, zinc cyanide, barium cyanide, cuprous cyanide, sodium thiocyanate, ndi potassium thiocyanate. Mu makampani opanga mankhwala achilengedwe, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu monga cyanoacetic acid, malononitrile, methionine, cyanobenzyl, ndi cyanuric chloride.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sayansi ya Sodium Cyanide

Kusamalira Motetezeka Kumalo Antchito

1. Maphunziro a Anthu

• Ogwira ntchito onse ogwira ntchito ya sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira komanso mwapadera. Ayenera kukhala odziwa bwino za sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo kawopsedwe kake, zoopsa zomwe zingatheke, komanso njira zotetezera. Maphunziro akuyenera kukhudza mbali zina monga kusungirako koyenera, mayendedwe, ndi kuyankhidwa mwadzidzidzi pakatayika kapena kutayikira. Mwachitsanzo, ayenera kudziwa kuti sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma, mpweya wabwino, kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, malawi, ndi zidulo.

2.Engineering Controls

• Malo ogwirira ntchito omwe sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi machitidwe okhwima a uinjiniya. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupereka mpweya wokwanira woti muchotse utsi kapena mpweya uliwonse woopsa. Mwachitsanzo, pochita migodi ya golidi komwe ma cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito, malo otsetsereka amayenera kukhala ndi zida zamphamvu zolowera mpweya kuti asatengeke ndi mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ungapangidwe ngati cyanide ikumana ndi zidulo. Mpweya wolowera mpweya uyenera kusamalidwa ndikuwunikidwa nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino.

3.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Ogwira ntchito pa sodium cyanide ayenera kuvala PPE yoyenera. Izi zimaphatikizapo magolovesi osamva mankhwala, zovala zodzitchinjiriza, komanso chitetezo cha kupuma. Kumadera kumene kuli ngozi yokhudzana ndi mpweya wa cyanide, ogwira ntchito ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina opumira okhala ndi zosefera zoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo opangira ma electroplating, ogwira ntchito amayenera kuvala zodzitchinjiriza zonse zopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingalowe mu sodium cyanide solution kuti apewe kukhudzana ndi khungu.

Kukhathamiritsa kwa Njira

1.Precise Chemical Reactions

• M'mafakitale monga migodi ya golide, kukhathamiritsa njira ya cyanidation ndikofunikira. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuwongolera mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide solution, pH ya zomwe zimachitika, komanso nthawi yochitira. Posintha bwino magawowa, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide yogwiritsidwa ntchito kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndikumapezabe golide wabwino. Mwachitsanzo, m'migodi ina yamakono ya golide, njira zowunikira zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza mosalekeza ndikusintha pH ya cyanide leaching solution. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zomwe zimachitika pazikhalidwe zabwino kwambiri, kuchepetsa kumwa kwa sodium cyanide.

2.Kubwezeretsanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito

• Pogwiritsira ntchito sodium cyanide, kuyesetsa kukonzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mankhwalawo. Mwachitsanzo, pokumba golidi, golide atachotsedwa, mankhwala omwe ali ndi cyanide yotsalira amatha kuthandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala ndi zakuthupi kuti apezenso cyanide. Tekinoloje monga kusinthana kwa ion ndi kusefera kwa membrane zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa cyanide kuchokera kuzinthu zina zomwe zili mu yankho, kulola kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito pazotsatira za leaching. Izi sizimangochepetsa mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide komanso zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa.

Kupewa Kuwonongeka Kwachilengedwe

Kuchiza kwa Tailings ndi Waste Solutions

1. Kuwonongeka kwa Cyanide mu Michira

• M'makampani amigodi, ma tailings slurries ndi mankhwala okhala ndi zinthu zotayidwa, madzi, ndi cyanide yotsalira ayenera kuthandizidwa asanatulutsidwe. Njira zosiyanasiyana zamakina ndi zakuthupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa cyanide yotsalira pakusungunuka kwa golide. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide, yomwe imatha kutulutsa cyanide kuzinthu zopanda poizoni. Nthawi zina, njira zochiritsira zamoyo zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, pomwe tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanya cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena amatha kusokoneza cyanide ndikusintha kukhala zinthu zosafunika kwenikweni.

2.Kutsata Malamulo

• Malamulo a m'deralo, chigawo, ndi dziko amathandizira kwambiri kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide zomwe zitha kutayidwa m'chilengedwe. Malamulowa amasiyana malinga ndi ulamuliro wake koma nthawi zambiri amafuna kuwongolera mosamalitsa kutaya kwa cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ambiri, kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa cyanide m'malo otulutsa ma tailings kumayikidwa pamiyezo yotsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 0.2 mpaka 0.5 magawo pa miliyoni (ppm) kapena 0.00002% mpaka 0.00005% ya cyanide. Migodi ndi mafakitale ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kutsatira malamulowa kuti apewe kuwononga chilengedwe.

Kuyang'anira ndi Kukonzekera Zadzidzidzi

1.Kuwunika kwachilengedwe

• Kuyang'anira chilengedwe nthawi zonse ndi kofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kutulutsidwa kwa sodium cyanide m'chilengedwe. Kumadera kumene kuli mafakitale ogwiritsira ntchito sodium cyanide, malo ounikira akhoza kuikidwa kuti ayeze kuchuluka kwa cyanide mumpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la migodi, zitsanzo za madzi kuchokera ku mitsinje ndi mitsinje yapafupi zimatha kuyesedwa pafupipafupi ngati zili ndi cyanide. Ngati papezeka kuti pali vuto linalake, angachitepo kanthu mwamsanga kuti adziwe komwe kunayambitsa vutoli ndi kupewa kuwononganso chilengedwe.

2.Mapulani a Emergency Response

• Mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kukhala ndi mapulani okonzekera bwino omwe akuyenera kuchitika mwadzidzidzi. Mapulaniwa ayenera kufotokoza njira zothanirana ndi kutaya, kutayikira, kapena ngozi zina zokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide. Pakatayikira, njira zoyenera zosungira ziyenera kutengedwa nthawi yomweyo, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwa kuti zinyowetse madzi a cyanide. Magulu ogwira ntchito zadzidzidzi ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuthana ndi zochitika ngati izi, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zofunikira ndi mankhwala ochepetsera ndi kuyeretsa sodium cyanide yomwe yatayika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kutayikira kwakukulu, hydrogen peroxide kapena zinthu zina zosokoneza zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochitapo kanthu mwachangu ndi cyanide ndikuchepetsa kawopsedwe ake.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide ndi mankhwala ofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, koma kawopsedwe ake kawopsedwe amafunikira kusamalitsa komanso mwasayansi kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Potsatira njira zoyendetsera chitetezo, kukhathamiritsa njira zamafakitale, kusamalira zinyalala moyenera, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira komanso kuyankha mwadzidzidzi, kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide kumatha kukhala kotetezeka komanso kogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Izi sizimangotsimikizira kugwira ntchito kosatha kwa mafakitale omwe amadalira sodium cyanide komanso kuteteza chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.