Sodium Cyanide: Kuyang'ana Mozama pa Mmene Imakhudzira Thanzi Laumunthu

Introduction

Sodium cyanide , yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala NaCN, ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale komanso m'malo ophera poizoni. Ndi chinthu choyera, cholimba cha kristalo chomwe chimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zamankhwala, makamaka kukhalapo kwa cyanide ion (CN-), Sodium Cyanide imasonyeza poizoni wambiri, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri thanzi la anthu.

Ma Chemical Properties a Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi mchere wopangidwa ndi sodium cations (Na+) ndi cyanide anions (CN-). Uli ndi kulemera kwa molar kwa pafupifupi 49.01 g/mol. Mu madzi, umagawanika kukhala ma ayoni awa. Cyanide ion ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa poizoni wake. Ndi nucleophile yamphamvu ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa ma ayoni achitsulo, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake mafakitale komanso zotsatira zake zoyipa pazamoyo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafakitale a Sodium Cyanide

1.Migodi Makampani

• Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga golide ndi zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali. Mu ntchito yochotsa golide , imapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi golide, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chitsulocho chisungunuke ndikulekanitsidwa ndi miyala. Njira imeneyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti cyanidation, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwake bwino komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira yachizolowezi ya golide - cyanide, golide (Au) imagwira ntchito ndi sodium cyanide (NaCN), mpweya (O₂), ndi madzi (H₂O) kuti apange golide - cyanide complex yosungunuka: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH.

2.Chemical Synthesis

• Imagwira ntchito ngati maziko omangira popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ndi zopanda chilengedwe. Pakupanga ma nitriles, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala, mankhwala a agrochemicals, ndi ma polima, Sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, popanga acrylonitrile (monomer yopanga ulusi wopangidwa ngati acrylic), zomwe zimachitika zimatha kukhala ndi sodium cyanide ngati reactant m'njira zina zopangira.

3. Electroplating

• Ma electrolyte okhala ndi Cyanide, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi sodium cyanide, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zopangira ma electroplating . Ma ion a cyanide amathandiza kuyika zitsulo monga mkuwa, siliva, ndi zinc mwanjira yofanana komanso yogwirizana. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cyanide imatha kupanga ma complexes okhazikika ndi ma ion achitsulo, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuyika kwa zitsulo panthawi yopangira ma electroplating.

Momwe Sodium Cyanide Imakhudzira Thanzi Lamunthu

1.Toxicokinetics

• Sodium cyanide ikalowa m'thupi la munthu, imatha kuyamwa kudzera m'njira zingapo. Kukoka mpweya wa fumbi kapena utsi wokhala ndi sodium cyanide kumapangitsa kuti ayoni a cyanide alowe mwachangu m'magazi kudzera mu alveoli m'mapapo. Kulowetsedwa, kaya mwangozi kapena poyizoni, kumabweretsa kuyamwa m'matumbo am'mimba. Kukhudzana ndi khungu kungayambitsenso kuyamwa, ngakhale kuti khungu lokhazikika limapereka chitetezo cholepheretsa. Kamodzi m'magazi, ayoni a cyanide amagawidwa m'thupi lonse.

2.Njira ya Poizoni

• Cholinga chachikulu cha kawopsedwe ka cyanide m'thupi la munthu ndi mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, yomwe ndi puloteni yofunika kwambiri pamayendedwe a ma elekitironi a kupuma kwa ma cell. Cyanide imamanga ku chitsulo (Fe) mu cytochrome c oxidase complex ndi kuyanjana kwakukulu. Kumangiriza kumeneku kumalepheretsa kusamutsidwa kwa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku cytochrome c kupita ku okosijeni, ndikutsekereza gawo lomaliza la kupuma kwa aerobic. Zotsatira zake, maselo sangathe kupanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kudzera mu oxidative phosphorylation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell awonongeke.

• Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide imathanso kukhudzanso ma chitsulo ena - okhala ndi michere m'thupi, ndikusokoneza kagayidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kusokoneza ntchito ya myoglobin, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kusungirako okosijeni m'maselo a minofu, ndi ma peroxidases ena omwe ali ofunikira pa njira zotetezera antioxidant.

3.Acute Poizoni

• Kutsika - Kuwonekera kwa Mlingo

• Ngakhale pa mlingo wochepa kwambiri, kukhudzana ndi sodium cyanide kungayambitse zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro zoyamba zingaphatikizepo mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, ndi nseru. Wozunzidwayo angakhalenso ndi kumverera kwachifuwa ndi kupuma movutikira. Nthawi zina, pangakhale khalidwe la "amondi - ngati" fungo la mpweya, ngakhale kuti si aliyense amene angazindikire fungo ili.

• Kuwonekera Kwambiri Mlingo

• Mlingo wambiri wa sodium cyanide ukhoza kupha kwambiri. Zizindikiro zimakula mofulumira mpaka kuvutika kupuma kwakukulu, ndi kupuma mofulumira komanso movutikira. Zotsatira zamtima zimaphatikizapo kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kugunda kwa mtima kosakhazikika (arrhythmias), ndipo pamapeto pake kumangidwa kwa mtima. Mwa minyewa, wovulalayo akhoza kukomoka, kukomoka, ndi kukomoka. Zikafika poipa kwambiri, imfa imatha kuchitika mkati mwa mphindi zazikulu - kukhudzana ndi mlingo.

4.Kuopsa Kwambiri

• Kuwona kwa nthawi yayitali sodium cyanide, monga m'mafakitale ena komwe kulibe ukhondo, kungayambitse matenda aakulu. Kuwonekera kosatha kungayambitse kufooka, kutopa, ndi kuwonda. Zitha kukhudzanso dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi zizindikiro monga dzanzi ndi kumangirira m'malekezero, kulephera kukumbukira, komanso kuvutika kuika maganizo. Kuonjezera apo, kuwonetseredwa mobwerezabwereza kungakhudze chithokomiro, monga cyanide ikhoza kusokoneza kuyamwa kwa ayodini ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni a chithokomiro.

5.Effects pa Specific Ziwalo

• Njira Yopumira

• Njira yopuma ndi imodzi mwazoyamba kukhudzidwa ndi sodium cyanide. Monga tanena kale, kulepheretsa kwa cytochrome c oxidase m'maselo a minofu yopuma ndi malo apakati opuma mu ubongo kumabweretsa kupuma movutikira. Izi zingayambitse kupuma mofulumira pamene thupi likuyesera kubwezera kusowa kwa ntchito ya okosijeni, kutsatiridwa ndi kupuma kwa kupuma ndipo pamapeto pake kupuma kulephera.

• Mtima wamtima

• Cyanide - kusowa kwa mphamvu zama cell kumakhudza minofu ya mtima (myocardium). Mtima ukhoza kukhala ndi kuchepa kwa mgwirizano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtima ukhale wochepa. Arrhythmias amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi mu mtima. Kuphatikiza kwa zotsatirazi kungayambitse kutsika kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, zomwe zimasokonezanso kutumiza kwa okosijeni ndi zakudya ku minofu ya thupi.

• mantha System

• Mitsempha yamanjenje imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za sodium cyanide. Kuphatikiza pa zotsatira zoyipa za kuchuluka kwa mlingo monga kukomoka ndi chikomokere, kuwonekera kosatha kungayambitse kusintha kwa neurodegenerative. Ma Neuroni amatha kuwonongeka chifukwa chosowa mphamvu komanso kupsinjika kwa okosijeni. Izi zingayambitse kuperewera kwa minyewa kwanthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso, kulephera kwagalimoto, ndi kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro.

• Chidutswa

• Kulowetsedwa kwa sodium cyanide kungayambitse mkwiyo komanso kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba. Zizindikiro zingaphatikizepo nseru, kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba, ndi kutsegula m'mimba. Zikavuta kwambiri, pakhoza kuwonongeka mucosal akalowa m'mimba ndi matumbo, kumabweretsa magazi ndi zilonda.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale, imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la anthu. Kuopsa kwake koopsa, komwe kumakhala kowopsa komanso kosatha, kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo, kuyambira kuzizindikiro zochepa mpaka kuwopseza moyo. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kuvulaza, njira zotetezera ndizofunikira m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide. Njirazi zikuphatikizapo kusamalira bwino, kusungirako, ndi kutaya katundu, komanso kupereka chitetezo chokwanira ndi maphunziro kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kutulutsidwa kwa sodium cyanide m'chilengedwe, komwe kumatha kuyikanso chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu kudzera mu kuipitsa madzi ndi mpweya.