Kuchokera ku Sodium Cyanide kupita ku Hydrogen Cyanide: Kuwona Ntchito ndi Kusintha

Cyanides, kuphatikizapo Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) ndi Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), ndi m'gulu la mankhwala oopsa kwambiri koma ofunikira m'mafakitale. Kuchita kwawo kwapadera kumathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito migodi ya golide, mankhwala, mapulasitiki, ndi zina zambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za katundu, ntchito, ndi Kusintha kwa Chemical pakati pa makiyi awiriwa cyanides, pamene akulimbana ndi zovuta zachitetezo ndi zatsopano zamakono.

I. Katundu ndi Ntchito za Sodium Cyanide

1. Zakudya Zamakono

Sodium cyanide ndi woyera crystalline olimba, kwambiri sungunuka m'madzi. Kuopsa kwake kumachokera ku cyanide ion (CN⁻), yomwe imalepheretsa kupuma kwa ma cell pomanga cytochrome oxidase.

2. Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zamakampani

• Kutulutsa Golide: Monga tafotokozera kale, NaCN imasungunula golidi kudzera muzochita:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• Pachikuz: Imakhazikika mu zokutira zachitsulo (mwachitsanzo, zinki, mkuwa).

• Organic Synthesis: Kalambulabwalo wa nitriles, adiponitrile (nayiloni), ndi mankhwala.

• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga fenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: katundu ndi ntchito

1. Zakudya Zamakono

Hydrogen cyanide ndi madzi/gesi wopanda mtundu wokhala ndi fungo lowawa la amondi. Imasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo imalowa mwachangu pokoka mpweya kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu.

2. Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zamakampani

• asatayike: Kaphatikizidwe ka mavitamini (mwachitsanzo, B12), antithyroid mankhwala.

• mapulasitiki: Kupanga acrylonitrile (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapulasitiki a ABS ndi ulusi wopangira).

• Agriculture: Fumigant pambewu zosungidwa ndi kuthirira nthaka.

• Chemical Warfare: Kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chida m'mbiri, komwe tsopano kuli ndi malamulo okhwima.

III. Njira Zosinthira Pakati pa NaCN ndi HCN

1. Kuchokera ku NaCN kupita ku HCN

Pansi pa acidic (pH <7), NaCN imatulutsa mpweya wa HCN:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Izi ndizofunika kwambiri pakukumba golide; kusakwanira kwa alkalinity (mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa CaO kuwonjezera) kungayambitse kutulutsa kwa mpweya wa HCN, kuyika ziwopsezo zazikulu zachitetezo.

2. Kuchokera ku HCN kupita ku NaCN

HCN ikhoza kusamalidwa ndi maziko amphamvu kuti apangenso mchere wa cyanide:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzopaka gasi kuti zithetse mitsinje yotulutsa HCN.

3. Oxidation ndi Kuwonongeka

Onse NaCN ndi HCN amatha kuchotsedwa kudzera mu okosijeni:

• Kuphika:

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozonation:

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Zovuta Zachitetezo ndi Kuwongolera Zowongolera

1. Poizoni ndi Zowopsa Zachilengedwe

• Thanzi Laumunthu: Kupuma kwa HCN (mlingo wakupha: ~ 50-200 mg) kumayambitsa chikomokere chofulumira ndi imfa.

• Mphamvu Zachilengedwe: Kuwonongeka kwa cyanide m'madzi kumatha kupha zamoyo zam'madzi; kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yakale (mwachitsanzo, tsoka la 2000 la Baia Mare) kumawonetsa zoopsa.

2. Njira Zowongolera

• Gulu la UN: HCN ndi Schedule 3 chemicals pansi pa Chemical Weapons Convention.

• Malire a OSHA: Malire ovomerezeka ovomerezeka (PEL) a HCN: 10 ppm (maola 8 TWA).

• Malangizo a ICMI: International Cyanide Management Code imalamula kuti pasamalidwe bwino pamigodi.

V. Zatsopano mu Kuwongolera kwa Cyanide

1. Njira Zopangira Zotetezedwa

• Pa Site Generation: HCN imapangidwa mochulukira kudzera mwa ammoxidation oyendetsedwa ndi methane (mwachitsanzo, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O), kuchepetsa ngozi zamayendedwe.

• Njira Zina Zopanda Cyanide:

• Kutulutsa Golide: Thiourea, bromine, kapena zakumwa za ayoni.

• Pachikuz: Zinc-nickel alloys opanda cyanide.

2. Kuyang'anira Dijito

Masensa a IoT ndi ma algorithms a AI amathandizira kutsata zenizeni zenizeni za cyanide mumlengalenga ndi madzi, kuchepetsa kutayikira.

VI. Future Trends

• Green Synthesis: Kupanga kwa nitriles kwa biocatalytic pogwiritsa ntchito ma enzymes (mwachitsanzo, nitrile hydratase).

• Energy Applications: HCN ngati chonyamulira haidrojeni m'maselo amafuta.

• Chuma Chozungulira: Kubwezeretsanso kwa cyanide ku mitsinje ya zinyalala kudzera pa kusefera kwa membrane kapena kutsatsa.

Kutsiliza

Kuyanjana kwapakati sodium cyanide ndi haidrojeni cyanide amatsindika udindo wawo wapawiri monga mahatchi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndi zoopsa zachilengedwe. Ngakhale ntchito zawo zikadali zofunika kwambiri m'magawo monga migodi ndi mankhwala, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi kukhazikika kwa malamulo zikuyendetsa njira zotetezeka. Tsogolo la chemistry ya cyanide lagona pakulinganiza bwino ndi kukhazikika, kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zamphamvuzi zimatumikira anthu popanda kuwononga thanzi kapena dziko lapansi.