Kuyerekeza Pakati pa Atmospheric ndi Pressure Leaching mu Gold Mine Cyanidation Process

1. Introduction

Kuchotsa golide m'matanthwe ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa golide kuchokera ku miyala. Pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito, kuchotsa golide m'mlengalenga ndi kuchotsa pressure ndi njira ziwiri zofunika. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa izi ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukonza njira yochotsera golide, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kuyerekeza kwa mlengalenga ndi kuchotsa golide m'migodi ya golide.

2. Mfundo ya Cyanidation Leaching

Kuchotsa kwa cyanidation kumadalira momwe golide amagwirira ntchito ndi cyanide pamaso pa mpweya. Equation yonse ya mankhwala ndi iyi:

4Au + 8CN⁻+ O₂ + 2H₂O → 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻+ 4OH⁻

Pochita izi, golidi amapanga golide wosungunuka - ma cyanide complexes, omwe amatha kupatulidwa ndikubwezeretsedwanso. Kaya mumlengalenga kapena kuthamanga kwa mpweya, mfundo yoyambirayi imakhalabe yofanana. Komabe, zomwe zimachitika komanso kinetics zimakhudzidwa ndi kupanikizika.

3. Kuyerekeza kwa Leaching Mwachangu

3.1 Kuthamanga kwa Atmospheric

Atmospheric leaching nthawi zambiri imagwira pa kutentha kozungulira komanso kupanikizika. Kwa golide wina wosavuta, monga omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu la golide wogaya waulere, kutulutsa mumlengalenga kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Komabe, kwa ore ovuta omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri wa sulfide kapena zigawo zina zotsutsa, mphamvu ya leaching ya atmospheric leaching nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa. Kutsika pang'onopang'ono komanso kusakwanira kungayambitse kutsika kwa golide. Mwachitsanzo, polimbana ndi miyala ya golide yomwe ili ndi pyrite, sulfure mu pyrite akhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi okosijeni ndi cyanide panthawi ya mlengalenga, kuwononga mpweya ndi cyanide, motero kulepheretsa kusungunuka kwa golide. Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwa golide pakutulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga kumakhala pafupifupi 60% - 85% pamiyala wamba.

3.2 Pressure Leaching

Pressure leaching, Komano, imachitika pansi pazifukwa zokwezeka. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kungathe kuonjezera kwambiri kusungunuka kwa okosijeni mu njira ya leaching. Malinga ndi lamulo la Henry, kuthamanga kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wokwera kwambiri, womwe umawonjezera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka mu yankho. Mpweya wosungunuka uwu ukhoza kufulumizitsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a golide ndi mapangidwe a golide - cyanide complexes. Kwa miyala ya golide wosakanizidwa, kutsika kwamphamvu kumatha kuwononga zida za mchere wa sulfide, ndikuyika golide wochulukira ku njira yotsitsa. Zotsatira zake, kutsika kwa golide kumatha kuwongolera bwino. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pazitsulo zina za golide, kutsika kwa golide wothamanga kumatha kufika pa 90%, ngakhale mpaka 95% pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino.

4. Kufananiza Zochita Zochita

4.1 Kutentha

• Kutulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga : Nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito kutentha kozungulira kapena pafupi ndi mlengalenga, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 25°C. Popeza kutentha sikuyendetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu, mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera zimakhala zochepa. Komabe, kutentha kochepa kumatanthauzanso kuti kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumakhala kocheperako.

• Kutulutsa mpweya wopanikizika : Nthawi zambiri kumafuna kutentha kwakukulu. Kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 80 - 150°C. Kutentha kwakukulu kumatha kufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala, koma kumafunanso mphamvu yowonjezera kuti kutenthetsere makina otulutsa mpweya.

4.2 Kukhazikika kwa Cyanide

• Kuchotsa poizoni mumlengalenga : Kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu yankho la kuchotsa poizoni nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 0.02% - 0.1%. Pa miyala yomwe ili ndi zinthu zambiri zodetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa cyanide kochulukirapo kungafunike kuti zitsimikizire kuti mankhwalawa akuchotsedwa, koma izi zidzawonjezera mtengo ndi chiopsezo cha chilengedwe.

• Kutulutsa kwa Pressure : Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa reaction kinetics komwe kumachitika mukapanikizika, kuchuluka kwa cyanide komwe kumafunikira kumatha kukhala kotsika, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 0.01% - 0.05%. Izi sizimangochepetsa kudya cyanide komanso zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zotsalira za cyanide.

5. Kuyerekeza kwa Zida Zofunikira ndi Mtengo

5.1 Zida Zofunikira

• Kuchotsa mpweya mumlengalenga : Zipangizo zochotsera mpweya mumlengalenga ndizosavuta. Zimaphatikizapo matanki ochotsera mpweya, zida zotulutsira mpweya, ndi zipangizo zotulutsira mpweya. Matanki ochotsera mpweya safunika kupirira kuthamanga kwambiri, kotero zipangizo zawo zopangira ndi ndalama zake zimakhala zochepa. Zida zotulutsira mpweya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti pulp ya miyala, cyanide solution, ndi oxygen zimasakanikirana mofanana, ndipo zofunikira pa mphamvu zawo ndi kukana dzimbiri sizokwera kwambiri.

• Kuchotsa Mphamvu : Kuchotsa mphamvu kumafuna zida zapadera zolimbana ndi kupanikizika, monga ma autoclave. Autoclave iyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba kwambiri kuti ipirire kupanikizika kwakukulu komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ilinso ndi zida zovuta zowongolera kupanikizika, kuwongolera kutentha, komanso njira zotetezera chitetezo. Kapangidwe ndi kupanga zida izi ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna ukadaulo wapamwamba.

Mtengo wa 5.2

• Kuchotsa mpweya mumlengalenga : Ndalama zoyambira zogulira zida zochotsera mpweya mumlengalenga ndi zochepa. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito yake yochotsa mpweya mumlengalenga komanso nthawi yayitali yochotsera mpweya mumlengalenga, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide zitha kukhala zokwera kwambiri pakapita nthawi.

• Kuchotsa Mphamvu Yokakamiza : Ndalama zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zochotsera mphamvu yokakamiza zimakhala zokwera kwambiri chifukwa cha ma autoclave okwera mtengo omwe sakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yokakamiza komanso njira zovuta zowongolera. Koma poganizira momwe zimathandizira kwambiri kuchotsa mphamvu yokakamiza komanso nthawi yochepa yochotsera mphamvu yokakamiza, ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito pankhani ya mphamvu yopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma zitha kukhala zopikisana kwambiri pakukonza miyala yayikulu komanso yosagwira ntchito.

6. Kusintha kwa chilengedwe

6.1 Zotsalira za Cyanide

• Kuchotsa poizoni mumlengalenga : Monga tanenera kale, kuchotsa poizoni mumlengalenga kungafunike kuchuluka kwa cyanide, zomwe zingayambitse zotsalira zambiri za cyanide m'mafupa. Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri, ndipo chithandizo chosayenera cha cyanide - chokhala ndi mafupa m'mafupa chingayambitse chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu.

• Kutulutsa mpweya woipa : Ngati cyanide ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, kutulutsa mpweya woipawo kumapanga zotsalira zochepa za cyanide m'mafupa a matope. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha chilengedwe chokhudzana ndi kuipitsa kwa cyanide pamlingo winawake.

6.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ndi Kutulutsa

• Kutulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga : Ngakhale kuti imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa potenthetsera, kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kuti ikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino za kutulutsa mpweya kungagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi kuti isunthe komanso kuti mpweya ulowe. Ponena za mpweya woipa, ngati njira yotulutsira mpweya siiyendetsedwa bwino, ingayambitse kutulutsa mpweya woipa womwe umapangidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika.

• Kutulutsa Mphamvu : Kutulutsa mphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwambiri kumafuna mphamvu zambiri kuti ziwotchedwe ndikusunga mphamvu. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwake bwino kumatanthauza kuti pakupanga golide wofanana, mphamvu yonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa unit iliyonse ya golide ikhoza kufanana kapena kutsika kuposa momwe imatulutsira mphamvu mumlengalenga poganizira mphamvu yayikulu yopangira. Ponena za kutulutsa mpweya, ngati mphamvu yotulutsa mpweya yatsekedwa bwino, kutulutsa mpweya woipa kumatha kulamulidwa bwino.

7. Kutsiliza

Mwachidule, onse mumlengalenga ndi kuthamanga leaching mu golide mine cyanidation ndondomeko ali ndi makhalidwe awo. Atmospheric leaching ndi yoyenera kwa ores osavuta agolide omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa pazida poyambira, koma ali ndi malire pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a ores ovuta. Pressure leaching, m'malo mwake, ikuwonetsa zabwino zambiri pothana ndi miyala ya golide wosakanizidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri, kutsika kwa cyanide, komanso kuchepa kwa chilengedwe potengera zotsalira za cyanide. Komabe, pamafunika zida zotsika mtengo komanso ntchito zovuta komanso kukonza. Posankha njira yoyendetsera migodi, mabizinesi amigodi amayenera kuganizira mozama zinthu monga zida za ore, kukula kwake, bajeti yoyika ndalama, komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe kuti apange chisankho choyenera kwambiri.