Kusiyana Pakati pa Sodium Ferrocyanide ndi Sodium Cyanide

Mu gawo la chemistry, Sodium Ferrocyanide ndi Sodium Cyanide ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe, ngakhale zimagawana zinthu zina, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira, kaya pazantchito zamafakitale, kafukufuku wasayansi, kapena malingaliro achitetezo.

Mapangidwe a Chemical ndi Ma formula

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Sodium ferrocyanide ili ndi chilinganizo cha mankhwala Na₄Fe(CN)₆. Lili ndi atomu yachitsulo yapakati (Fe) yolumikizidwa ndi ma ligand asanu ndi limodzi a cyanide (CN), ndi ma ion anayi a sodium (Na⁺) amayang'anira kuchuluka koyipa kwa anion yovuta [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻. Mu mawonekedwe ake a hydrated, nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati Na₄Fe(CN)₆·10H₂O. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kumapereka sodium ferrocyanide yapadera yamankhwala komanso thupi.

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe a NaCN, ndi njira yosavuta ya ayoni. Amakhala ndi sodium ion (Na⁺) ndi ion cyanide (CN⁻). The cyanide ion ndi mtundu womwe umagwira ntchito kwambiri, womwe umathandizira kwambiri pagululi, makamaka kawopsedwe ake.

Zida zakuthupi

Maonekedwe

Sodium ferrocyanide imawoneka ngati zolimba za crystalline zachikasu. Mtundu wachikasu ndi khalidwe la anion ferrocyanide. Motsutsana, sodium cyanide amawoneka ngati zolimba zoyera za crystalline, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati ma granules kapena ufa.

Kutupa

Sodium ferrocyanide imasungunuka m'madzi, koma osasungunuka mu mowa. Akasungunuka m'madzi, amasiyanitsidwa kukhala ma ions ake, kuphatikizapo zovuta [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ anion. Komano, sodium cyanide, imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi komanso imasungunuka muzitsulo zina za polar monga ethanol. Imalekanitsidwa mosavuta m'madzi kuti itulutse ayoni a sodium ndi ayoni a cyanide, omwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuyambiranso kwake komanso kawopsedwe.

Kusungunuka ndi Kuwira

Sodium ferrocyanide ilibe malo osungunuka odziwika bwino mwachikhalidwe. Ikatenthedwa, imataya madzi m'thupi. Mwachitsanzo, imayamba kutaya mamolekyu amadzi pafupifupi 50 ° C, ndipo pa 81.5 ° C, imakhala yopanda madzi. Kutentha kwina mpaka 435 ° C kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwake. Sodium cyanide imakhala ndi malo osungunuka a 564 ° C ndi kuwira kwa 1469 ° C. Malo osungunuka kwambiri ndi otenthawa ndi chifukwa cha zomangira zolimba za ayoni mu pawiri.

Chemical Reactivity

Reactivity ndi Acids

Sodium ferrocyanide imakhala yokhazikika pamaso pa ma asidi osungunuka, osatenthetsa. Komabe, ikakhala ndi asidi wothira, wowira, imatha kuwola kupanga mpweya waulere wa hydrogen cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo a asidi amphamvu, zotsatirazi zitha kuchitika: Na₄Fe(CN)₆ + 6H₂SO₄ (concentrated, boiling) → 6HCN + 2FeSO₄ + 3Na₂SO₄ + 6H₂O. Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi ma acid. Ngakhale ma asidi ofooka amatha kuchitapo kanthu kuti apange mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi wakupha kwambiri. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi: NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑. Izi mkulu reactivity ndi zidulo amapanga Sodium cyanide chinthu choopsa kwambiri pamaso pa zinthu acidic.

Zochita za Oxidation ndi Kuchepetsa

Sodium ferrocyanide imatha kukhala ndi okosijeni pamikhalidwe ina. Pamaso pa ma oxidizing amphamvu, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala chitsulo (III) ma complexes monga ferricyanide. Mwachitsanzo, kuchitapo kanthu ndi okosijeni yoyenera kumatha kusintha [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ kukhala [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻. Sodium cyanide imathanso kutenga nawo mbali pazochita zamakutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pamaso pa okosijeni ndi zinthu zina zothandizira, zimatha kukhala ndi okosijeni kuzinthu zopanda poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, pamaso pa hydrogen peroxide, zomwe zingachitike zingakhale: NaCN + H₂O₂ → NaCNO + H₂O (pamene hydrogen peroxide ili ndi zochepa). Kuchita kwina kowonjezera kwa hydrogen peroxide kumatha kusintha sodium cyanate (NaCNO) kukhala sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) ndi ammonia (NH₃).

Mapangidwe Ovuta

Sodium ferrocyanide palokha ndizovuta kwambiri. Itha kuchitanso ndi ma ion zitsulo zina kupanga ma coordination complexes atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, pochita ndi mchere wa iron(III), umapanga pigment yakuya - yabuluu yotchedwa Prussian blue, yokhala ndi mankhwala a Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃. Sodium cyanide imathanso kupanga ma complexes okhala ndi ayoni osiyanasiyana achitsulo. Pochotsa golide ndi siliva, mwachitsanzo, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Golide (Au) amachita ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa okosijeni kupanga ion yovuta [Au(CN)₂]⁻: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH.

Toxicity

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Ngakhale ali ndi cyanide ligands, sodium ferrocyanide ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono. Bungwe la World Health Organization ndi Food and Agriculture Organization atsimikiza kuti kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa sodium ferrocyanide ndi 0 - 0.025 mg / kg ya kulemera kwa thupi. Chifukwa chake kawopsedwe kakang'ono ndikuti ma cyanide ligands mu sodium ferrocyanide amamangidwa mwamphamvu ku atomu yachitsulo yapakati mu anion yovuta. M'malo abwinobwino, satulutsa ma cyanide ions aulere, omwe ndi mitundu yapoizoni kwambiri. Komabe, pamaso pa asidi amphamvu kapena pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, imatha kuwola kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi wakupha kwambiri.

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika. Ndiwowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama. Mukalowetsedwa, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kulowetsedwa pakhungu, sodium cyanide imatha kutulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN⁻) m'thupi. Ma cyanide ions awa amatha kumangirira ku maatomu achitsulo mu cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kupuma kwa ma cell. Kumanga kumeneku kumalepheretsa ntchito ya enzyme, kulepheretsa maselo kuti asagwiritse ntchito mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell asphyxiation. Ngakhale pang'ono, monga 0.1 - 0.3 magalamu, akhoza kupha anthu.

Mapulogalamu

Sodium Ferrocyanide

• Food Makampani: M'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo United States ndi European Union, sodium ferrocyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati anti-caking agent mumchere wamchere. Zimathandiza kuti mchere ukhale wopanda madzi - umayenda poletsa mapangidwe a clumps. Kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa sodium ferrocyanide mu mchere kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dera koma kumayendetsedwa mosamalitsa kuonetsetsa chitetezo.

• Mapulogalamu a Industrial: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati stabilizer kwa zokutira pa ndodo kuwotcherera. M'makampani a petroleum, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ma mercaptans, omwe ndi sulfure - omwe ali ndi mankhwala omwe angayambitse fungo losasangalatsa komanso zovuta za dzimbiri.

• Chemical Synthesis: Sodium ferrocyanide angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu poyambira mu synthesis ena zovuta mankhwala ndi inki, monga Prussian blue.

Sodium Cyanide

• Makampani Amigodi: Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa golide ndi siliva. Mu njira ya cyanidation, miyala ya golidi ndi siliva imathandizidwa ndi yankho la sodium cyanide. Golide ndi siliva amasungunuka mu njira ya cyanide ngati zitsulo - ma cyanide complexes, omwe amatha kupatulidwa ndikukonzedwanso kuti apeze zitsulo zoyera.

• Chemical Synthesis: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoyambira pakuphatikiza mitundu yambiri yamagulu achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa gulu la cyanide (-CN) mu mamolekyu achilengedwe, omwe amatha kusinthidwa kukhala magulu ena ogwira ntchito monga ma carboxylic acid, amines, kapena aldehydes kudzera muzochita zotsatila.

• Pachikuz: Mu njira za electroplating, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira. Zimathandizira kuwongolera kuyika kwa ayoni zitsulo pagawo lapansi, kuwonetsetsa kuti plating yosalala ndi yofanana. Komabe, chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake, njira zina zopangira electroplating za non-cyanide zikuchulukirachulukira.

Chitetezo ndi Kusamalira

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Pogwira sodium ferrocyanide, njira zokhazikika za labotale kapena chitetezo cha mafakitale ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera, monga magolovesi ndi magalasi odzitetezera. Ngakhale ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono m'mikhalidwe yabwinobwino, iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma kutali ndi zidulo ndi magwero a kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuteteza kupangidwa kwa mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide. Ngati wakhudzidwa mwangozi pakhungu kapena m'maso, malo okhudzidwawo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi, ndipo ayenera kufunidwa chithandizo chamankhwala ngati mkwiyo ukupitirira.

Sodium Cyanide

Kusamalira sodium cyanide kumafuna njira zotetezera. Imaikidwa ngati chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kasungidwe kake, kayendetsedwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kamakhala kolamulidwa mwamphamvu. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zovala zapadera zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza zida zodzitetezera zokha, masuti osamva mankhwala, ndi magolovesi. Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo otetezeka, olowera mpweya wabwino kutali ndi zidulo, oxidizing agents, ndi magwero a kutentha. Pakatayika kapena kutulutsidwa, kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu kwa malo ndikofunikira, ndipo magulu oyankha mwadzidzidzi ayenera kuyitanidwa. Njira zapadera, monga kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide kuti achepetse sodium cyanide pakatayika, ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chokumana ndi mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide.

Pomaliza, sodium ferrocyanide ndi sodium cyanide, ngakhale onse ali ndi cyanide - zigawo zogwirizana, ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, thupi ndi mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe, ntchito, ndi zofunikira zachitetezo. Kumvetsetsa koyenera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ndikofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.