Momwe Kafufuzidwe Pakalipano Ndi Zoyembekeza za Ma Rare Earth Mineral Processing Reagents

Ma Rare Earth Mineral Processing Reagents: Otolera, Otsitsimula, Frothers & Leaching Agents kuti Apezeke Bwino komanso Osatha.

Ma Rare Earth Elements (REEs) ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamagetsi mpaka pankhondo. Amadziwika kuti ndi mchere wofunikira ndi mayiko monga China, United States, Japan, ndi Australia. Komabe, mchere wapadziko lapansi wosowa uli wochuluka m’mitundumitundu koma wocheperako ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umagwirizana kwambiri ndi mchere wofananawo wa gangue. Kupindula kwawo kumadalira kwambiri kupita patsogolo kwa mineral processing reagents.

Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupindula bwino ndi zinthu zachilendo padziko lapansi. Ikufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zikuchitika panopa pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha flotation reagents kwa miyala ya mineral-based rare earth ores, kuphatikiza otolera, depressants, zoyambitsa, ndi abale, pamodzi ndi njira zawo zoyandama. The Chemical Beneficiation reagents for ion-type Rare Earth Ores, kuphatikiza leaching agents ndi othandizila mpweya, amakambidwanso, kuphimba momwe kafukufuku wawo alili komanso njira zolerera. Komanso, mkhalidwe wamakono wa kuyandama kwapadziko kosowa osonkhanitsa amawunikidwa, ndi njira zofufuzira zamtsogolo za Rare Earth mineral processing ma reagents amawunikidwa. Ndemanga iyi ikufuna kupereka zofotokozera zamakampani ndi akatswiri omwe akuchita nawo ntchito zapamchenga zachilendo komanso chitukuko cha reagent.

0 Introduction

Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka (REEs) zimaphatikizapo scandium, yttrium, ndi ma lanthanides onse 15, okhala ndi maelementi 17. Zinthuzi zimawonetsa zinthu zingapo zapadera komanso zamankhwala, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunika kwambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana ankhondo ndi asitikali, kuphatikiza azachipatala, mphamvu, ndi chitetezo. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mavitamini a mafakitale," "zozizwitsa," "mahomoni aulimi," ndi "zitsulo zankhondo," zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi mchere wofunika kwambiri ndi mayiko monga United States, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, ndi European Union. Malinga ndi United States Geological Survey (USGS), pofika 2022, nkhokwe zapadziko lonse lapansi za rare earth oxide (REO) zili pafupifupi matani 120 miliyoni, makamaka ku China (36.7%), Vietnam (18.3%), Brazil (17.5%), Russia (17.5%), India (5.8%), ndi Australia (3.3%).

Migodi ikuluikulu yosowa padziko lonse lapansi ikuphatikizapo ma depositi a Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, ndi Ganzhou ku China, mgodi wa Mountain Pass ku US, migodi ya Araxa ndi Minasu ku Brazil, migodi ya Strange Lake ku Canada, Mount Weld deposit ku Australia, ndi deposit ya Zandkopsdrift ku South Africa. Kuphatikiza apo, zigawo zakumwera kwa China, kuphatikiza Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, ndi Yunnan, ndi kwawo kwa malo opitilira 170 apamwamba kwambiri a ion-adsorption rare earth, omwe ndi gwero lalikulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lapakatikati ndi lolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Mitundu yoposa 250 ya mchere wapadziko lapansi wosowa wadziwika, ndi bastnäsite ((Ce, La)(CO3)F), monazite ((Ce, La) PO4), xenotime (YPO4), yttrialite (Y2FeBe(SiO4)2O2), ndi fergusonite (YNbO4) yowerengera kuchuluka kwa mineral ores 95%. Komabe, orewa nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi quartz, fluorite, barite, feldspar, calcite, ndi mchere wina wa silicate gangue, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ores otsika kwambiri azikhala ovuta kupatukana. Chifukwa chake, kupindula kwa miyala yapadziko lapansi yosowa nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuphatikizika kwa kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka, kulekanitsa maginito, ndi kuyandama kuti mukweze miyala yamtengo wapatali kuti ikhale yosungunuka m'mafakitale. Pankhani ya ion-adsorption ores ore earth, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka zimakokedwa ngati ma ion pamalo amchere kapena mkati mwa kristalo, zomwe zimafunikira kukonzedwa kwamankhwala kuti atulutse ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi.

Kaya mukuchita ndi mineral-based kapena ion-type rare earth ores, kugwiritsa ntchito ma beneficiation reagents ndikofunikira pakuzindikira kuchuluka kwazinthu, kuchira kosowa kwa dziko lapansi mitengo, kupanga bwino, ndalama, ndi chilengedwe.

Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri za kupindula kwa zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi, ndikupereka chithunzithunzi chatsatanetsatane cha mitundu, njira, ndi momwe kafukufuku wafukufuku wa ma reagents oyandama (osonkhanitsa, ma frothers, owongolera) a mineral-based ores asocial ores, komanso ma reagents othandizira mankhwala (leaching agents, precipitating agents) amtundu wa ion-ores ores earth ores. Imaperekanso mayendedwe amtsogolo pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ma reagents osowa mchere padziko lapansi, ndicholinga chopereka chidziwitso kwa makampani ndi ofufuza omwe akuchita zolekanitsa zapadziko lapansi kapena chitukuko cha mafakitale.

1 Zosonkhanitsa Zosawerengeka za Earth Flotation

Osonkhanitsa amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuyandama kosowa kwa nthaka posintha hydrophobicity ya mchere womwe umafuna, kuwapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kumamatira ku thovu ndikuwongolera momwe amayandama. Malingana ndi magulu ogwira ntchito, osonkhanitsa osowa dziko lapansi amatha kugawidwa mu hydroxamic acids, fatty acids, phosphonic acids, ndi ma reagents ena.1.1 Hydroxamic Acid Collectors

Zosonkhanitsa za Hydroxamic acid, zomwe zidapangidwa mu 1980s, ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyandama kwapadziko lapansi. Ma hydroxamic acid, omwe amadziwikanso kuti oximes, amapezeka m'mitundu iwiri ya isomeric: oxime (keto structure) ndi hydroxamic acid (enol structure), pomwe oxime imakhala yayikulu. Ma isomers onsewa amasiyanitsidwa kuti apange ma anion ofanana pakuyandama.

Zosonkhanitsa zambiri za hydroxamic acid zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyandama kosowa padziko lapansi ndi monga C7-C9 alkyl hydroxamic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), cycloaxalkyl beroxamic acid, hydrozylomic acid (OMHA), ndi zinthu zina zosinthidwa kapena zosakanikirana za hydroxamic acid, monga H316 (a H205 yosinthidwa), P8 (makamaka hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), LF8# (98% hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), ndi osonkhanitsa 103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). Ngakhale ma hydroxamic acids amawonetsa kusankhika kwabwino kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri amafuna kutenthetsa panthawi yoyandama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtengo wokwera wamagetsi, ndipo kaphatikizidwe kake kamakhalanso kokwera mtengo.

1.2 Zotolera za Mafuta a Acid

Zotolera zamafuta acid zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyandama kosowa padziko lapansi kuyambira m'ma 1950s pomwe oleic acid idagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku Mountain Pass ku United States. Ku China, kafukufuku wokhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito oleic acid ndi sopo wa parafini wopangidwa ndi okosijeni pakuyandama kosowa padziko lapansi adayamba m'ma 1960.

Mafuta osonkhanitsa mafuta amachokera ku masamba achilengedwe kapena mafuta a nyama, omwe amapangidwa ndi osakaniza a C10-C20 odzaza ndi unsaturated carboxylic acid kapena mchere. Ma reagents wamba amaphatikizapo oleic acid, sodium oleate, mafuta amtali, sopo wa parafini wothira oxidized, mafuta a zipatso a Bacchus, phthalates, naphthenic acid, ndi oxidized petroleum derivatives. Komabe, osonkhanitsa mafuta acids ali ndi kusankha kochepa kwa mchere wosowa padziko lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri amafuna kuwonjezeredwa kwa depressants ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kuti akwaniritse kulekana koyenera.

Kuyandama kwa minerals osowa padziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta acid kumakhulupirira kuti kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe, kutsatsa kwamankhwala, ndi machitidwe amadzi am'mwamba.

1.3 Zotolera za Phosphonic Acid

Phosphonic acid (—P = O) ndi phosphonate (—O—P = O) osonkhanitsa amaonetsa kuyandama kolimba kwa mchere wazitsulo poyerekeza ndi otolera hydroxamic ndi mafuta acid. Komabe, osonkhanitsa phosphonic acid nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusankha kochepa.

Pakali pano otolera a phosphonic acid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osowa padziko lapansi akuyandama akuphatikizapo styrene phosphonic acid, p-toluene phosphonic acid, benzyl phosphonic acid, α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, ndi malonda monga P538 ndi Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Osonkhanitsa Ena

Kupatula ma hydroxamic acid, mafuta acids, ndi phosphonic acid, osonkhanitsa mabuku osiyanasiyana akufufuzidwa kuti apititse patsogolo kuyendetsa bwino kwa nthaka komanso kusankha bwino. Zina mwa izi ndi sulfonates, thio-phosphates, ndi mchere wa quaternary ammonium.

• Sulfonates: Ma sulfonates akuti akuwonetsa kusankha bwino komanso kugwira ntchito bwino pakuyandama, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mu rare earth mineral flotation kudakali koyambirira.

• Thio-phosphates: Otolerawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu sulfide mineral flotation, koma kafukufuku wokhudza momwe angagwiritsire ntchito pakuyandama kosowa kwa nthaka akupitilira.

• Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Mankhwalawa adafufuzidwa kuti amatha kuyandama mchere wopanda sulfide, ndipo kupambana kwina kwanenedwa pakuyandama kosowa kwa nthaka. Amagwira ntchito kudzera mu kukopa kwa ma electrostatic okhala ndi ma mineral osakhala bwino.

Ofufuza nthawi zonse amayesa ma reagents atsopano kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu ya mineral flotation, kuyang'ana pa kuwongolera kuchira komanso kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe kwa mankhwalawa.

2 Ma Depressants for Rare Earth Flotation

Ma depressants ndi ofunikira pakuyandama kwa minerals osowa padziko lapansi poletsa mwadala mchere wa gangue, potero amawongolera kusankhidwa ndi zokolola za mchere wosowa padziko lapansi. Maminolo oyambira a gangue omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ores osowa padziko lapansi, monga quartz, calcite, ndi barite, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa machitidwe oyandama ofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusankha kwawo kukhala kofunikira.

Zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri pakuyandama kosowa padziko lapansi zimaphatikizapo galasi lamadzi (sodium silicate), sodium fluoride, tannins, ndi wowuma.

2.1 Sodium silicate (Galasi lamadzi)

Sodium silicate, yomwe imadziwika kuti galasi lamadzi, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofooketsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyandama kwapadziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa mchere wa silicate monga quartz ndi feldspar. Makina a sodium silicate's depressive action nthawi zambiri amachokera ku mapangidwe a silica wosanjikiza pamwamba pa mchere wa gangue, womwe umalepheretsa kukopa osonkhanitsa.

Magalasi amadzi ndi othandiza, otsika mtengo, koma machitidwe ake amatha kutengera zinthu monga pH, ndende ya ion, ndi mlingo wa reagent. Ofufuza akufufuza ma silicates osinthidwa ndi zina zowonjezera mankhwala kuti azitha kusankha bwino magalasi amadzi.

2.2 Sodium Fluoride

Sodium fluoride imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufooketsa calcite mumayendedwe osowa padziko lapansi. Zotsatira zake zachisoni zimachokera ku zomwe zimachitika pakati pa ayoni a fluoride ndi ayoni a calcium, kupanga filimu yosasunthika ya calcium fluoride pa mchere, zomwe zimalepheretsa kutsatsa kwa osonkhanitsa.

Komabe, sodium fluoride ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Zotsatira zake, ochita kafukufuku akufunafuna mwachangu njira zina zotetezeka.

2.3 Tannins ndi Wowuma

Ma tannins ndi wowuma ndi zitsanzo za organic depressants zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyandama padziko lapansi. Ma tannins, opangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zakumera, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsitsa mchere wa gangue monga barite ndi fluorite. Njira yawo imaphatikizapo kusakanikirana ndi ayoni zitsulo pamtunda wa mchere, kuchepetsa kugwirizanitsa kwa osonkhanitsa.

Wowuma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhumudwitsa kwa hematite ndi mchere wina wokhala ndi chitsulo pakuyandama kwa mchere wosowa padziko lapansi. Kuyanjana pakati pa wowuma ndi mchere nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakuthupi, ndi mamolekyu owuma omwe amalowa pamwamba pa mchere, zomwe zimalepheretsa osonkhanitsa.

2.4 Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Atsopano

Kupanga zida zatsopano zodetsa nkhawa ndi gawo lomwe likupitilira kafukufuku wosowa padziko lapansi. Ma reagents atsopanowa akufuna kupititsa patsogolo kusankha ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe cha njira yoyandama. Zitsanzo za zomwe zachitika posachedwa ndi monga masitachi osinthidwa, ma polima opangira, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a biodegradable.

3 Frothers for Rare Earth Flotation

Frothers amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga chisanu chokhazikika m'maselo oyandama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma minerals osowa padziko lapansi asiyanitsidwe ndi ma gangue. Frothers amakhudza kukula kwa kuwira, kukhazikika kwa froth, ndi flotation kinetics. Ma frother omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamayendedwe osowa padziko lapansi ndi mowa komanso ma reagents a ether.

3.1 Achibale Omwe Amakhala ndi Mowa

Ma frother opangidwa ndi mowa, monga methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) ndi mafuta a paini, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyandama kwa mchere, kuphatikiza kuyandama kosowa padziko lapansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatulutsa tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timadzi tambiri tomwe timati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda bwino.

Ma frother opangidwa ndi mowa ndi otsika mtengo komanso othandiza, koma machitidwe awo amatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu monga pH, kapangidwe ka mchere, ndi kuyanjana kwa reagent.

3.2 Ma Frothers Otengera Ether

Ma frother opangidwa ndi etha, monga ma polypropylene glycol ethers (mwachitsanzo, DF-250), amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pakuyandama kwapadziko lapansi. Frothers izi zimakonda kutulutsa thovu labwino kwambiri komanso ma froth okhazikika poyerekeza ndi ma frothers okhala ndi mowa. Komabe, ma ether-based frothers amatha kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo angafunike kuwongolera moyenera mlingo.

3.3 Novel Frothers

Kafukufuku wokhudza ma frother atsopano osowa nthaka akuyandama amayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwachangu komanso kukhazikika kwa froth ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo ma frothers ndi ma frothers omwe amatha kupirira bwino kukhalapo kwa mafuta ndi zonyansa zina mu flotation slurry.

4 Ma Leaching Reagents a Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Ion-adsorption rare earth ores ndi yapadera chifukwa zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi zimakokedwa pamwamba pa mchere wadongo m'malo motsekeredwa m'ma mineral. Ma orewa nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito leaching osati kuyandama. Ma leaching agents amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochotsa ma ion a nthaka osowa kuchokera ku dongo.

4.1 Ammonium Sulfate Leaching

Ammonium sulphate ndiye njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa miyala ya ion-adsorption. Ma ion ammonium posinthana ndi ma ayoni osowa padziko lapansi pamwamba pa mchere wadongo, kuwamasula kukhala yankho. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta.

Komabe, kukhetsa kwa ammonium sulphate kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe, makamaka pakuwonongeka kwa ammonium ion. Kuyesayesa kukuchitika kuti apeze njira zina zowononga chilengedwe.

4.2 Sodium Chloride ndi Magnesium Sulfate Leaching

Sodium chloride ndi magnesium sulphate adafufuzidwa ngati njira zina m'malo mwa ammonium sulfate. Ma reagents awa amagwira ntchito kudzera munjira zofananira zosinthana ndi ion koma amakhala ndi mwayi wosakhala wovulaza chilengedwe. Komabe, iwo amakonda kukhala osagwira ntchito molingana ndi mitengo yochira, ndipo kufufuza kwina kumafunika kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino.

4.3 Othandizira Othandizira Okhazikika

Ma organic leaching agents, monga citric acid ndi EDTA, akuwunikidwa ngati njira zina zokondera zachilengedwe m'malo mwa ma reagents wamba a inorganic leaching. Ma organic compoundswa amatha kupanga ma ions osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kutulutsa mu ore. Komabe, mtengo wa ma reagents awa ndizomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwawo.

5 Ma Agent Othandizira a Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Ma ions osowa padziko lapansi akalowetsedwa mu njira yothetsera vutoli, amafunika kutenthedwa ndi kubwezeretsedwanso. Zopangira mpweya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimatha kupatulidwa ndi njira ya leach.

5.1 Ammonium Bicarbonate

Ammonium bicarbonate nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa ma ion padziko lapansi osowa kuchokera ku njira za leach monga ma carbonates osowa padziko lapansi. Reagent iyi ndi yothandiza komanso yotsika mtengo, koma imatha kutulutsa madzi ambiri otayira okhala ndi ammonium, omwe amabweretsa zovuta zachilengedwe.

5.2 Oxalic Acid

Oxalic acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutulutsa zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi ngati ma oxalates osowa padziko lapansi, omwe amatha kupangidwanso kuti apange ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi. Oxalic acid ndi othandiza kwambiri koma amatha kukhala okwera mtengo kuposa ammonium bicarbonate. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito oxalic acid kumafuna njira zodzitetezera mosamala chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake.

5.3 Ma Agent Atsopano Otulutsa Mvula

Kafukufuku akupitilira kuti apange zida zosankha komanso zowononga zachilengedwe kuti zithandizire kuchira kwapadziko lapansi. Izi zikuphatikizapo organic acid, biodegradable reagents, ndi ion-exchange resins.

6 Malangizo ndi Zoyembekeza Zamtsogolo

Tsogolo la ma reagents osowa mchere padziko lapansi lagona pakupanga zida zosankhidwa bwino, zogwira mtima komanso zosamalira zachilengedwe. Mbali zazikulu za kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndi monga:

• Kukula kwa zobiriwira reagents: Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwa ma flotation ndi ma leaching reagents ndizovuta kwambiri, makamaka pankhani ya kukonza kwapadziko lapansi kosowa. Pali kufunikira kokulirapo kwa zopangira zowonongeka, zopanda poizoni zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa mankhwala azikhalidwe monga ammonium sulfate ndi oxalic acid.

• Kusintha kwa kusankha: Osonkhanitsa atsopano, odetsa nkhawa, ndi ma frothers amafunikira kuti azitha kusankha bwino kuyandama kwapadziko lapansi, makamaka kwa ores otsika komanso ovuta. Izi zikuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa maselo atsopano a maselo ndi kusinthidwa kwa ma reagents omwe alipo.

• Kuchepetsa mtengo: Kukwera mtengo kwazinthu zina zosowa zopangira zinthu zapadziko lapansi, makamaka ma hydroxamic acid ndi phosphonic acid, ndizomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kofala. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo akuyenera kuyang'ana pa kaphatikizidwe ka njira zina zotsika mtengo kwambiri kapena kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a ma reagents omwe alipo kuti achepetse zofunikira za mlingo.

• Kusamalira zachilengedwe: Ndi malamulo akuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito za migodi, kutukuka kwa matekinoloje osamalira zachilengedwe akufunika kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owopsa komanso kuchepetsa kutulutsa zinyalala ndi kuipitsa.

Pomaliza, kukonza mchere wosowa padziko lapansi kumadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents amankhwala, ndipo kufufuza kosalekeza ndikofunikira kuti pakhale magwiridwe antchito, kusankha, komanso kukhazikika kwa ma reagents awa. Kupanga ma reagents atsopano, obiriwira kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri tsogolo la phindu losowa padziko lapansi, popeza kufunikira kwapadziko lonse kwa mchere wofunikira uku kukukulirakulira.