Ma reagents Oletsa Kutuluka kwa Copper mu Copper-Bearing Gold Ore Cyanidation

Introduction

Cyanidation ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yothandiza pochotsa golide kuchokera ku golide - ores okhala ndi miyala, makamaka pankhani ya mkuwa - wokhala ndi golide. Zimatengera luso la cyanide ions kupanga zinthu zokhazikika ndi golide, zomwe zimalola kusungunuka kwa golide kuchokera ku matrix ore. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga cyanidation golide ndi 4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O=4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH. Njira imeneyi yakhala mwala wapangodya wa migodi ya golidi kwa zaka zopitirira zana chifukwa cha luso lake lapamwamba komanso luso lodziwika bwino.

Komabe, pochita ndi mkuwa - kukhala ndi miyala ya golide, kukhalapo kwa mchere wamkuwas imabweretsa zovuta zazikulu. Mchere wamkuwa wamba wokhudzana ndi golidi, monga chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2), chalcocite (Cu_2S), malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3), ndi azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2), amagwira ntchito mu cyanide solutions. Mwachitsanzo, mu cyanide - wokhala ndi sing'anga, chalcocite imatha kuchita motere: Cu_2S + 4NaCN=2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2S. Zochita izi zimabweretsa kumwa kwa cyanide wambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri cyanide sikumangowonjezera mtengo wopangira komanso kumakhudzanso chilengedwe chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ka cyanide.

Komanso, kuvunda kwa mkuwa kungasokoneze njira zotsatila za golide kuchira. Kuchuluka kwa mkuwa mu yankho la cyanide kumatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya golidi - mapangidwe ovuta a cyanide, motero amachepetsa golide. leaching rate. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mkuwa umapikisana ndi golide popanga ayoni wa cyanide ndi mpweya wa okosijeni mumsanganizo, kusokoneza kufanana kwa mankhwala kumafunika kuti golide asungunuke bwino. Nthawi zina, kukhalapo kwa mkuwa kungayambitsenso zovuta m'machitidwe otsika monga zinki - simenti kapena kaboni - mu - zamkati (CIP) pobwezeretsa golide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa golide kutsika komanso kusachita bwino kwazinthu.

Chifukwa chake, kupeza ma reagents ogwira mtima oletsa kutuluka kwa mkuwa panthawi ya cyanidation yamkuwa - yokhala ndi miyala yagolide ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ma reagents oterowo angathandize kukhathamiritsa njira ya cyanidation, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, ndi kukonza bwino ntchito yonse yofukula golide, kupangitsa kuti migodi igwire bwino ntchito pazachuma komanso kuti isawononge chilengedwe. M'magawo otsatirawa, tiwona ma reagents osiyanasiyana omwe adaphunziridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi.

Makhalidwe a Leaching a Copper mu Cyanide Solutions

M'mayankho a cyanide, mchere wamkuwa womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi golide umasonyeza makhalidwe osiyana a leaching. Mchere wamkuwa wamba wamba monga chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2) ndi chalcocite (Cu_2S), pamodzi ndi malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3), azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2), bornite (Cu_5FeS_4), cuprite (Cu_2O), ndi mkuwa wachilengedwe.

Mchere wamkuwawu ukhoza kutayidwa kutentha (25 ^ {\ circ} C). Mlingo wa leaching wa mkuwa umasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 5 - 10% mpaka 90%. Mwachitsanzo, malachite ndi azurite, omwe ndi amkuwa - mchere wa carbonate, amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mayankho a cyanide. Chemical reaction of malachite with cyanide can be expression as Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3+4NaCN + H_2O = 2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2CO_3 + 2NaOH. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti pansi pa zochita za cyanide, mkuwa wa malachite ukhoza kusungunuka bwino.

Pochita ndi golide wamkuwa wokwera kwambiri, njira ya leaching pa cyanidation imakhala ndi zizindikiro "zachipatala". Kumwa kwa cyanide kumakhala kokwera kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, pama minerals osiyanasiyana amkuwa, kusungunuka kwa 1 gramu yamkuwa kumafuna kumwa 2.3 - 3.4 magalamu a Sodium cyanide. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusungunuka kwa mkuwa kumadyanso mpweya mu yankho. Mwachitsanzo, mu leaching process of chalcocite, reaction 2Cu_2S+8NaCN + O_2+2H_2O = 4Na[Cu(CN)_2]+2Na_2S + 4NaOH zimachitika, zomwe sizimangodya kuchuluka kwa cyanide komanso kuchuluka kwa oxygen.

Komanso, zotsatira za leaching zimakhala zochepa. Kuchuluka kwa mkuwa mu yankho la cyanide kumatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya golidi - mapangidwe ovuta a cyanide. Mkuwa umapikisana ndi golide wa ma cyanide ions ndi oxygen mu yankho. Zotsatira zake, kufanana kwa mankhwala komwe kumafunikira kuti golide asungunuke bwino kumasokonekera. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa golide komanso kungayambitsenso zovuta panjira zotsatsira golide - zobwezeretsa monga zinki - simenti kapena kaboni - mu - zamkati (CIP), zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa golide - kuchira komanso kutsika kwamtundu wazinthu.

Ma Reagents Omwe Amaletsa Kutuluka kwa Copper

Kutsogolera Salts

Mchere wotsogolera nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma reagents kuti alepheretse leaching yamkuwa mu cyanidation ya mkuwa wokhala ndi golide. Mchere womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi lead nitrate (Pb(NO_3)_2), lead acetate (C_4H_6O_4Pb\cdot3H_2O), ndi lead oxide (PbO).

Tengani acetate wotsogolera monga chitsanzo. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera lead acetate pamaso pa cyanide leaching kumatha kuletsa kutuluka kwa mkuwa, kumathandizira kutuluka kwa golidi ndi siliva, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide. Pazinthu zina zagolide zomwe zili ndi mkuwa wa 4.92%, pamene 150 g / t wa acetate wotsogolera amawonjezedwa mwachindunji asanatuluke, pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kupera -0.037 mm kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono towerengera 95%, leaching nthawi ya 48 h, sodium cyanide ndende ya 0.5%, ndende ya 12%, pH ya 40%, pH ya 1.20% ndi 97.55. zotsalira za leaching zimatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala 60.28 g / t, golide wotuluka amafika 14.37%, siliva kuchira ndi XNUMX%, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ndi XNUMX kg / t. Izi zikuwonetseratu zotsatira zabwino za acetate yotsogolera mu ndondomekoyi.

Njira yoletsa mchere wamchere ingakhale yokhudzana ndi mapangidwe a mankhwala osasungunuka. Mwachitsanzo, mtovu ukhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi sulfure - wokhala ndi zinthu zomwe zili mu ore kupanga sulfide wosasungunuka. Izi amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa sulfure - munali zinthu zimene angathe kuchita ndi mchere mkuwa, potero inhibiting Kusungunuka kwa mchere wamkuwa. Kuonjezera apo, mchere wamchere ukhoza kukhudzanso zomwe zili pamwamba pa mchere wamkuwa, kuchepetsa reactivity yawo mu cyanide solution.

Chelating Agents (mwachitsanzo, Citric Acid)

Chelating agents, monga citric acid, amathanso kuchitapo kanthu poletsa kutuluka kwa mkuwa panthawi ya cyanidation. Ma chelating - type leaching - othandizira ngati citric acid amagwira ntchito mwapadera. Citric acid ili ndi magulu a carboxyl ndi hydroxyl, omwe amatha kupanga ma ions owopsa monga Cu^{2 +}, Zn^{2+}, Fe^{2+}, ndi Fe^{3+} m'matumbo kuti apange chelates okhazikika.

Mwachitsanzo, gulu la carboxyl mu citric acid limatha kulumikizana ndi ayoni zitsulo kudzera pa ma elekitironi awiri a maatomu a okosijeni, kupanga mphete - ngati kapangidwe. Poyesa ma ion achitsulo awa, citric acid imatha kuthetsa zovuta zake panjira ya cyanidation leaching, monga kuchepetsa kumwa kwawo kwa oxygen mu yankho. Kuphatikiza apo, citric acid imatha kulepheretsa kusungunuka kwa mchere wa gangue monga calcium - ndi magnesium - wokhala ndi mchere. Ikhoza kuyanjana ndi pamwamba pa mchere wa gangue, kusintha mawonekedwe awo apamwamba ndi hydrophilic - hydrophobic katundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuti zisungunuke mu njira ya cyanide. Kulepheretsa kwa mchere wa gangue kungathenso kusintha "oxygen yogwira ntchito" mu zamkati. Pamene mchere wa gangue sungathe kusungunuka, umagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa, ndipo mpweya wochuluka umakhalapo kuti golide asungunuke, zomwe zimathandiza kuti golide asungunuke. Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera kwa citric acid kungathandize kuti pakhale malo abwino kwambiri opangira ma cyanidation a golide, kuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa ayoni ena achitsulo ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a golide.

Zina (Mawu Achidule)

Kuphatikiza pa ma reagents omwe tatchulawa, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ayoni a cyanide kungakhalenso njira yabwino yofooketsa kusungunuka kwa mkuwa. Pamene kuchuluka kwa ayoni a cyanide kumayendetsedwa bwino mkati mwamitundu ina, kuchuluka kwa mchere wamkuwa wokhala ndi cyanide kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kwa miyala ina ya golide yokhala ndi mchere wosavuta - sungunuka wa mkuwa, posunga kuchuluka kwa CN ^ - ma ion pamlingo wochepa kwambiri (monga 0.05% - 0.10%), kusungunuka kwa mchere wamkuwa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, pomwe kusungunuka kwa mchere wa golide kumakhalabe kusungunuka kwa golide. mchere.

Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito ammonia - cyanide system. Mu ammonia - cyanide system, ammonia amatha kupanga ma complexes okhala ndi ayoni amkuwa, omwe amatha kuletsa kutulutsa kwa mkuwa pamlingo wina. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa ammonia, zimakhala zovuta kusunga ndondomeko yokhazikika pakupanga mafakitale, zomwe zimalepheretsa ntchito yake yaikulu ya mafakitale. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ili ndi ubwino wochepetsera kukhetsa kwa mkuwa, zovuta zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zotsika mtengo ziyenera kuthandizidwanso.

Zomwe Zimakhudza Mphamvu ya Ma Reagents

Kugwira ntchito kwa ma reagents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutuluka kwa mkuwa panthawi ya cyanidation ya miyala yamkuwa - yokhala ndi golide kumatengera zinthu zingapo, zomwe ndizofunikira kuzimvetsetsa pakukhathamiritsa kwa cyanidation.

Ore Properties

1. Mtundu wa Copper Minerals

1. Ma minerals osiyanasiyana amkuwa amakhala ndi ma reactivities osiyana mu cyanide solutions. Mwachitsanzo, mchere wa mkuwa - carbonate monga malachite (Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3) ndi azurite (Cu_3(OH)_2(CO_3)_2) ndi otakasika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mchere wina wa mkuwa wa sulfide monga chalcopyrite (CuFeS_2). Malachite imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi cyanide malinga ndi zomwe Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3+4NaCN + H_2O = 2Na[Cu(CN)_2]+Na_2CO_3 + 2NaOH. Kuchitanso kwina kwakukulu kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma reagents kuti mulepheretse kutuluka kwa mkuwa, mlingo wokulirapo ungafunike kwa ores okhala ndi mchere wamkuwa womwe umagwira ntchito.

2. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chalcopyrite ili ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri ndipo imafuna mphamvu zambiri komanso zochitika zenizeni kuti zisungunuke muzitsulo za cyanide. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe ina, imatha kuthandizira kwambiri kumwa cyanide. Kumvetsetsa mkuwa waukulu - mtundu wa mchere mu ore ndi sitepe yoyamba yodziwira reagent yoyenera ndi mlingo wake.

2. Zomwe zili mu Copper Minerals

1. Kuchuluka kwa mkuwa - mchere wopezeka mu miyalayi, kumapangitsa kuti mkuwa ukhale wochulukira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, mu golide - wokhala ndi miyala yamkuwa yokhala ndi 5% yamkuwa, kuchuluka kwa cyanide komwe kumadyedwa ndi mkuwa - kuyatsa kudzakhala kwakukulu kuposa miyala yokhala ndi mkuwa wokhala ndi 1%. Chifukwa chake, reagent yofunikira kuti muchepetse kutulutsa kwa mkuwa iyenera kusinthidwa molingana. Mwala wapamwamba kwambiri wa mkuwa ungafunike kuchuluka kwa mchere wa lead kapena ma chelating agents kuti athetse kusungunuka kwa mkuwa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pa 1% iliyonse kuwonjezeka mosavuta - sungunuka mkuwa zomwe zili mu ore, kumwa kwa lead - salt - based inhibitor kungafunike kuonjezedwa ndi 10 - 20 g / t kusunga mlingo womwewo wa mkuwa - leaching inhibitor.

Zochita za Ndondomeko

1. Kukhazikika kwa Cyanide

1. Kuphatikizika kwa cyanide mu yankho kumagwira ntchito ziwiri - mkuwa wa leaching komanso mphamvu ya zoletsa. Pamene ndende ya cyanide ndi yochepa, mlingo wa mkuwa - leaching reactions umachepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndende yaulere - cyanide (CN ^ -) imasungidwa pa 0.05% - 0.10%, kusungunuka kwa mchere wamkuwa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Komabe, ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide kuli kotsika kwambiri, kutsika kwa golide kungasokonezedwenso.

2. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma reagents ngati mchere wamchere, kuchuluka kwa cyanide pakuchita bwino kwawo kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina, kuchuluka pang'ono kwa cyanide (kuzungulira 0.15% - 0.20%) kungafunike kuonetsetsa kuti choletsa chamchere chikhoza kupanga mankhwala osasungunuka ndi sulfure - okhala ndi zinthu mu ore, zomwe zimalepheretsa leaching yamkuwa. Koma ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndikwambiri, kumatha kulimbikitsa kusungunuka kwa mchere wamkuwa ngakhale pali zoletsa.

2. PH Mtengo

1. PH ya yankho la cyanide ndi yofunika kwambiri pa leaching yamkuwa komanso zochita za inhibitors. Kawirikawiri, ndondomeko ya cyanidation imachitika mumchere wamchere, kawirikawiri ndi pH m'kati mwa 10 - 11. Pa pH iyi, kukhazikika kwa ion cyanide kumasungidwa, ndipo hydrolysis ya cyanide imachepetsedwa.

2. Kwa ma chelating agents monga citric acid, pH ya yankho imakhudza luso lawo la chelating. Citric acid ili ndi magulu a carboxyl ndi hydroxyl omwe amatsuka ndi ayoni achitsulo. Mu sing'anga yamchere, kupatukana kwa magulu ogwira ntchitowa kumalimbikitsidwa, kukulitsa luso lawo la chelating ndi ayoni amkuwa. Komabe, ngati pH ndiyokwera kwambiri (pamwamba pa 12), imatha kuyambitsa machitidwe omwe amachepetsa mphamvu ya chelating. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira ya alkaline kwambiri, zida zina zachitsulo - chelate zimatha kusweka, ndikutulutsa ayoni amkuwa a chelated kubwereranso mu yankho.

3. Leaching Time

1. Nthawi ya leaching imatha kukhudza kuchuluka kwa leaching yamkuwa komanso magwiridwe antchito a inhibitors. Pamene nthawi ya leaching ikuwonjezeka, mkuwa wochuluka ukhoza kusungunuka ngati sunaletsedwe bwino. Mwachitsanzo, pakapita nthawi yochepa (maola ochepera 12), kuchuluka kwa mkuwa komwe kumachokera kutha kukhala kochepa, ndipo choletsacho chimatha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mkuwa - leaching. Koma ngati nthawi ya leaching ikulitsidwa mpaka maola 48 kapena kupitilira apo, kuchulukitsitsa kwa copper - leaching reaction kumatha kukhala kofunikira.

2. Pankhani ya lead - salt inhibitors, nthawi yotalikirapo yotulutsa ingafunike kuchulukitsidwa koyambirira kwa inhibitor. Izi zili choncho chifukwa m'kupita kwa nthawi, lead - yomwe ili ndi mankhwala osasungunuka omwe amapangidwa amatha kudyedwa pang'onopang'ono kapena kugwira ntchito kwawo kumatha kuchepa chifukwa cha kupezeka kosalekeza kwa zinthu zotakataka mu cyanide solution. Chifukwa chake, nthawi ya leaching iyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala pozindikira kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa reagent yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa mkuwa - leaching inhibition.

Maphunziro a Nkhani ndi Magwiritsidwe Othandiza

Mlandu 1: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mchere Wotsogolera mu Mgodi wa Golide ku South Africa

Mgodi wina wa golidi ku South Africa unali kukonza miyala ya golide yokhala ndi mkuwa yokhala ndi mkuwa pafupifupi 3%. Musanagwiritse ntchito mchere wamchere ngati choletsa, njira ya cyanidation idakumana ndi zovuta zingapo. Kumwa kwa cyanide kunali kokwera kwambiri, kufika mpaka 15 kg / t ya ore, ndipo kutsika kwa golide kunali pafupifupi 80%. Kuchuluka kwa mkuwa mu miyalayi kunapangitsa kuti mkuwawo usungunuke kwambiri panthawi ya cyanidation, yomwe simangodya kuchuluka kwa cyanide komanso kusokoneza njira yotulutsa golide.

Pambuyo powonjezera lead nitrate (Pb(NO_3)_2) pa mlingo wa 200 g/t wa ore, kusintha kodabwitsa kunawonedwa. Kumwa kwa cyanide kunachepetsedwa mpaka 8 kg / t ya ore, kuchepa kwa pafupifupi 47%. Chiwopsezo cha golide chakwera mpaka 90%. Phindu lazachuma linali lalikulu. Poganizira za mtengo wa cyanide ndi mtengo wa golidi wowonjezereka wopezedwa, mgodiwo unapulumutsa pafupifupi $50 pa tani imodzi ya miyala yopangidwa. Malinga ndi chilengedwe, kuchepetsedwa kwa cyanide kumatanthauza kuchepa kwa chiwopsezo cha chilengedwe chokhudzana ndi kutayikira ndi kutaya kwa cyanide. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide - munali zinyalala kunachepetsedwanso, zomwe zinali zopindulitsa kwa chilengedwe chaderalo.

Mlandu 2: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chelating Agent (Citric Acid) mu Mgodi wa Golide ku Australia

Mumgodi wagolide waku Australia, miyalayi inali ndi mchere wambiri wamkuwa, makamaka chalcopyrite ndi mchere wina wamkuwa - carbonate. Njira yoyamba yopangira cyanidation popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chelating inali ndi 75% yotulutsa golide ndi 30%. Kuchuluka kwa mchere wamkuwa kunapangitsa kuti cyanide idye kwambiri, pafupifupi 12 kg / t ya ore.

Citric acid itawonjezeredwa ku njira ya cyanidation pa mlingo wa 1 kg / t wa ore, zinthu zinayenda bwino. Kutulutsa kwa mkuwa kudatsitsidwa mpaka 10%, ndipo kutsika kwa golide kudakwera mpaka 85%. Kumwa kwa cyanide kunatsika mpaka 6 kg/t ya ore. Pazachuma, mtengo wowonjezera wa citric acid unali wotsika poyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito cyanide komanso kuwonjezereka kwa golide. Mgodiyo akuti ukhoza kuwonjezera phindu lake pachaka ndi pafupifupi $300,000. Mwachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa mkuwa kunatanthauza kuchepa kwa mkuwa - wokhala ndi madzi otayira, omwe anali osavuta kuwongolera komanso osakhudza kwambiri madzi ozungulira.

Mlandu 3: Kugwiritsa Ntchito New Inhibitor (MZY) mu Mine Gold Mine

Mgodi wina wa golide ku China unali wogula mkuwa wonyezimira - wokhala ndi miyala ya golide. Njira yachikhalidwe ya cyanidation inali ndi 70% yokha yotulutsa golide komanso kuchuluka kwa mkuwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti cyanide idye kwambiri. Pambuyo powonjezera choletsa chatsopano MZY pa mlingo winawake, pamodzi ndi zinthu wokometsedwa ndondomeko kuphatikizapo Kuwonjezera 18 kg/t wa laimu ndi 1.2 kg/t wa sodium cyanide, golide leaching mlingo anafika 83% - 84%, ndi mkuwa leaching mlingo unachepetsedwa 4% - 5%.

Njira yatsopanoyi sinangowonjezera golide - kuyendetsa bwino ntchito komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide. Phindu lazachuma linali lowirikiza kawiri: kuwonjezereka kwa golide kunawonjezera phindu pakupanga, ndipo kuchepa kwa cyanide kunapulumutsa ndalama. Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kutsika kwa cyanide ndi mkuwa wochepa - wokhala ndi zinyalala kumachepetsa katundu wa chilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ya migodi ikhale yokhazikika. Maphunzirowa akuwonetsa momveka bwino kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito ma reagents kuti alepheretse leaching yamkuwa mu cyanidation ya golide wokhala ndi mkuwa, potengera phindu lazachuma komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.

Kutsiliza

Mu njira ya cyanidation yamkuwa - yokhala ndi miyala ya golide, kutuluka kwa mkuwa sikungobweretsa kumwa kwambiri kwa cyanide komanso kumakhudzanso kutsika kwa golide ndi njira zobwezeretsanso golide. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents kuletsa kutulutsa kwa mkuwa ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Mchere wa lead, monga lead nitrate, lead acetate, ndi lead oxide, ukhoza kuletsa mogwira mtima kutuluka kwa mkuwa popanga mankhwala osasungunuka ndi sulfure - okhala ndi zinthu mu ore kapena kusintha zinthu zapamtunda za mchere wamkuwa. Chelating agents monga citric acid amatha kusakaniza ndi ayoni amkuwa ndi ayoni ena owopsa achitsulo, kuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoyipa panjira ya cyanidation. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwongolera ndende ya cyanide ndikugwiritsa ntchito ammonia - cyanide system kungathandizenso kufooketsa kusungunuka kwa mkuwa pamlingo wina.

Kuchita bwino kwa ma reagentswa kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ore katundu, kuphatikizapo mtundu ndi zili mchere mkuwa, kudziwa reactivity mkuwa mu ore motero zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa reagent chofunika. Miyezo monga cyanide concentration, pH value, ndi leaching time imakhudzanso kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a reagents. Mwachitsanzo, yoyenera cyanide ndende ndi pH mtengo akhoza kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa cyanide yankho ndi mphamvu ya reagent, pamene leaching nthawi zingakhudzire zochulukirachulukira zotsatira mkuwa - leaching zimachitikira.

Kupyolera mu maphunziro a zochitika, tawona phindu logwiritsira ntchito ma reagents awa. Ku South Africa, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nitrate ya lead mu mgodi wa golidi kunachepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa cyanide ndi kuonjezera mlingo wa kukhetsa kwa golidi, kudzetsa phindu lalikulu la zachuma ndi ubwino wa chilengedwe. Ku Australia, kuwonjezera kwa citric acid mu mgodi wa golidi kunachepetsa kukhetsa kwa mkuwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kwinaku akuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa golide, zomwe zinali zopindulitsa pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe. Mu mgodi wa golidi wa ku China, kugwiritsa ntchito choletsa chatsopano cha MZY, pamodzi ndi zochitika zokongoletsedwa, kumapangitsa kuti golide - leaching iwonongeke komanso kuchepetsa mkuwa - leaching rate, kupeza zotsatira zabwino zachuma ndi zachilengedwe.

Nthawi zambiri, pochita ndi cyanidation yamkuwa - yokhala ndi miyala yagolide, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama mawonekedwe a miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zofunikira za njirayi, ndikusankha reagent yoyenera ndi zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angayang'ane pakuwunika kopitilira muyeso koyenera komanso kosamalira zachilengedwe, komanso kukhathamiritsa kuphatikiza kwa ma reagents ndi magawo opangira kuti akwaniritse bwino, zachuma, komanso njira zotulutsira golide.