Persulfate Oxidation for Cyanide Waste Water Treatment: Phunziro Lokwanira

Introduction

Cyanide, mankhwala oopsa kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga electroplating, migodi, ndi kumaliza zitsulo. Chifukwa chake, magulu ankhondo cyanide-omwe ali ndi madzi otayira amapangidwa, zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Zachikhalidwe Madzi a cyanide Njira zochizira, monga chlorination zamchere, zimakhala ndi zovuta zingapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu zapoizoni, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri, komanso kuchotseratu bwino kwazitsulo za cyanide. Zotsatira zake, pakufunika kuchulukirachulukira kwa umisiri wothandiza komanso wosamalira zachilengedwe.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, njira zapamwamba za oxidation (AOPs) zatulukira ngati njira zina zodalirika zochizira madzi onyansa a cyanide. Zina mwa izi, ndi Persulfate oxidation ndondomekoyi yakopa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yake ya okosijeni yamphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito pH osiyanasiyana, komanso ntchito yosavuta. Cholemba chabuloguchi chikufuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha njira ya persulfate oxidation pochiza madzi a cyanide, kuphimba makina ake, zomwe zimathandizira, komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.

Njira ya Persulfate Oxidation

Persulfate, yomwe ilipo ngati peroxydisulfate (PDS) kapena peroxymonosulfate (PMS), imatha kutsegulidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kutentha, kuwala kwa UV, zitsulo zosinthika, kapena alkalinity, kuti apange ma radicals amphamvu kwambiri a sulfate. Ma sulphate radicals awa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kotulutsa okosijeni, kuwapangitsa kuti azitha kuwononga mitundu yambiri yazinthu zowononga zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza cyanide.

Kachitidwe ka persulfate oxidation ya cyanide ndizovuta ndipo zimaphatikizapo masitepe angapo. Nthawi zambiri, ma radicals a sulphate amachita ndi ayoni a cyanide kupanga cyanate ngati chinthu chapakatikati. Cyanate imatha kuwonjezeredwa oxidized kapena hydrolyzed kuti ipange zinthu zopanda poizoni, monga nitrate, ammonium, ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni. Zomwe zimachitika zimasiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri monga pH, kutentha, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zina. Mu acidic sing'anga, zomwe zimatsatira motsatana, pomwe mu sing'anga yoyambira, momwe zimachitikira zimasintha, ndipo ma hydroxyl radicals amathanso kutenga nawo gawo munjira ya okosijeni. Ma radicals a Hydroxyl amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe ma sulphate radicals ndi madzi kapena kuyambitsa kwa persulfate ndi alkalinity, ndipo zomwe amachita ndi cyanide ndi njira yofunikira yochotsera cyanide.

Zinthu Zosonkhezera

1. Persulfate Concentration

Kuchuluka kwa persulfate ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti madzi a cyanide asagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Nthawi zambiri, kuonjezera mlingo wa persulfate kungapangitse mbadwo wa sulphate radicals, potero kulimbikitsa okosijeni wa cyanide. Komabe, kuchulukitsitsa kwa sulfate kungayambitse kudziletsa kwa ma sulfate radicals, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya okosijeni yonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa persulfate kumatha kukulitsa mtengo wamankhwala ndikuyambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe chifukwa chotsalira cha sulfate m'madzi oyeretsedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuyeza koyenera kwa sulfate kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwa kuyesa motengera mawonekedwe amadzi onyansa.

2. pH Mtengo

PH ya madzi otayidwa imakhudza kwambiri njira ya persulfate oxidation. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH imatha kukhudza kuyambitsa kwa persulfate, mitundu ndi reactivity ya ma radicals opangidwa, ndi mawonekedwe a cyanide. M'malo okhala acidic, ma sulphate radicals ndiye mitundu yayikulu yothamanga ndipo amawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwambiri kwa cyanide. Pamene pH ikuwonjezeka, chiwerengero cha ma hydroxyl radicals opangidwa kuchokera ku machitidwe a sulphate radicals ndi madzi kapena kuchokera ku persulfate activation ndi alkalinity amawuka. M'mikhalidwe yamchere, ma hydroxyl radicals atha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakutulutsa kwa cyanide. Komabe, kukwera kwambiri kapena kutsika kwa pH kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pamachitidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pa pH yotsika kwambiri, kukhazikika kwa persulfate kungakhudzidwe, pamene pH yapamwamba kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa ayoni achitsulo m'madzi onyansa kungasinthe, zomwe zingakhudze kuyambitsa kwa persulfate ndi ndondomeko ya okosijeni.

3. Kutentha

Kutentha kumatha kufulumizitsa kuyambitsa kwa persulfate komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika pakati pa ma radicals ndi cyanide. Kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale m'badwo wofulumira wa ma sulfate radicals komanso cyanide oxidation yabwino kwambiri. Komabe, kuwonjezera kutentha kumafuna zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera, zomwe zimakweza mtengo wa mankhwala. Kuonjezera apo, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu, kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa persulfate ndi zina zosafunika mbali zina. Choncho, posankha kutentha koyenera, kuyenera kuchitidwa bwino pakati pa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

4. Kukhalapo kwa Zitsulo zachitsulo

Ma ion achitsulo omwe amapezeka m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale, monga Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, ndi Ni²⁺, amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana panjira yotulutsa okosijeni ya persulfate. Ma ion achitsulo ena, monga Cu²⁺, amatha kukhala ngati chothandizira kuyambitsa persulfate, kupanga ma radicals ochulukirapo a sulfate ndikuthandizira kuchotsa cyanide. Kumbali inayi, ma ion achitsulo amatha kupanga zovuta ndi cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zovuta kuziyika. Kuphatikiza apo, ayoni achitsulo amathanso kutenga nawo gawo pazochita zam'mbali ndi persulfate kapena ma radicals, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zimachitikira komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kumvetsetsa udindo wa ayoni zitsulo mu persulfate makutidwe ndi okosijeni dongosolo n'kofunika kuti optimizing njira mankhwala cyanide - munali madzi oipa.

5. Nthawi Yochitapo kanthu

Nthawi yokwanira yochitapo kanthu ndiyofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti cyanide ikukwanira bwino. Pamene zomwe zikuchitika, ndende ya cyanide imachepa pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, patapita nthawi, zimene mlingo akhoza m'mbuyo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa reactants kapena kudzikundikira anachita mankhwala. Nthawi yoyenera kuchita imadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ndende yoyambira ya cyanide, momwe zimachitikira (monga ndende ya persulfate, pH, ndi kutentha), komanso mtundu wamadzi otayira. Kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse sizimapangitsa kuti cyanide ichuluke molingana ndi momwe angachotsedwera komanso kungayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso mtengo wamankhwala.

Zofunsira m'mafakitole osiyanasiyana

1. Makampani opanga ma Electroplating

Mu njira ya electroplating, cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuonetsetsa kuti zitsulo zili bwino. Madzi otayira opangidwa kuchokera ku electroplating amakhala ndi ma cyanide ambiri ndi zitsulo - cyanide complexes. Persulfate oxidation yawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu pochiza madzi otayidwa a electroplating cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pakakhala kuchuluka koyenera kwa Cu²⁺ (monga activator) ndi peroxydisulfate, mpaka 99% ya cyanide imatha kuchotsedwa mkati mwa mphindi 20. Njirayi imatha kuthyola zitsulo - ma cyanide complexes ndikusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zochepa zapoizoni, kukwaniritsa mfundo zoyendetsera bwino zamadzi otayira a electroplating.

2. Makampani Ogulitsa Migodi

Makampani a migodi, makamaka migodi ya golidi, amapanga cyanide yambiri - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa ndi zotsalira. Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa golide kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Persulfate - njira zotsogola za okosijeni zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi oyipa komanso zotsalira. Mwachitsanzo, pochiza zotsalira za golide za cyanide, akupanga - activated persulfate oxidation yaphunziridwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2.0 wt.% potaziyamu persulfate pa pH 10.0 kwa mphindi 60, mphamvu yochotsa cyanide imatha kufika 53.47%. Ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 60 ° C, mphamvuyo imawonjezeka kufika 62.18%, ndipo pansi pa ultrasonic activation ndi 100% mphamvu, kuchotsa kwachangu kumatha kufika pamtunda wa 74.76%. Pambuyo akupanga - adamulowetsa persulfate - patsogolo makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala, ndi sianidi zili mu poizoni leaching njira ya zotsalira akhoza kukumana ndi muyezo dziko, kusonyeza kuthekera kwa njira imeneyi mu makampani migodi.

3. Metal Finishing Industry

M'makampani omaliza zitsulo, cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala. Cyanide yobwera - yomwe ili ndi madzi onyansa iyenera kusamitsidwa bwino kuti ipewe kuwononga chilengedwe. Persulfate oxidation imatha kuphatikizidwa m'machitidwe amadzi otayira azitsulo zomalizitsa zitsulo. Mwa kukhathamiritsa momwe zinthu zimachitikira, monga kusintha ndende ya persulfate, pH, ndi nthawi yochitira, kuchotsa kwa cyanide kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatha kuchitika. Izi sizimangothandiza makampani omaliza zitsulo kuti azitsatira malamulo a chilengedwe komanso amachepetsa zoopsa zomwe zingagwirizane ndi kutuluka kwa cyanide.

Mlanduwu Studies

Mlandu 1: Kuchiza Madzi Owonongeka A Electroplating

Kafukufuku adachitika pamadzi otayira enieni a electroplating okhala ndi cyanide, kuwachitira ndi njira ya persulfate oxidation. Pamene kuchuluka kwapadera kwa persulfate kunawonjezeredwa, kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa kukhoza kuchotsedwa kwathunthu mkati mwa mphindi 20. Zotsatira za kuyesa kangapo zikuwonetsa kuti ma hydroxyl radicals ndi sulfate radicals anali ndi udindo wochotsa cyanide, ndipo zopereka zawo zinali zofanana. Cyanate ndi nitrite adadziwika kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pazogulitsa. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa mphamvu ya persulfate oxidation pochiza madzi onyansa a padziko lapansi a electroplating cyanide.

Mlandu 2: Chithandizo cha Zotsalira za Gold Cyanide

Pochita migodi ya golide, zotsalira za golide za cyanide zidathandizidwa ndi persulfate - njira yotsogola ya okosijeni. Zotsalirazo zinali ndi milingo yambiri ya cyanide yomwe imayenera kuchepetsedwa kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yotaya. Kudzera zatsopano, anapeza kuti pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu persulfate ndi optimizing anachita zinthu, kuphatikizapo pH, kutentha, ndi kutsegula njira (monga akupanga kutsegula), ndi cyanide zili mu poizoni leaching njira ya zotsalira akhoza kwambiri utachepa. Pambuyo akupanga - adamulowetsa persulfate - patsogolo makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala, ndi sianidi zili mu poizoni leaching njira anakumana ndi dziko muyezo wa China. Mlanduwu ukuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa oxidation ya persulfate pochiza zotsalira za golide wa cyanide, zomwe zimapereka yankho lothandiza pakutaya zinyalala zamigodi.

Zovuta ndi Zowona Zamtsogolo

1. Zovuta

• Mtengo - kuchita bwino: Ngakhale kuti persulfate oxidation imasonyeza kuthekera kwakukulu pochiza madzi otayira a cyanide, mtengo wa persulfate ndi mphamvu yofunikira kuti mutsegule (monga kutentha kapena ultrasonic activation) ikhoza kukhala yokwera kwambiri. Kupanga zotsika mtengo - njira zopangira ndi kuyambitsa persulfate ndizofunikira kuti ukadaulo uwu ugwire ntchito kwambiri.

• Kuvuta kwa Matrix a Wastewater: Industrial cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma ion zitsulo, ma organic compounds, ndi mchere. Zigawozi zimatha kuyanjana ndi persulfate ndi ma radicals, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kumvetsetsa ndi kuwongolera kuyanjana kovutirako kumeneku ndizovuta muzogwiritsa ntchito zenizeni.

• Residual Persulfate ndi By - mankhwala: Persulfate wotsalira m'madzi oyeretsedwa angayambitse mavuto a chilengedwe, ndipo zinthu zina, monga nitrite, zingafunikire kuthandizidwanso kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe. Kupanga njira zochotseratu zotsalira za persulfate ndikuwongolera mapangidwe azinthu zovulaza - ndi gawo lofunikira pakufufuza kwina.

2. Malingaliro Amtsogolo

• Novel Activation Njira: Kafukufuku akupitilira kuti apange njira zatsopano zoyatsira persulfate. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zatsopano ngati nanomatadium kapena zitsulo - organic frameworks (MOFs) kuti muyambitse persulfate kungapereke ziwongola dzanja zapamwamba komanso kusankha. Kuonjezera apo, kufufuza kuphatikiza kwa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyatsira, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi chothandizira panthawi imodzi, kungapangitsenso ntchito ya persulfate oxidation process.

• Kuphatikiza ndi Njira Zina Zochizira: Kuphatikiza makutidwe ndi okosijeni a persulfate ndi matekinoloje ena ochizira, monga chithandizo chachilengedwe, kusefera kwa membrane, kapena kutsatsa, kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kuchiritsa ndi persulfate oxidation kuti muwononge zinthu zovuta za cyanide kungapangitse madzi otayira kukhala oyenera kuchiritsa kwachilengedwe.

• In-situ Monitoring ndi Process Optimization: Kupanga njira zowunikira mkati mwa situ za njira ya persulfate oxidation, monga kudziwa zenizeni zenizeni za nthawi yayitali komanso zinthu zowonongeka za cyanide, kungathandize kumvetsetsa momwe zimachitikira komanso kukhathamiritsa njira yamankhwala. Izi zitha kubweretsa njira zabwino komanso zodalirika zochizira madzi a cyanide.

Pomaliza, njira ya persulfate oxidation imasonyeza lonjezo lalikulu pochiza cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa. Pofufuza mosalekeza ndi chitukuko kuti athetse mavuto omwe alipo, teknolojiyi imatha kukhala njira yodziwika bwino yothetsera madzi a cyanide m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimathandizira kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.