Njira ndi Njira Zochotsera Cyanide Pamwamba pa Mafuta a Sulfide

1. Introduction

M'munda wa zitsulo, makamaka golide m'zigawo ndi sulfide ore processing, pamaso pa Cyanide pamwamba pa Mafuta a sulfide zimabweretsa zovuta zazikulu. Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga cyanidation leaching pochotsa golide chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga ma complexes ndi golide, kuwongolera kusungunuka kwake. Komabe, pambuyo leaching ndondomeko, otsala cyanide Pamwamba pa sulfide ores mu michira osati kumabweretsa kuipitsa chilengedwe komanso linalake ndipo tikulephera wotsatira beneficiation wa mchere sulfide, kuchepetsa wonse kuchira mlingo wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake, kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito zochotsera cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide ndikofunikira pakukonza mchere wokhazikika komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.

2. Mavuto Amene Alipo ndi Cyanide pa Sulfide Ore Surfaces

2.1 Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. Pamene miyala ya sulfide yokhala ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide itayidwa m'chilengedwe, cyanide imatha kutuluka pang'onopang'ono ndikuyipitsa nthaka, magwero a madzi, ndi mpweya. Ngakhale m'malo otsika kwambiri, cyanide ikhoza kukhala yovulaza kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi, zomera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a migodi kumene cyanide - zokhala ndi michira zachitika, mabwalo amadzi oyandikana nawo awonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba ndi zamoyo zina za m'madzi zife.

2.2 Kuletsa kwa Sulfide Mineral Beneficiation

The cyanide adsorbed pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide, monga pyrite, chalcopyrite, ndi sphalerite, akhoza kupanga passivation film pa mchere pamwamba. Kanemayu amachepetsa reactivity ya mchere wa sulfide panthawi yoyandama kapena njira zina zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pakuyandama kwa miyala yamkuwa yokhala ndi sulfide, kupezeka kwa cyanide pamwamba pa chalcopyrite kumatha kufooketsa kulumikizana kwake ndi otolera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulekanitsa bwino mchere wamkuwa ndi mchere wa gangue, potero kumachepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuchira kwa mkuwa.

3. Njira Zochotsera Cyanide Pamwamba pa Miyala ya Sulfidi

3.1 Njira Yoyatsira Acid

3.1.1 Mfundo

Njira yotsegulira asidi makamaka imagwiritsa ntchito zidulo monga sulfuric acid kapena oxalic acid kuti zigwirizane ndi cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi mankhwala pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Acid ikawonjezeredwa, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa cyanide - zitsulo zachitsulo. Zotsatira zake, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa. Koma m'njira yopangidwa mwaluso, haidrojeni cyanide yosakhazikikayi imatha kubwezeredwa ndikugwiritsiridwanso ntchito kudzera m'mayamwidwe oyenera.

3.1.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera kwa Ore Pulp: Choyamba, sakanizani zitsulo za sulfide ore ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide ndi madzi kuti mupange zamkati zofanana. Chiŵerengero cholimba - chamadzimadzi chamtundu wa ore chimasinthidwa kutengera mawonekedwe a ore ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa 1: 2 - 1: 5.

2. Kuwonjezera Acid: Pang'onopang'ono onjezerani sulfuric acid kapena oxalic acid ku zamkati mwa ore uku mukugwedeza mosalekeza. Kuchuluka kwa asidi wowonjezera kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala malinga ndi cyanide zomwe zili mu zamkati za ore. Kawirikawiri, pH mtengo wa zamkati wa ore umasinthidwa kukhala 2 - 4. ndipo pH iyenera kuyang'aniridwa mu nthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito pH mita panthawi yowonjezera.

3. Zochita ndi Chithandizo cha Gasi: Mukathira asidi, lolani kuti zichitike kwa maola 1 - 3. Panthawi imeneyi, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa. Pofuna kupewa kuti gasiyu asawononge chilengedwe, njira yosonkhanitsa gasi ndi - mankhwala imakhazikitsidwa. Mpweya wopangidwa ndi hydrogen cyanide umalowetsedwa munsanja yodzaza ndi madzi amchere, monga sodium hydroxide solution. Apa, hydrogen cyanide amachitira ndi sodium hydroxide, ndi anachira Sodium Cyanide yankho likhoza kusinthidwanso ku ndondomeko ya cyanidation ngati khalidwe lake likukwaniritsa zofunikira.

3.1.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• ubwino: Njirayi ndi yowongoka mu mfundo ndi ntchito. Ikhoza kuthyola cyanide - yomwe ili ndi mankhwala pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide ndipo imatha kukonzanso cyanide, kuchepetsa mtengo wonse wa ntchito ya cyanide pofufuza migodi.

• kuipa: Pali zoopsa zazikulu zachitetezo zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Mpweya wa Hydrogen cyanide ndi wapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kuwononga kwambiri ogwiritsa ntchito komanso chilengedwe. Kuonjezera apo, ma asidi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira imeneyi amawononga zinthu, zomwe zingawononge zida ndi mapaipi, kuonjezera ndalama zokonzera zinthu komanso kufupikitsa moyo wa chipangizocho.

3.2 Njira Yoyatsira Oxidant

3.2.1 Mfundo

Ma oxide monga hydrogen peroxide, potaziyamu permanganate, ndi ozone amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera cyanide pamwamba pa sulfide ores. Ma oxide amenewa amaswa ma chemical bonds a cyanide compounds, kusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga mpweya wa nayitrogeni ndi Carbonanadya.

3.2.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera kwa Ore Pulp: Mofanana ndi njira yoyatsira asidi, konzekerani zitsulo za sulfide kukhala zamkati mwazitsulo ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha madzi.

2. Kuwonjezera Oxidant: Onjezani oxidant wosankhidwa ku zamkati za ore. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wowonjezeredwa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu zamkati za ore ndi kuthekera kwa okosijeni wa okosijeni. Mwachitsanzo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide, mlingo nthawi zambiri umakhala 1 - 5 kg pa tani ya zamkati, pomwe potaziyamu permanganate nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa pa 0.5 - 2 kg pa tani ya zamkati. Kuwonjezera kuyenera kuchitidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kusonkhezera kosalekeza kuonetsetsa ngakhale kusakaniza.

3. Kuchita ndi Kuwunika: Lolani okosijeni kuti achite ndi cyanide mu zamkati mwa ore kwa maola 2 - 4. Pa zomwe, kuwunika makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa kuthekera ndi sianidi zili mu ore zamkati. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni - kutsika komwe kungathe kuwonetsa momwe ma oxidation akuyendera. Mtengowo ukakhazikika ndipo cyanide yomwe ili muzamkati mwa ore ikukumana ndi muyezo wofunikira (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 0.5 mg/L), zomwe zimachitika zimawonedwa ngati zathunthu.

3.2.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• ubwino: Njirayi sipanga mpweya wapoizoni komanso wosasunthika ngati njira yoyatsira asidi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotetezeka kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Imatha kukhala oxidize ndikuwola cyanide, kukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Komanso, zochita mankhwala ndi ndi zachilengedwe wochezeka.

• kuipa: Mtengo wa okosijeni ndi wokwera kwambiri, makamaka wa okosijeni wamphamvu ngati ozoni, womwe umawonjezera mtengo wokonza miyala ya sulfide. Kuphatikiza apo, momwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni amakhudzidwira mosavuta ndi zinthu monga mtengo wa pH wa ore zamkati, kutentha, ndi kupezeka kwa zonyansa zina, zomwe zimafuna kuwongolera mosamalitsa momwe zimachitikira.

3.3 Njira ya Mchere wa Copper

3.3.1 Mfundo

Mchere wamkuwa, monga sulphate yamkuwa, amawonjezeredwa ku sulfide ore zamkati ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide. Ma ions amkuwa amakhudzidwa ndi cyanide kupanga mkuwa wosasungunuka - cyanide complexes. Ma complexes amatha kupatulidwa ndi zamkati mwa ore kudzera njira zolimba - zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi, motero kukwaniritsa kuchotsedwa kwa cyanide.

3.3.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera kwa Ore Pulp: Konzani zitsulo za sulfide ore mu zamkati za ore ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha madzi olimba.

2. Copper Salt Addition: Onjezani kuchuluka koyenera kwa mkuwa wa sulfate pamtengowo. Kuchuluka kwa copper sulfate komwe kumawonjezeredwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi cyanide yomwe ili mu zamkati mwa ore, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma ayoni amkuwa ndi ayoni a cyanide a 1 - 2:1. Copper sulphate nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ngati njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo njira yowonjezera iyenera kutsatiridwa ndi kusonkhezera kosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kugawidwa kwa ayoni amkuwa muzamkati mwa ore.

3. Kuchita ndi Kukhazikika - Kupatukana kwamadzimadzi: Mukathira mchere wamkuwa, lolani kuti zichitike kwa maola 1 - 2. Kenako, pangani zolimba - zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi pazamkati mwa ore pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kusefera kapena sedimentation. Cholimba cholekanitsidwacho chimakhala ndi mchere wamkuwa - cyanide ndi mchere wa sulfide, pomwe madzi olekanitsidwa amatha kuthandizidwanso kuti akwaniritse mulingo wotuluka kapena kusinthidwanso pazinthu zina.

3.3.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• ubwino: Njirayi imatha kuchotsa bwino cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide popanga madzi osasungunuka. Njira yogwirira ntchitoyo ndiyosavuta, ndipo mkuwa wa sulphate ndi wamba komanso wotsika mtengo wamankhwala, womwe umapereka zopindulitsa zina zachuma.

• kuipa: Kuthira mchere wamkuwa kungayambitse zonyansa zamkuwa mu zamkati za ore, zomwe zingakhudze kupindula kwa mchere wa sulfide. Mwachitsanzo, pakuyandama kwa lead - zinc sulfide ores, ayoni amkuwa ochulukirapo amatha kuyambitsa sphalerite, kusokoneza kulekanitsa kwa lead ndi zinki mchere. Kuonjezera apo, mpweya wolekanitsidwa wa mkuwa - cyanide uyenera kutayidwa bwino kuti uteteze kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri.

3.4 Njira Yatsopano Yophatikiza Reagent

3.4.1 Mfundo

Ma reagents omwe angopangidwa kumene, monga kuphatikiza ma polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite, amagwiritsidwa ntchito. The polysulfides anachita ndi sulfure - munali zigawo zikuluzikulu mu sianidi - munali mankhwala padziko sulfide ores, pamene sodium metabisulfite kusintha mphamvu redox dongosolo ndi kulimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa cyanide, motero facilitates kuchotsa.

3.4.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera kwa Ore Pulp: Konzani zitsulo za sulfide kuti zikhale zitsulo.

2. Kuphatikiza kwa Reagent Composite: Onjezani reagent yophatikizika yokhala ndi ma polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite pazamkati mwa ore. Kulemera kwa polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite nthawi zambiri kumakhala 1: 1. ndi kuchuluka kwa gulu reagent anawonjezera anatsimikiza zochokera sianidi zili mu zamkati ore ndi chikhalidwe cha sulfide ore, zambiri kuyambira 0.5 - 2 makilogalamu pa tani zamkati ore.

3. Kuchita ndi Kuwunika: Mukawonjezera chophatikizira chophatikizika, lolani zomwe zikuchitika kwa maola 1 - 3. Pochitapo kanthu, yang'anani zomwe zili mu cyanide ndi magawo amankhwala oyenera, monga kuthekera kwa redox ndi pH mtengo, muzamkati mwa ore. Sinthani momwe zimachitikira mwachangu malinga ndi zotsatira zowunikira kuti cyanide ichotsedwe.

3.4.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• ubwino: Njirayi ikuwonetsa kusinthika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala ya sulfide. The kompositi reagent ntchito synergistically kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Poyerekeza ndi njira imodzi - reagent, ikhoza kupereka bwino kuchotsa bwino komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pakupindula kwa mchere wa sulfide.

• kuipa: Kupanga ndi kupanga ma reagents ophatikizika ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ukhoza kukhala wokwera kuposa njira zina zachikhalidwe chimodzi. Komanso, zenizeni anachita limagwirira wa gulu reagents sanamvetse bwino, amene angayambitse kusatsimikizika kwenikweni mafakitale ntchito.

4. Kukhathamiritsa kwa Njira ndi Kuganizira

4.1 Kusamalira Ores

Musanagwiritse ntchito njira iliyonse yomwe ili pamwambayi pochotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuwongolera miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo, ngati michira ya sulfide ore ili ndi mchere wambiri wopangidwa ndi gangue, kuyang'anira zisanachitike kapena ntchito zamagulu zitha kuchitidwa kuti muchotse tizigawo tating'onoting'ono. Izi zitha kupangitsa kukhudzana kwachangu pakati pa reagent ndi mchere wa sulfide ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide ndikuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa mchere wa gangue pazomwe zimachitika.

4.2 Kuchita Zochita Kuwongolera

• PH Mtengo: Mtengo wa pH wa zamkati wa ore umakhudza kwambiri momwe zimachitikira. Njira yotsegulira asidi imafuna pH yocheperako kuti ilimbikitse kuwonongeka kwa cyanide - yokhala ndi mankhwala, pomwe njira yoyatsira oxidant ndi njira yamchere yamkuwa iyenera kukhala ndi pH yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsira ntchito hydrogen peroxide monga oxidant, mulingo woyenera pH mtengo wa zamkati wa ore nthawi zambiri ndi 8 - 10. ndipo mukamagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa sulphate, pH mtengo wa zamkati wa ore nthawi zambiri umayendetsedwa pa 6 - 8.

• kutentha: The kutentha anachita zimakhudzanso mlingo anachita ndi dzuwa. Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera kutentha kumatha kufulumizitsa zomwe zimachitika. Komabe, pazochitika zina, monga kutsekemera kwa cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide, kutentha kwakukulu kungapangitse kuti okosijeni awole, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya okosijeni. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kumafunika kukonzedwa molingana ndi momwe zimachitikira, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa 20 - 40 ° C.

• Kulimbikitsa Kwambiri: Zokwanira yogwira mtima n'kofunika kuonetsetsa ngakhale kugawa reagents mu ore zamkati ndi kuonjezera kukhudzana Mwina pakati reagent ndi cyanide - munali zinthu padziko sulfide ores. Komabe, kusonkhezera mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kosafunikira ndi kuvala kwa makina kwa zida. Kukondoweza koyenera kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mu kafukufuku woyesera komanso luso lopanga.

4.3 Zolimba - Zolekanitsa Zamadzimadzi ndi Kuyeretsa Madzi Otayidwa

Pambuyo zochita kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba sulfide ores, kothandiza olimba - madzi kulekana chofunika kulekanitsa ankachitira mchere sulfide yankho. Nthawi zambiri zolimba - njira zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi zimaphatikizapo kusefera, sedimentation, ndi centrifugation. Madzi otayidwa olekanitsidwa nthawi zambiri amakhalabe ndi cyanide yotsalira ndi zonyansa zina, zomwe zimafunika kukonzedwanso kuti zikwaniritse mulingo wotayira. Njira zochizira madzi otayirira zingaphatikizepo njira monga kuonjezera makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ma adsorption, ndi chithandizo chachilengedwe.

5. Maphunziro a Nkhani

5.1 Njira Yoyatsira Acid mu Mgodi wa Golide

Mu mgodi wina wa golidi, pambuyo pa cyanidation leaching process, sulfide ore tailings anali ndi kuchuluka kwa pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide. Mgodiyo udagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyatsira asidi pochiza. Choyamba, tailings anapangidwa kukhala zamkati ore ndi olimba - madzi chiŵerengero cha 1: 3. Kenaka, sulfuric acid anawonjezeredwa kuti asinthe pH mtengo wa ore zamkati kukhala 3. Pambuyo pochitapo kwa maola a 2, mpweya wopangidwa ndi hydrogen cyanide unasonkhanitsidwa ndikumwedwa ndi sodium hydroxide solution. Pambuyo pa chithandizo, ma cyanide omwe ali muzamkati mwa ore adatsika kuchokera ku 5 mg/L mpaka kuchepera 0.5 mg/L, ndipo kuchira kotsatira kwa mchere wa sulfide kunakwera pafupifupi 10%. Komabe, mkati mwa opareshoni, kutayikira kwa gasi wa hydrogen cyanide kunabweretsa ngozi pamalo opangira opaleshoni, ndipo mapaipi a zida adachita dzimbiri kwambiri.

5.2 Njira Yoyatsira Oxidant mu Mgodi wa Ore wa Polymetallic Sulfidi

Mgodi wina wa polymetallic sulfide ore unagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide monga oxidant kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Mtengo wa pH wa zamkati wa ore udasinthidwa kukhala 9. Kenako hydrogen peroxide adawonjezeredwa pamlingo wa 3 kg pa tani ya zamkati. Pambuyo pochitapo kanthu kwa maola atatu, cyanide yomwe ili mu zamkati mwa ore idachepetsedwa kukhala yotsika kwambiri. Kupindula kotsatira kwa mchere wamkuwa, kutsogolera, ndi zinc sulfide sikunakhudzidwe ndi cyanide yotsalayo, ndipo chiwongoladzanja chonse chobwezeretsa zitsulo chinakula bwino. Komabe, kukwera mtengo kwa hydrogen peroxide kunapangitsa kuti mtengo wokonza miyala uwonjezeke ndi pafupifupi $3 pa tani.

6. Kutsiliza

Kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonza mchere. Njira yoyatsira asidi, njira yoyatsira oxidant, njira yamchere yamkuwa, ndi njira yatsopano yophatikizira reagent iliyonse ili ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zake. M'mafakitale enieni, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama zinthu monga mtundu wa sulfide ores, zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, komanso ndalama zachuma kuti musankhe njira yoyenera kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mwa kukhathamiritsa zinthu, kukonza ma ores, ndikugwira bwino ntchito zolimba - kulekanitsa kwamadzi ndi kuyeretsa madzi oyipa, mphamvu yochotsa cyanide pamwamba pa ores ya sulfide imatha kukulitsidwa, kukwaniritsa zolinga zobwezeretsanso zinthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.