Chitetezo Kupanga Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo a Cyanide Mulu Leaching Gold M'zigawo Njira

1. Introduction

The Cyanide Njira yochotsera golide wa heap leaching imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'migodi ya golide chifukwa cha zabwino zake monga kuphweka, kutsika mtengo, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ore otsika. Komabe, ngati cyanide ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri, chitetezo chokhwima chaukadaulo chiyenera kutsatiridwa kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, chilengedwe, komanso magwiridwe antchito anthawi zonse. The "Safety Production Technical Specifications for Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extraction Process" (YS/T 3019 - 2013) inakhazikitsidwa pa March 1. 2014. yomwe imapereka malangizo omveka bwino a kupanga ndi - kuyesa malo a ndondomekoyi.

2. Zofunikira Zoyambira Zopangira Chitetezo

2.1 Kusankha Kwatsamba ndi Kapangidwe

• Mikhalidwe ya Geological: Malo opangira milu ya cyanide ayenera kusankhidwa pamalo okhazikika okhala ndi malo abwino. Pewani madera omwe amatha kugumuka, matope, ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Kafukufuku wa geological akuyenera kuchitidwa pasadakhale kuti awunike kukhazikika kwa malowo.

• Kutalikirana ndi Madera Ovuta: Malo okhetsera milu akuyenera kukhala patali ndi malo okhala, magwero a madzi, ndi madera ena ovuta. Zofunikira zakutali ziyenera kutsata malamulo okhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kukhala kutali ndi [X] mita kuchokera kumadera okhala kuti aletse kukhudzidwa kwa mpweya wapoizoni ndi kutuluka kwamadzimadzi pa anthu okhalamo.

• Kamangidwe Kapangidwe: Maonekedwe a malo otsetsereka mulu ayenera kukhala oyenera. Madera osungiramo miyala yamtengo wapatali, kufalikira kwa yankho, kubwezeretsa golide, ndi kutaya zinyalala ziyenera kugawidwa momveka bwino. Malo okwanira ayenera kusungidwa kuti aziyika, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kukonza zida. Njira zotetezera ndi njira zopulumutsira mwadzidzidzi ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ogwira ntchito achotsedwa bwino pakagwa ngozi.

2.2 Zida ndi Chitetezo cha Malo

• Anti - Seepage Facilities: Pansi ndi kuzungulira kwa mulu wa ore payenera kukhala ndi zida zodalirika zoteteza madzi kuti asatayike - cyanide yomwe ili ndi mayankho munthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka. High - density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes kapena zida zina zapamwamba zotsutsa-kutulutsa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Anti - seepage layer iyenera kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi kuti iwononge kapena kutayikira.

• Zosungira Zamadzimadzi ndi Zida Zoyendera: Matanki, mapaipi, ndi mapampu osungira ndi kunyamulira sianidi - okhala ndi mankhwala ayenera kupangidwa ndi zipangizo zosagwira dzimbiri. Kuyang'ana pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti muwone ngati pali dzimbiri, kutayikira, ndi zina zomwe zingawononge chitetezo. Zida zonse zosungiramo madzi ndi zonyamulira ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zopewera kusefukira komanso ma valve otseka mwadzidzidzi.

• Mpweya wabwino ndi Exhaust Systems: M'madera omwe ma cyanide - omwe ali ndi maopaleshoni amachitikira, njira zopangira mpweya wabwino komanso zotulutsa mpweya ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti zitsimikizire kusungunuka ndi kuchotsa mpweya wapoizoni. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za miyezo yoyenera kuti pakhale malo otetezeka ogwirira ntchito.

2.3 Njira Yoyendetsera Chitetezo

• Kukhazikitsa Malamulo a Chitetezo: Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono akuyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo achitetezo ndi njira zogwirira ntchito pochotsa mulu wa cyanide. Malamulowa akuyenera kukhudza mbali zonse za kupanga, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zida, kukonza, kasamalidwe ka cyanide, komanso kuyankha mwadzidzidzi.

• Maphunziro a Ogwira Ntchito: Ogwira ntchito onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ndondomeko ya cyanide heap leaching ayenera kuphunzitsidwa nthawi zonse zachitetezo. Zomwe zili mu maphunzirowa zikhale ndi katundu ndi zoopsa za cyanide, njira zotetezera chitetezo, njira zothandizira mwadzidzidzi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodzitetezera. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa ndi kuyeneretsedwa asanaloledwe kugwira ntchito.

• Kuyang'anira Chitetezo ndi Kuyang'anira: Kuyang'anira chitetezo nthawi zonse ndikuwunika kuyenera kuchitika popanga. Zinthu zowunikira zikuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa cyanide mumlengalenga ndi yankho, kukhulupirika kwa malo odana ndi madzi, komanso momwe zida zimagwirira ntchito. Zolemba zoyendera ziyenera kusungidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo, ndipo zoopsa zilizonse zopezeka ziyenera kukonzedwa munthawi yake.

3. Zolemba za Operation Technical

3.1 Kusamalira Ore

• Kuphwanya ndi Granulation: Miyala yambiri imayenera kuphwanyidwa mpaka kukula koyenera isanachuluke. Nthawi zambiri, kukula kwa tinthu kuyenera kuphwanyidwa mpaka 25.4 mm kapena kung'ambika kuti golideyo awonekere ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa golide. Kwa ores omwe ali ndi vuto losakwanira komanso dongo lambiri, ukadaulo wa granulation ungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pa granulation, laimu woyenerera ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti asinthe pH ya ore kukhala pakati pa 9.5 - 10.5. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndende ya Sodium cyanide mu granulation ndondomeko ayenera kulamulidwa molingana ndi katundu wa ore, zambiri pafupifupi 60 - 150 magalamu pa tani golide miyala. Chinyezi chonse cha ma pellets sichiyenera kupitirira 30% kuti ma pellets asakhale omasuka komanso ofewa. Nthawi yochiritsa iyenera kupitilira maola 72. Pakakhala mvula panthawi ya pelletizing, ma pellets ayenera kuphimbidwa kuti golide asatayike.

• Kuwongolera Kwabwino kwa Ore Yopangidwa Kwambiri: Ubwino wa ore pretreated ayenera kulamulidwa mosamalitsa. Kuyesa ndi kusanthula pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kuwonetsetsa kuti kukula kwa tinthu, pH mtengo, ndi zizindikiro zina zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za mulu wa leaching. Ore oyenerera okha ndi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga milu.

3.2 Kumanga Milu

• Kukonzekera Kwamasamba: Musanapange mulu wa nthaka, malowo ayenera kutsukidwa ndi kulinganizidwa. Malo otsetsereka a 3% - 5% ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti akhale malo osalala kuti madzi atuluke. Pambuyo polinganizidwa, mankhwala oletsa kutuluka kwa madzi ayenera kuchitika pamalopo. Chidebe chopondera cha makulidwe a 0.5 m chikhoza kuyikidwa pa maziko opapatiza, kenako nkuthira sodium. Carbonyankho la eti kuti liwonjezere mphamvu yake yoletsa kutuluka kwa madzi.

• Mulu Wautali ndi Mawonekedwe: Kutalika koyambirira kwa mulu wa miyala sikuyenera kukhala kokwera kwambiri, makamaka 3 - 4 mita. Pamene kuchuluka kwa leaching kukhazikika, kutalika kwa mulu wa ore kumatha kukulitsidwa moyenera. Maonekedwe a mulu wa ore ayenera kupangidwa kuti atsimikizire kugawa kwabwino kwa yankho ndi mpweya wabwino. Nthawi zambiri, mulu wa miyala ya conical kapena wopindika umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

• Chitetezo Chozungulira: Ngalande zokhetsera madzi osefukira aziikidwa mozungulira malo akukhetsa madzi kuti madzi a mvula asalowe mu mulu wa miyala ndi kusungunula njira yothirira. Pa nthawiyi, atseke mipanda yotchinga mozungulira mulu wa miyalayo kuti anthu osaloledwa asalowe m’dera loopsalo.

3.3 Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa

• Utsi wa Kuthirira Koko: Kukhazikika kwa Sodium Cyanide mu njira kutsitsi ayenera kusintha malinga leaching siteji. Pa gawo loyamba la leaching, chifukwa cha zovuta za golide wa ore, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide akhoza kuwonjezeredwa moyenera. Pambuyo pachimake nthawi (pamene ndende ya leaching golide ndiyokwera kwambiri), imatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala 0.08% - 0.06%. M'kupita kwanthawi, zitha kuchepetsedwa mpaka 0.04% - 0.02%. Mlingo wa sodium cyanide ukhoza kusinthidwa nthawi iliyonse malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa golide wamadzi apakati.

• Spray Cycle ndi Kulimba: Nthawi yopopera nthawi zambiri imakhala maola 7 - 8 patsiku, ndipo nthawi zambiri siyenera kupitirira maola 10 (koma kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kuchepetsedwa). Kawirikawiri, njira yopopera ya "spray 1 stop 1" kapena "spray 1 stop 2" imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi yopopera siyenera kukhala yayitali kwambiri kuti mulu wa miyala upume mpweya pamene supopera. Mphamvu ya kupopera iyenera kulamulidwa pa 6 - 20 L/m²•h, ndipo mphamvu yayikulu siyiyenera kupitirira 25 - 30 L/m²•h. Ngati mphamvu ya kupopera ndi yayikulu kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka m'mimba kudzawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa golide kudzachepetsedwa, ndipo mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa kwa madzi idzachepa. Carbon Woyendetsa zidzakhudzidwa.

3.4 Kubwezeretsa Golide kuchokera ku Madzi Oyembekezera

• Njira Zowonjezereka Zobwezeretsa Golide: Njira zodziwika bwino zopezera golide ku cyanide - wokhala ndi madzi oyembekezera ndi monga carbon adsorption (monga carbon - in - column method), zinki cementation (Merrill - Crowe njira), ndi zosungunulira m'zigawo. Njira iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu njira ya carbon - in - column, njira ya cyanide leach imaponyedwa mmwamba kupyolera muzitsulo pamtunda wa 15 mpaka 25 gpm / ft², kutulutsa bedi la carbon activated (16 × 30 mesh) kuti adsorbe golide.

• Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuwongolera Zida Zobwezeretsa Golide: Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zobwezeretsa golide kuyenera kutsatiridwa motsatira njira zogwirira ntchito. Kuyendera ndi kukonza zida nthawi zonse kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino. Ma parameters monga mphamvu ya adsorption ya carbon activated, mpweya wabwino wa zinc ufa, ndi kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira zosungunulira ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi kusinthidwa panthawi yake kuti golide abwererenso.

3.5 Chithandizo cha Mulu wa Zinyalala

• Kuphera matenda a Milu ya Zinyalala: Akamaliza ntchito leaching, zinyalala milu ya zinyalala ayenera kupha tizilombo kuti kuchepetsa kawopsedwe otsalira cyanide. Njira zodziwika bwino zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito okosijeni monga hydrogen peroxide kapena calcium hypochlorite. Nthawi yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mlingo uyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamilu ya zinyalala kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndende yotsalira ya cyanide ikugwirizana ndi miyezo yotulutsa chilengedwe.

• Kutsitsa ndi Kutaya Milu ya Zinyalala: Pambuyo popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, milu ya zinyalalayo imatha kutsitsidwa ndikutayidwa bwino. Njira yothetsera vutoli iyenera kutsata malamulo okhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, zinyalalazo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kubweza mmbuyo m'migodi kapena kutumizidwa kumalo osankhidwa otaya zinyalala kuti zikatayidwe.

4. Njira Zoyankhira Mwadzidzidzi

4.1 Kukhazikitsa Mapulani Adzidzidzi

Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono akuyenera kupanga njira yodziwira ngozi zomwe zingachitike panjira yokhetsa mulu wa cyanide, monga kutayikira kwa cyanide, moto, ndi kuphulika. Dongosolo lazadzidzidzi liyenera kukhala ndi mabungwe othandizira mwadzidzidzi, udindo wa membala aliyense, njira zothanirana ndi ngozi, ndi njira zopulumutsira mwadzidzidzi.

4.2 Zida Zopulumutsira Mwadzidzidzi ndi Zida

Zida zokwanira zopulumutsira mwadzidzidzi ziyenera kukonzedwa, monga masks a gasi, zovala zoteteza mankhwala, zida zothandizira zoyamba, neutralizing agents for cyanide, ndi zida zozimitsa moto. Zida ndi zidazi ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikusamalidwa nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

4.3 Zoyeserera Zadzidzidzi

Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso la ogwira nawo ntchito. Zobowola ziyenera kukhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za ngozi, monga kubowola kwa cyanide ndi zozimitsa moto. Kupyolera m'mabowo adzidzidzi, ogwira ntchito amatha kudziŵa bwino njira zothandizira anthu mwadzidzidzi ndikuwongolera luso lawo lothana ndi ngozi.

5. Kutsiliza

Kupanga kwachitetezo cha mulu wa cyanide leaching wochotsa golide ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mwa kutsatira mosamalitsa mfundo zaukadaulo zopanga chitetezo, kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka chitetezo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi zogwirira ntchito, kuwopsa kwachitetezo pakupanga kumatha kuwongoleredwa bwino. Izi sizimangotsimikizira chitetezo ndi thanzi la ogwira ntchito komanso chilengedwe komanso zimalimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha migodi ya golide. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono amayenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse zachitetezo ndikuwongolera mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chawo kuti akwaniritse cholinga chopanga bwino komanso moyenera.