Kafukufuku pa Zomwe Anachita Pakati pa Silver Sulfide ndi Sodium Cyanide

1. Introduction

Zomwe zimachitika pakati Silver sulfide (\(Ag_2S \)) ndi Sodium cyanide (\(NaCN \)) ili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu m'magawo osiyanasiyana, makamaka pakuchotsa siliva kuchokera kuzinthu zake. Kumvetsetsa izi ndikofunikira pakuwongolera njira zamafakitale komanso kumvetsetsa mozama za kufanana kwamankhwala ndi kinetics m'machitidwe ovuta.

2. Mfundo Zochita

2.1 Chemical Equation

Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa silver sulfide ndi Sodium Cyanide akhoza kuyimiridwa

b ma equation amankhwala awa pakakhala mpweya:\(2Ag_2S + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Ag(CN)_2] + 4NaOH + 2S\)

Pochita izi, silver sulfide imakhudzidwa ndi sodium cyanide. Siliva mu sulfide yasiliva imapanga ion yovuta, siliva cyanide complex ion \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \), pamene sulfure mu siliva sulfide ndi oxidized kukhala elemental sulfure. Mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga umagwira nawo ntchito, umakhala ngati wothandizira oxidizing.

2.2 Mapangidwe Ovuta a Ion

Siliva ali ndi chizolowezi champhamvu chopanga ma ion ovuta okhala ndi ma cyanide ions. Mapangidwe a \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) amayendetsedwa ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa ion yovutayi. Kufanana kosalekeza kwa mapangidwe a \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) ndi yayikulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma ion a siliva okhala ndi ma cyanide ions kupanga zovuta izi ndi zabwino kwambiri. The complexion ion \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-}\) imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi poyerekeza ndi silver sulfide, yomwe imakhala yosasungunuka. Izi solubility kusiyana ndi chinthu chachikulu mu wonse anachita ndondomeko.

2.3 Oxidation ya Sulfure

Sulfure mu sulfide ya siliva ili mu -2 oxidation state. Pa zomwe ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa mpweya, sulfure ndi oxidized. Mpweya wochokera mumpweya umapereka mphamvu ya okosijeni. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sulfure kuchokera -2 kuti 0 (zoyambira sulfure) ndi mbali yofunika ya zimagwirira ntchito. The njira njira kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sulfure kumafuna angapo ma elekitironi - kutengerapo masitepe, amene ali pafupi ndi wonse anachita mlingo ndi mapangidwe mankhwala.

3. Zochita Zochita

3.1 Malingaliro a Thermodynamic

Thermodynamically, machitidwe achindunji a silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide popanda kukhalapo kwa oxidizing agent monga mpweya ali ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa Gibbs kwaulere (\(\Delta G>0\)). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zomwe zimachitika sizimangochitika mwangozi. Kufanana kosalekeza (\(K\)) kwa zomwe \(Ag_2S + 4NaCN\rightleftharpoons 2Na[Ag(CN)_2]+Na_2S\) ndizochepa. Komabe, mpweya ukayambitsidwa, zonse zimangochitika zokha. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sulfure ndi okosijeni kumapereka mphamvu yogonjetsera kusakhazikika kwa zomwe zimachitika koyamba pakati pa silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide.

3.2 Zofunikira pakukhazikika

Kuti zomwe zimachitikazo zichitike bwino, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi sodium cyanide yokwanira. Popeza silver sulfide sisungunuka m'madzi, ma cyanide ions ambiri amafunikira kuti asokonezeke ndi ayoni asiliva omwe amamasulidwa pang'onopang'ono ku silver sulfide. Kuwerengera kwawonetsa kuti \(0.1mol\) ya \(Ag_2S\) kuti isungunuke mu \(1L\) ya \(NaCN\) yankho, kuchuluka kwa \(NaCN\) kocheperako kumafunika pafupifupi \(12.97mol/L\). Izi mkulu ndende chofunika ndi chifukwa otsika solubility wa sulfide siliva ndi kufunika kuloza mgwirizano wa zovuta - mapangidwe anachita kwa mapangidwe siliva - cyanide zovuta ion.

3.3 Kutentha ndi Kupanikizika

Ngakhale zomwe zimachitika pakati pa silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide zimatha kuchitika kutentha kwa firiji, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumatha kufulumizitsa zomwe zimachitika. Kutentha kwapamwamba kumawonjezera mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu omwe timachitapo kanthu, zomwe zimayambitsa kugundana pafupipafupi komanso kwamphamvu. Komabe, kutentha kwambiri kungayambitsenso zina, monga kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala a cyanide. Kupsyinjika sikukhudza kwambiri momwe izi zimakhalira nthawi zonse, chifukwa zimakhudzidwa ndi njira yamadzimadzi osati gasi - gawo lomwe kusintha kwa kuthamanga kungakhale ndi zotsatira zodziwika bwino.

4. Kuchita Kinetics

4.1 Kutsimikiza kwa Rection Rate

Mlingo wa siliva sulfide ndi sodium cyanide ungadziwike kudzera mu njira zoyesera. Poyesa kusintha kwa ndende ya reactants (monga siliva sulfide kapena sodium cyanide) kapena zinthu (monga siliva - cyanide complexion ion kapena sulfure) pakapita nthawi, zomwe zingawerengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu kuyesa kwa batch riyakitala, zitsanzo zitha kutengedwa pafupipafupi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa siliva - cyanide complex ion mu yankho kumatha kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira monga spectrophotometry kapena ion - maelekitirodi osankhidwa. Mlingo wa mapangidwe a siliva - cyanide complex ion ndiye amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika.

4.2 Mlingo - Kuwona Masitepe

Kachitidwe ka siliva sulfide cyanidation ndizovuta ndipo zimaphatikizapo masitepe angapo. Mlingo - kudziwa sitepe ndiyomwe imachedwa pang'onopang'ono pakutsata ndondomekoyi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri ndikusungunuka kwa sulfide ya siliva, yomwe imaphatikizapo kutulutsa ayoni asiliva ndi ayoni a sulfure. Kuphatikizika kwa ayoni asiliva ndi ayoni a cyanide kumakhala kofulumira poyerekeza ndi kusungunuka kwa silver sulfide. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa sulfure ndi mpweya kumathandizanso kwambiri mmene zimachitikira mlingo. Ngati mpweya wa okosijeni uli wochepa, ukhoza kukhala chinthu chodziwika bwino. Komanso, kufalikira kwa mamolekyulu reactant (monga sianidi ayoni ndi mpweya) pamwamba pa siliva sulfide particles zingakhudze anachita mlingo, makamaka pamene tinthu kukula siliva sulfide ndi lalikulu.

4.3 Kujambula kwa Masamu

Masamu zitsanzo zapangidwa kufotokoza mmene kinetics wa silver sulfide cyanidation. Chitsanzo chimodzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi chocheperako - core model. Chitsanzochi chikuganiza kuti zomwe zimachitika pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta siliva sulfide, ndipo momwe zimakhalira, chigawo chapakati cha sulfide chosagwiritsidwa ntchito chimachepa. Chitsanzo amaganizira zinthu monga mayamwidwe a reactants mwa wosanjikiza mankhwala (sulfure ndi zina anachita mankhwala akhoza kupanga pamwamba pa siliva sulfide tinthu), mankhwala anachita mlingo pamwamba, ndi zovuta mgwirizano mu gawo yankho. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo ichi, kulosera kungapangidwe za momwe angachitire pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, monga kusinthasintha kwa sodium cyanide ndi mpweya, kukula kwa tinthu ta siliva sulfide, ndi kutentha. Zotsatira zoyesera zapezedwa kuti zimagwirizana bwino ndi maulosi a masamu oterowo.

5. Mapulogalamu

5.1 Kutulutsa Siliva ku Ores

Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani amigodi pochotsa siliva ku miyala ya sulfide. Mu njira yodziwika bwino ya cyanidation, siliva wophwanyidwa - wokhala ndi ore amathandizidwa ndi sodium cyanide solution. Silver sulfide mu ore imakumana ndi sodium cyanide kupanga siliva wosungunuka - cyanide complex. Pambuyo pazimenezi, yankho lomwe lili ndi siliva - cyanide complex limasiyanitsidwa ndi zotsalira zolimba. Silivayo amathanso kubwezeredwa ku yankho lake kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kuchepetsa ndi njira yabwino yochepetsera (mwachitsanzo, fumbi la zinki). Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagulu akuluakulu Kuchotsa siliva.

5.2 Kuganizira za chilengedwe

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide pochotsa siliva kumadzetsa nkhawa zachilengedwe. Cyanide ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse kapena kutayidwa kosayenera kwa cyanide - komwe kumakhala ndi mayankho kumatha kuwononga chilengedwe. Choncho, malamulo okhwima a zachilengedwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awonetsetse kuti cyanide ikugwiritsidwa ntchito motetezeka m'makampani amigodi. Makampani ambiri amigodi akupanganso njira zina zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kapena kuchitira cyanide - okhala ndi zinyalala mogwira mtima. Ngakhale pali zovuta izi, zomwe zimachitika pakati pa silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri pantchito yamigodi ya siliva chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri pakuchotsa siliva.

6. Kutsiliza

Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa silver sulfide ndi sodium cyanide ndizovuta zamankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa siliva. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zamachitidwe, mikhalidwe, kinetics, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndikofunikira pakuwongolera njira zamafakitale komanso kuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide. Kufufuza kwina m'derali kungangoyang'ana pakupanga zinthu zogwira mtima kwambiri, kuwongolera kusankhidwa kwa zomwe zimachitika, ndikupeza njira zina zosinthira kapena kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide pochotsa siliva.