Zokambirana pa Zaukadaulo Wochotsa Golide ndi Sodium Cyanide

Introduction

Golide, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwake, kusinthasintha, komanso kukana dzimbiri, chakhala chizindikiro cha chuma komanso njira yosinthira kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kutulutsa golide kuchokera ku miyala yake ndi njira yovuta yomwe yakhala ikusintha pakapita nthawi. Pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide mu kuchotsa Golide , komwe kumadziwika kuti cyanidation, kwakhala njira yodziwika bwino kuyambira m'ma 1970. Nkhani iyi ya blog idzafufuza mwatsatanetsatane za njira iyi, mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo, komanso zomwe zikubwera mtsogolo.

Udindo wa Cyanide mu Kuchotsa Golide

Momwe Cyanide Amachitira ndi Golide

Cyanide, mankhwala okhala ndi Carbon ndi nayitrogeni, amapanga complex yosungunuka ndi golide pamene pali mpweya. Yankho lake likhoza kuimiridwa ndi equation yotsatirayi ya mankhwala:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Mu njira imeneyi, golide amasungunuka ndipo amapanga sodium auro cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂] yokhazikika komanso yosungunuka . Izi zimathandiza kuti golideyo alekanitsidwe ndi matrix ya miyala ndikubwezeretsedwanso kudzera mu njira zotsatirazi.

Zoyenera Kuchita Bwino Cyanidation

Kuti njira yopangira cyanidation ikhale yogwira mtima, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa. Kuchuluka kwa Sodium Cyanide mu yankho lochotsa madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 100 ppm mpaka 500 ppm (0.01% - 0.05%). Mlingo woyenera wa pH, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 10 - 11. umasungidwa kuti uteteze kupangika kwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi woopsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kwa mpweya ndikofunikira, chifukwa umagwira ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha okosijeni muzochita. Komabe, nthawi zina, chifukwa cha nkhawa za mtengo, kuyika kwa mpweya wowonjezera kuti ufulumizitse njira yochotsera madzi sikumachitika nthawi zonse m'mafakitale.

Njira ya Cyanide Leaching process

Kukonzekera kwa Ore

Pamaso pa cyanide leaching, miyala yokhala ndi golide iyenera kukonzedwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya ndi kugaya miyalayo kuti ionjezere pamwamba pake. Pamene tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono, golidiyo amawonekera kwambiri muzitsulo za cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yabwino. Pambuyo pophwanyidwa ndi kupera, miyalayo imatha kukonzedwanso kudzera mu kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka kapena kuyandama kuti muchotse mchere wina wa gangue ndikuyika gawo lokhala ndi golide.

Kuchuluka kwa Leaching

Kuchotsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu zofukula golide. Munjira imeneyi, miyala yokonzedwayo imayikidwa m'milu ikuluikulu pa chidebe chosalowa madzi. Kenako yankho lochepetsedwa la sodium cyanide limathiridwa kapena kudonthezedwa pa mulu wa miyala. Pamene yankholo likulowa mu mulu, limakumana ndi golide womwe uli mu miyalayo, ndikupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Ma complex awa amasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa muluwo m'dziwe kapena mu dongosolo losonkhanitsira.

Kuchotsa milu ndi mtengo - kothandiza, makamaka kwa ore otsika. Komabe, pamafunika kasamalidwe kosamala kuti mupewe kutayikira kwa cyanide - okhala ndi mayankho m'chilengedwe.

Vat Leaching (Magila Olamulidwa)

Vat leaching, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti vat cyanidation kapena agitation leaching, nthawi zambiri imachitika mu mphero yapadera pamalo amigodi. Mwanjira iyi, miyala yophwanyidwa bwino imayikidwa muzitsulo kapena matanki. Mtsuko womwe uli ndi cyanide umawonjezeredwa, ndipo kusakaniza kumagwedezeka kuti zitsimikizire kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa ore ndi yankho. Mpweya wa okosijeni mumlengalenga kapena nthawi zina mpweya wowonjezera umayambitsidwa kuti uthandizire zomwe zikuchitika.

Poyerekeza ndi Heap leaching , kulowetsa m'madzi mu vat kumathandiza kuti zinthu monga kutentha, pH, ndi liwiro la kugwedezeka zisamayende bwino. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula chifukwa cha kufunika kwa zida zapadera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zimafunika.

Kubwezeretsanso Golide kuchokera ku Cyanide Solutions

Golideyo akasungunuka mu cyanide solution, ayenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu za izi:

1. Kaboni - mkati mwa - Leach (CIL) ndi Kaboni - mkati mwa - Pulp (CIP) : Mu njira ya CIL, mpweya wopangidwa umawonjezedwa mwachindunji ku pulp yochotsedwa ya cyanide. Ma complex a golide - cyanide amalowetsedwa pamwamba pa mpweya wopangidwa chifukwa cha malo ake okwera komanso mphamvu zake zolowetsedwa. Mu njira ya CIP, mpweya wopangidwawo umalekanitsidwa kaye ndi yankho, kenako yankho limadutsa m'matanki angapo odzazidwa ndi mpweya wopangidwa. Pambuyo polowetsedwa, mpweya wodzazidwa ndi golide umachotsedwa mu dongosolo ndikukonzedwanso kuti upezenso golideyo.

2. Kugwa kwa Zinc : Fumbi la zinc kapena zinc shavings zitha kuwonjezeredwa ku yankho la gold-cyanide. Zinc ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa golide, kotero imachotsa golide kuchokera ku golide-cyanide complex. Yankho lake ndi motere:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Golide wonyezimirayo amatha kupatulidwa ndi yankho ndi kusefera kapena kusefedwa.

Kuganizira Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Kuopsa kwa Cyanide

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. M'malo ambiri, imatha kupha anthu, nyama, komanso zamoyo zam'madzi. Pankhani ya migodi ya golidi, nkhawa yaikulu ndiyo kutulutsa kwa cyanide m'chilengedwe, makamaka m'madzi a pamwamba. Nsomba zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi cyanide, ndipo ngakhale kuchepa kwa cyanide m'madzi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pazachilengedwe zam'madzi.

Kulinganiza kwa Chilengedwe

Kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito cyanide mumigodi ya golide, njira zingapo zimatengedwa. Migodi imayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza kutulutsa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi mayankho. Malo opangira michira, komwe cyanide yotsalira - yomwe ili ndi mayankho ndi zinyalala zimasungidwa, amapangidwa ndi zomangira zosasunthika kuti asatayike. Kuonjezera apo, njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa cyanide ku mayankho asanatuluke. Njirazi ndi monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni wamankhwala, chithandizo chachilengedwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuphwanya cyanide.

Ntchito zambiri zamigodi zimafunanso kukonzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito cyanide yotsalira m'mabwalo okonza kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide.

Njira Zachitetezo kwa Ogwira Ntchito

Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ali pachiwopsezo chokumana ndi poizoni wa cyanide. Pofuna kuteteza ogwira ntchito, migodi imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera. Izi zikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makina odzipangira okha kuti achepetse kukhudzana kwachindunji ndi anthu ndi cyanide - zokhala ndi zinthu, kupatsa ogwira ntchito zovala zoyenera zodzitetezera, monga magolovesi, ma apuloni, ndi zopumira, komanso kuchititsa maphunziro achitetezo pafupipafupi.

Tsogolo Labwino

Ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, njira yochotsera golide yochokera ku cyanide ikukumana ndi zovuta chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Chotsatira chake, pali chidwi chokulirapo pakupanga njira zina, zowongoka bwino zochotsera golide. Zina mwa njira zomwe zikubwerazi ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito thiosulfate, bromide, kapena zakumwa za ayoni ngati mankhwala ena owonjezera. Komabe, njirazi zikadali mu gawo loyesera kapena loyambirira - lamalonda ndipo zili ndi malire awo malinga ndi mtengo - kuchita bwino komanso kuchita bwino.

Pakadali pano, makampani opanga migodi golide apitiliza kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuwongolera chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe cha cyanide - leaching process. Izi zikuphatikizanso kukhathamiritsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, kulimbikitsa njira zochizira cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala, komanso kulimbikitsa kutsata malamulo.

Kutsiliza

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide pochotsa golide kwakhala mwala wapangodya wamakampani amakono amigodi yagolide kwazaka zambiri. Zimapereka njira yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo yochotsera golide kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kawopsedwe ka cyanide ndi momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe sichinganyalanyazidwe. Pamene makampani akupita patsogolo, mgwirizano uyenera kuchitidwa pakati pa phindu lachuma la migodi ya golide ndi kufunikira koteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Kaya kudzera mukuwongolera njira zomwe zilipo kale za cyanide kapena kupanga umisiri watsopano, tsogolo la kukumba golide limakhala pakupeza njira zokhazikika komanso zotetezeka.