Njira ndi Njira Zochepetsera Misala ya Cyanide

Introduction

Cyanide tailings ndi zinyalala zolimba zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yopindula ndi migodi ya golide ndi migodi ina. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zotsalira cyanides ndi zitsulo zina zolemera, ngati sizisamalidwa bwino, zingawononge kwambiri chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Mkulu kawopsedwe wa Cyanides zimatha kufalikira kudzera mumpweya, m’madzi, ndi m’nthaka, kuwononga chilengedwe chozungulira ndi kuika pangozi moyo wa zinyama ndi zomera. Choncho, m'pofunika mwamsanga kuti detoxify Mitundu ya Cyanide. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za Kuchotsedwa njira ndi ndondomeko za cyanide tailings.

Makhalidwe ndi Kuopsa kwa Misala ya Cyanide

Kapangidwe ka michira ya cyanide ndizovuta. Kuphatikiza pa ma cyanides osakhudzidwa, mulinso zitsulo zolemera monga mkuwa, lead, zinki, ndi mercury. Zitsulo zolemerazi zimakhala zovuta kuzichepetsa m'chilengedwe ndipo zimawunjikana kwa nthawi yayitali. Cyanides akhoza ziletsa ntchito ya kupuma michere mu kwachilengedwenso maselo, zikubweretsa asphyxiation ndi imfa ya zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, madzi otayira okhala ndi ma cyanide tailings atayidwa m'mitsinje, izi zipangitsa kufa kwazamoyo zam'madzi monga nsomba, kuwononga chilengedwe chamadzi. Zitsulo zolemera zikalowa m'thupi la munthu, zimawunjikana m'ziwalo za anthu ndikuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, poizoni wa mtovu amakhudza kukula kwa dongosolo lamanjenje, ndipo poizoni wa mercury amawononga impso ndi ubongo.

Njira Zochepetsera Thupi

Chemical Oxidation Njira

1. Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination: Iyi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa poizoni wa oxidation. Pansi pa zinthu zamchere (nthawi zambiri pH mtengo umayendetsedwa pa 10 - 11), okosijeni monga mpweya wa chlorine kapena ma hypochlorite amawonjezeredwa ku michira ya cyanide. Mfundo yake ndi motere: Choyamba, ma cyanide ions (CN⁻) amapangidwa ndi okosijeni kukhala cyanate ions (CNO⁻), ndipo reaction equation ndi CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺. Kenako, cyanate imawola kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga nayitrogeni ndi mpweya woipa wowonjezera makutidwe ndi okosijeni, 2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → N₂↑ + 3Cl⁻ + 2HCO⁻⁻. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti kuchuluka kwazomwe zimachitika mwachangu komanso kutulutsa mphamvu kumawonekera, koma choyipa ndichakuti zoipitsa zina zachiwiri monga chlorine - zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wotulutsa zimatha kupangidwa.

2. Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Njira: Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) imatha kutulutsa okosijeni ndikuwola ma cyanides pamaso pa chothandizira choyenera. Zothandizira monga ma ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa. Pa zomwe zimachitika, hydrogen peroxide imawola kuti ipange ma hydroxyl radicals (·OH), omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowononga ma oxidizing ndipo amatha kutulutsa ma cyanides mwachangu. Equation yake ndi CN⁻ + H₂O₂ → CNO⁻ + H₂O. Ubwino wa hydrogen peroxide makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira ndi kuti mankhwala pambuyo kuwola wa hydrogen peroxide ndi madzi ndi mpweya, ndipo palibe zoipitsa latsopano anayambitsa, koma mtengo ndi wokwera, ndi zofunika kuchita zinthu ndi okhwima.

Biological Oxidation Njira

1. Njira ya Microbial Leaching: Tizilombo tating'ono tapadera, monga Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, timagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kugwiritsa ntchito ma cyanides ngati magwero a nayitrogeni ndi kaboni panthawi yakukula kwawo ndikuwongolera ndikuwola. Kudzera mu zochita zawo za kagayidwe kachakudya, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timasintha ma cyanides kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga mpweya woipa, madzi, ndi ammonia. Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti ndi wokonda zachilengedwe komanso wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, koma choyipa ndichakuti kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha ndi pH mtengo, ndipo njira yamankhwala imakhala yayitali.

2. Njira ya Biofilm: Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho kuti tipange biofilm. Pamene ma cyanide akumana ndi biofilm, ma cyanides amadetsedwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. The biofilm ali wamphamvu adsorption ndi kuwononga mphamvu, amene angathe kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo cha tizilombo ting'onoting'ono pa cyanides. Poyerekeza ndi njira ya microbial leaching njira, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu njira ya biofilm sizosavuta kutaya komanso kukhala ndi bata lapamwamba, koma amakhalanso ndi vuto lokhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe.

Njira Zina

1. High - Kutentha Pyrolysis Njira: Cyanide tailings ndi pyrolyzed pa kutentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri kuposa 800 ℃), ndipo ma cyanides amawola kukhala mpweya monga nitrogen ndi carbon monoxide. The mkulu - kutentha pyrolysis njira akhoza bwino kuchotsa cyanides, koma kumafuna kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mowa, ndi zitsulo zolemera akhoza volatilize pansi pa mkulu - kutentha, kuonjezera vuto la wotsatira mchira mankhwala mankhwala.

2. Njira ya Adsorption: Ma Adsorbents monga activated carbon ndi zeolite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsatsa ma cyanides. Ma Adsorbents ali ndi malo akuluakulu enieni ndipo amatha kukopa ma cyanides pamtunda wawo, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga cha detoxification. Njira ya adsorption ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma mphamvu ya adsorption ya adsorbent ndi yochepa, ndipo adsorbent iyenera kusinthidwa nthawi zonse. Komanso, mankhwala adsorbed adsorbent ndi zovuta.

Njira yochotsera poizoni

Kudzimbidwa

1. Kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika: Ma tailings akuluakulu a cyanide amaphwanyidwa kuti achepetse kukula kwake, kotero kuti zotsatira za detoxification zitha kuchitika mokwanira. Zophwanyira wamba zimaphatikizapo zophwanya nsagwada, zophwanya chulu, ndi zina zotere. Michira yophwanyidwa imawunikiridwa kudzera m'zida zowunikira monga zowonera kuti ziwonetsere tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tosiyanasiyana, kupereka zida zokhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono toyenera chithandizo.

2. Kulalikira: Pofuna kupanga ma cyanides kuti agwirizane bwino ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi reagent detoxification, madzi kapena zosungunulira zina zoyenera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola michira ya cyanide. The leaching ndondomeko ikuchitika mu anasonkhezera thanki, ndi tailings ndi zosungunulira kwathunthu kusakaniza ndi kusonkhezera. Zinthu monga leaching nthawi, kutentha, ndi madzi - to - olimba chiŵerengero zimakhudza leaching zotsatira, ndipo nthawi zambiri ayenera wokongoletsedwa malinga ndi mmene mikhalidwe yeniyeni.

Ntchito ya Detoxification

1. Njira Yogwirira Ntchito ya Chemical Oxidation Method: Kutenga njira ya alkaline chlorination monga chitsanzo, mu njira yothetsera tailings pambuyo pa leaching, sodium hydroxide imawonjezedwa kuti isinthe pH ya yankho la 10 - 11. Kenaka, mpweya wa chlorine umayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kapena sodium hypochlorite solution ikuwonjezeredwa, ndipo kusonkhezera kumachitika nthawi yomweyo kuti zomwe zimachitikazo zipitirire mokwanira. Munthawi yakuchita, ndende ya cyanide mu yankho iyenera kuyang'aniridwa munthawi yeniyeni. Pamene ndende ya cyanide imachepetsedwa kukhala pansi pa muyezo wotchulidwa, kuwonjezera kwa okosijeni kumayimitsidwa.

2. Njira Yogwirira Ntchito ya Biological Oxidation Method: Ngati njira ya microbial leaching ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans wotukuka bwino ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono timalowetsedwa mu leaching solution yomwe ili ndi cyanide tailings. Kutentha kwa machitidwewa kumayendetsedwa mkati mwa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (nthawi zambiri 25 - 35 ℃), ndipo pH mtengo umasinthidwa kuti ukhale woyenera (nthawi zambiri 2 - 4). Panthawi yakuchitapo kanthu, zakudya ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa pafupipafupi kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zakukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kupita patsogolo kwa detoxification zimaweruzidwa ndi kuyang'anira ndende ya cyanide ndi kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Chithandizo Chotsatira

1. Zolimba - Kupatukana kwamadzi: Pambuyo pochotsa detoxification ikamalizidwa, ma tailings omwe amathandizidwa ayenera kukhala olimba - kulekanitsidwa kwamadzimadzi. Njira zokhazikika zolimba - zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi zimaphatikizapo kusefera ndi centrifugation. Kupyolera mu zipangizo zosefera monga zosindikizira za mbale - ndi - frame fyuluta, michira yolimba imasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi. Madzi olekanitsidwawo amayenera kuyesedwanso kuti ali ndi cyanide ndi heavy metal kuti atsimikize kuti akhoza kutulutsidwa akakwaniritsa zotuluka.

2. Kutaya Michira: Pambuyo pa detoxification ndi olimba - kulekanitsa madzi, ngati heavy metal zili mu tailings akadali mkulu, chithandizo china chofunika. Mwachitsanzo, teknoloji yolimba ndi yokhazikika imatengedwa, ndipo tailings imasakanizidwa ndi zolimbitsa thupi monga simenti ndi laimu kukonza zitsulo zolemera mu thupi lolimba ndi kuchepetsa kuyenda kwawo mu chilengedwe. Michira yokonzedwayo imatha kutayidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zomangira.

Kutsiliza

Chithandizo cha detoxification cha cyanide tailings ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakuteteza chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera poizoni zili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zawo. Muzochita zenizeni, njira zoyenera zochotsera poizoni ndi njira ziyenera kusankhidwa mozama molingana ndi zinthu monga mawonekedwe a ma cyanide tailings, mtengo wamankhwala, komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakono, matekinoloje atsopano a detoxification ndi njira zikuwonekera nthawi zonse. M'tsogolomu, akuyembekezeka kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito bwino, zokondera zachilengedwe, komanso zochepetsera ndalama za cyanide tailings, zomwe zimapereka njira zothetsera mavuto achilengedwe omwe amadza chifukwa cha michira ya cyanide.