Yazvino Mamiriro Ekutsvaga uye Tarisiro yeRare Earth Mineral Processing Reagents

Rare Earth Mineral Processing Reagents: Vateresi, Vanodzvinyirira, Frothers & Leaching Agents yeKubudirira uye Kusingaperi Kudzoreredza.

Rare Earth element (REEs) ine huwandu hwezvakasiyana zvemuviri nemakemikari zvimiro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha mukushandisa kwakasiyana, kubva kumagetsi kuenda kumauto. Zvinozivikanwa sezvicherwa zvakakosha nenyika dzakaita seChina, United States, Japan, neAustralia. Zvisinei, zvicherwa zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana asi zvishoma mugiredhi uye zvinowanzobatanidzwa zvakanyanya nemaminerari e gangue akafanana. Kubatsirwa kwavo kunovimba zvakanyanya nekufambira mberi mumamineral processing reagents.

Ichi chinyorwa chakanangana nekubatsira kwakanaka kwerare Earth resources. Inopfupikisa mamiriro azvino ekutsvaga nekuvandudzwa kwe flotation reagents kune mineral-based rare earth ores, kusanganisira vateresi, depressants, activators, uye hama, pamwe chete nemafambisirwo adzo ekufambisa. Iyo kemikari Beneficiation reagents yeion-mhando isingawanzo pasi ores, kusanganisira leaching agents uye precipitating agents, zvinokurukurwawo, kuvhara mamiriro avo ekutsvagisa uye leaching nzira. Uyezve, mamiriro azvino e kuyerera kwepasi kushoma vaunganidzi inoongororwa, uye ramangwana tsvakurudzo mirayiridzo nokuda Rare Earth mineral processing ma reagents anoongororwa. Ongororo iyi ine chinangwa chekupa mareferenzi kumakambani nenyanzvi dzinoita basa risingawanzo kugadzirwa zvicherwa zvepasi uye kusimudzira reagent.

0 Introduction

Rare Earth elements (REEs) zvinosanganisira scandium, yttrium, uye ose 15 lanthanides, anokwana 17 elements. Zvinhu izvi zvinoratidzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri nemakemikari zvimiro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvevagari vemauto nevemauto, kusanganisira zvekurapa, simba, uye maindasitiri ekudzivirira. Vanowanzo kunzi "mavhitamini emaindasitiri," "zvinhu zvinoshamisa," "mahomoni ezvekurima," uye "simbi dzehondo," anozivikanwa semaminerari akakosha nenyika dzakaita seUnited States, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, uye European Union. Sekureva kweUnited States Geological Survey (USGS), kubva muna 2022, nzvimbo dzepasi rose dzepasi oxide (REO) dzinomira pamatani anosvika mamirioni zana nemakumi maviri, zvakanyanya kuChina (120%), Vietnam (36.7%), Brazil (18.3%), Russia (17.5%), India (17.5%), neAustralia (5.8%).

Migodhi mikuru yepasi isingawanzoitiki pasi rose inosanganisira madhipoziti ekuChina eBayan Obo, Maoniuping, neGanzhou, mugodhi weMountain Pass kuU. Pamusoro pezvo, mapurovhinzi eChina ekumaodzanyemba, anosanganisira Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, uye Yunnan, ane anopfuura zana nemakumi manomwe emhando yepamusoro ion-adsorption rare earth deposits, anoshanda sepasi rose sosi yepakati uye inorema isingawanzo wanikwa pasi.

Anopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu marudzi emaminerari epasi asingawanzo kuwanikwa, ane bastnäsite ((Ce, La)(CO250)F), monazite ((Ce, La) PO3), xenotime (YPO4), yttrialite (Y4FeBe(SiO2)4O2), uye fergusonite (YNbO2) inoverengera inopfuura 4% yemaminerari epasi. Zvisinei, ores aya anowanzobatanidzwa ne quartz, fluorite, barite, feldspar, calcite, uye mamwe silicate gangue minerals, zvichiita kuti ore yepasi-giredhi yakaoma kupatsanurwa. Saka nekudaro, kubatsirwa kweasingawanzo matombo epasi kazhinji kunoda musanganiswa wekuparadzaniswa kwegiravhiti, kupatsanurwa kwemagineti, uye flotation kusimudzira yakaderera-giredhi ores kune maindasitiri ekunyungudutsa-giredhi inotarisana. Panyaya yeion-adsorption isingawanzo matombo epasi, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinoshambadzirwa semaion pane zvicherwa kana mukati mekristaro layer, zvinoda kugadziriswa kwemakemikari kubvisa zvisingawanzo pasi oxides.

Ingave ichibata nemamineral-based kana ion-mhando isingawanzo pasi ores, kushandiswa kwebeneficiation reagents kwakakosha pakusarudza giredhi yechigadzirwa, kupora pasi kushoma mitengo, kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira, mutengo, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Ichi chinyorwa chinotarisana nekubatsira kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo, zvichipa tarisiro yakadzama yemhando, maitirwo, uye kufambira mberi kwekutsvagisa kwezvinoyerera reagents (vateresi, frothers, regulator) yemaminerari-based rare earth ores, pamwe nekemikari inobatsira reagents (leaching agents, precipitating agents) yeion-mhando isingawanzo pasi ores. Inopa zvakare mafambiro emangwana ekutsvagisa nekusimudzira mune zvisingawanzo pasi zvicherwa zvekugadzirisa reagents, nechinangwa chekupa referensi kumakambani nevatsvaguri vanoita mukuparadzana kwepasi kusingawanzo kana kusimudzira reagent maindasitiri.

1 Rare Earth Flotation Collectors

Vaunganidzi vanoita basa rakakosha mukuyangarara kwepasi nekuchinja hydrophobicity yezvicherwa zvinonangwa, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubatika kumabhubhu nekuvandudza zvinhu zvavo zvekuyangarara. Kubva pamapoka anoshanda, vaunganidzi vepasi risingawanzo flotation vanogona kuiswa mu hydroxamic acids, fatty acids, phosphonic acids, uye mamwe mareagents.1.1 Hydroxamic Acid Collectors

Hydroxamic acid vaunganidzi, vakagadzirwa muma1980s, ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa reagents mune isingawanzo kutenderera pasi. Hydroxamic acids, inozivikanwawo seoximes, iripo mumhando mbiri dzeisomeric: oxime (keto chimiro) uye hydroxamic acid (enol chimiro), ine oxime ichinyanya. Ose maisomers anopatsanurana kuita maanioni akafanana panguva yekuyerera.

Kazhinji ma hydroxamic acid anounganidza anoshandiswa munzvimbo isingawanzo flotation yepasi anosanganisira C7-C9 alkyl hydroxamic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), cycloaxalkyl hydrozylomic acid, hydrozylomic acid (OMHA), uye zvimwe zvakagadziridzwa kana zvakasanganiswa hydroxamic acid zvigadzirwa, zvakadai seH316 (a modified H205), P8 (kunyanya hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), LF8# (98% hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), uye muunganidzi 103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). Nepo hydroxamic acids ichiratidza kusarudzwa kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi, zvinowanzoda kudziyisa panguva yekuyangarara, zvichitungamira kumutengo wesimba wakakwira, uye synthesis yavo inogona zvakare kudhura.

1.2 Fatty Acid Collectors

Mafuta anounganidza asidhi akashandiswa mukutenderera kwepasi kusingawanzo kubva kuma1950s apo oleic acid yakashandiswa zvakabudirira kuMountain Pass muUnited States. MuChina, zvidzidzo zvakarongeka pamusoro pekushandiswa kweoleic acid uye oxidized parafini sipo yezvisingawanzo kutenderera pasi zvakatanga muma1960s.

Fatty acid vaunganidzi vanotorwa kubva kumafuta emiriwo kana emhuka, kazhinji anoumbwa nemusanganiswa weC10-C20 yakazara uye unsaturated carboxylic acids kana munyu. Zvakajairika reagents zvinosanganisira oleic acid, sodium oleate, mafuta akareba, oxidized parafini sipo, Bacchus mafuta emichero, phthalates, naphthenic acid, uye oxidized petroleum derivatives. Nekudaro, mafuta acid vaunganidzi vane yakaderera kusarudza kune isingawanzo pasi zvicherwa uye kazhinji inoda kuwedzerwa kweanodzvinyirira uye tembiricha kugadzirisa kuti iwane kuparadzaniswa kunoshanda.

Kuyerera kwemaminerari epasi asingawanzo kushandisa fatty acids kunofungidzirwa kuti kunosanganisira musanganiswa wekushambadza kwemuviri, makemikari adsorption, uye pamusoro pemakemikari maitiro.

1.3 Phosphonic Acid Vaunganidzi

Phosphonic acid (-P=O) uye phosphonate (-O-P=O) vateresi vanoratidza kushanda kwakasimba kwekutenderera kwemaminerari esimbi zvichienzaniswa nehydroxamic uye fatty acid vaunganidzi. Zvisinei, phosphonic acid vateresi vanowanzova nesarudzo yakaderera.

Parizvino inoshandiswa phosphonic acid vaunganidzi mune isingawanzo flotation yepasi inosanganisira styrene phosphonic acid, p-toluene phosphonic acid, benzyl phosphonic acid, α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, uye zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvakaita seP538 uye Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Vamwe Vateresi

Kunze kwehydroxamic acids, fatty acids, uye phosphonic acids, akasiyana siyana evateresi ari kuongororwa kuti avandudze isingawanzo flotation yepasi kushanda zvakanaka uye kusarudza. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinosanganisira sulfonates, thio-phosphates, uye quaternary ammonium munyu.

• Sulfonates: Sulfonates yakashumwa kuratidza kusarudzwa kwakanaka uye kuita mumafambisirwo ekufambisa, asi kushandiswa kwayo mune isingawanzoitiki pasi mineral flotation ichiri mumatanho ekutanga.

• Thio-phosphates: Ava vaunganidzi vanowanzo shandiswa mu sulfide mineral flotation, asi tsvakiridzo mukushandiswa kwavo mukusawanzo flotation pasi iri kuenderera mberi.

• Quaternary Ammonium Munyu: Mishonga iyi yakaongororwa kuti inokwanisa kuyangarara maminerari asiri esulfide, uye kumwe kubudirira kwakashumwa mukuyangarara kwepasi. Ivo vanoshanda kuburikidza ne electrostatic kukwezva neine negatively charged mineral surfaces.

Vatsvagiri vari kugara vachiyedza nemareagents matsva kuti vawedzere kushanda kweasingawanzo pasi mineral flotation, vachitarisa pane zvese kuvandudza mitengo yekudzoreredza uye kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemakemikari aya.

2 Depressants for Rare Earth Flotation

Madhiri akakosha mune isingawanzo pasi mineral flotation yekusarudza inhibiting gangue zvicherwa, nekudaro kuvandudza kusarudzwa uye goho rezvicherwa zvisingawanzo pasi pasi. Iwo ekutanga gangue zvicherwa ane hukama neasingawanzo pasi ores, senge quartz, calcite, uye barite, anowanzo kuratidza akafanana flotation maitiro, zvichiita kuti kusarudzika kwavo kuve kwakakosha.

Zvinowanzo dzvinyirirwa munzvimbo isingawanzo flotation yepasi zvinosanganisira girazi remvura (sodium silicate), sodium fluoride, tannins, uye starch.

2.1 Sodium Silicate (Mvura Girazi)

Sodium silicate, inowanzo zivikanwa segirazi remvura, ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa kudzvinyirira mu isingawanzo kutenderera pasi. Inoshandiswa kuvharidzira silicate minerals yakadai se quartz uye feldspar. Iyo meshini ye sodium silicate's depressive action inowanzonzi inokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwe silica layer pamusoro pe gangue minerals, iyo inodzivirira muunganidzi adsorption.

Girazi remvura rinoshanda, rakaderera-mutengo rinodzvinyirira, asi kuita kwayo kunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakaita sepH, ion concentration, uye reagent dosage. Vatsvagiri vari kutsvaga akagadziridzwa silicates uye mamwe makemikari anowedzera kuvandudza kusarudzwa kwegirazi remvura.

2.2 Sodium Fluoride

Sodium fluoride inoshandiswa kudzvinyirira calcite mune isingawanzo flotation yepasi maitiro. Kushungurudzika kwaro kunobva pakuita pakati pe fluoride ions uye calcium ions, ichigadzira insoluble calcium fluoride firimu pane mineral surface, iyo inodzivirira muunganidzi adsorption.

Nekudaro, sodium fluoride chinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye kushandiswa kwayo kunogona kukonzera nharaunda nekuchengetedza kunetseka. Somugumisiro, vatsvakurudzi vari kushingaira kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka.

2.3 Tannins uye Starch

Tannins uye starch mienzaniso ye organic depressants inoshandiswa mune isingawanzo kutenderera pasi. Tannins, inotorwa kubva mumidziyo yezvirimwa, inoshandiswa kuderedza gangue zvicherwa zvakaita sebarite uye fluorite. Maitiro avo anosanganisira kuomeswa nesimbi ions pane mineral surface, kuderedza muunganidzi akabatanidzwa.

Starch inowanzoshandiswa seanoderedza hematite uye mamwe maminerari ane iron mukufamba kwezvicherwa zvepasi. Kudyidzana pakati pe starch nemaminerari kunowanzo kuve kwepanyama, nemamorekuru estarch achishambadzira pane mineral surface, kudzivirira kuita kwemuunganidzi.

2.4 New Depressants

Kuvandudzwa kwezvitsva zvinoderedza kuora mwoyo inzvimbo inoenderera mberi yekutsvakurudza mune zvisingawanzoitiki pasi rose. Aya mareagents anovavarira kuvandudza sarudzo uye kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kweiyo flotation process. Mienzaniso yezvichangobva kuitika zvinosanganisira akagadziridzwa masitachi, mapolymer ekugadzira, uye biodegradable organic depressants.

3 Frothers for Rare Earth Flotation

Frothers vanoita basa rakakosha mukugadzira furo rakagadzikana mumaseru anotenderera, zvichiita kuti kupatsanurwa kwemaminerari epasi asingawanzo kubva kune gangue zvinhu. Frothers inokanganisa saizi yebubble, kugadzikana kwefroth, uye flotation kinetics. Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa frother mu isingawanzo flotation pasi idoro-based uye ether-based reagents.

3.1 Madhiri Anobva Kudoro

Doro-based frothers, senge methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) uye mafuta epaini, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumamineral flotation, kusanganisira isingawanzo kutenderera pasi. Aya madhiri anobatsira kugadzira tuturu tudiki, akatsiga anonatsiridza kutenderera kwezvikamu zvakatsetseka.

Doro-based frothers haridhure uye rinoshanda, asi maitiro avo anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita sepH, mineral composition, uye reagent interactions.

3.2 Ether-Based Frothers

Ether-based frothers, senge polypropylene glycol ethers (eg, DF-250), inowanzoshandiswa mukutenderera kwepasi kusingawanzo. Aya madhiri anowanzo kuburitsa mabhuru akakwenenzverwa uye akanyanya kugadzikana furo zvichienzaniswa nedoro-based frothers. Zvisinei, ether-based frothers inogona kudhura uye ingada chaiyo dosage control.

3.3 Novel Frothers

Tsvagiridzo mumadhiri matsva epasi isingawanzo kutenderera inotarisa pakuvandudza kusarudza uye kugadzikana kwefroth uku ichideredza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinosanganisira biodegradable frothers uye frothers nekuvandudzwa kwekupikisa kuvapo kwemafuta uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa mu flotation slurry.

4 Leaching Reagents yeIon-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Ion-adsorption rare Earth ores yakasarudzika mukuti zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvakashongedzwa pamusoro pezvicherwa zvevhu pane kuvharirwa mumamineral zvimiro. Aya maore anowanzo gadziriswa uchishandisa leaching pane flotation. Leaching agents vanoita basa rakakosha mukuita uku nekubvisa maion epasi asingawanzo kubva panzvimbo yevhu.

4.1 Ammonium Sulfate Leaching

Ammonium sulfate ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa leaching agent yeion-adsorption rare Earth ores. Iyo ammonium ions mukutsinhana kwemhinduro nemaion epasi asingawanzo pamusoro pemaminerari evhu, achiaburitsa mumhinduro. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakaderera uye nyore.

Nekudaro, ammonium sulfate leaching inogona kukonzera zvakakomba nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza, kunyanya maererano nekusvibiswa kweammonium ion. Nhamburiko dziri kuitwa kuti dzigadzirise dzimwe nzira dzinochengetedza nharaunda.

4.2 Sodium Chloride uye Magnesium Sulfate Leaching

Sodium chloride uye magnesium sulfate zvakaongororwa sedzimwe nzira dzeammonium sulfate. Aya ma reagents anoshanda kuburikidza nenzira dzakafanana dzekuchinjanisa ion asi ane mukana wekusanyanya kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza. Nekudaro, ivo vanowanzo shanda zvishoma maererano nemitengo yekudzoreredza, uye kumwe kutsvagisa kunodiwa kuti kuwedzere kushandiswa kwavo.

4.3 Organic Leaching Agents

Organic leaching agents, senge citric acid neEDTA, ari kuongororwa sedzimwe nzira dzine hushamwari kune dzakajairwa inorganic leaching reagents. Aya ma organic compounds anogona kunyatso chelate isingawanzo pasi ions, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvisa kubva mu ore. Nekudaro, mutengo weaya ma reagents chinhu chinodzikamisa kutorwa kwavo kwakapararira.

5 Precipitating Agents yeIon-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Kana maion epasi asingawanzo aiswa mumhinduro, anofanirwa kunayiswa uye kudzorerwa. Precipitating agents anoshandiswa kuumba zvisingawanzo makemikari epasi anogona kuparadzaniswa kubva kune leach solution.

5.1 Ammonium Bicarbonate

Ammonium bicarbonate inowanzo shandiswa kunayisa maion epasi asingawanzo kubva kune leach mhinduro seasingawanzo pasi carbonates. Iyi reagent inoshanda uye ine mutengo wakaderera, asi inogona kuburitsa mavhoriyamu makuru eammonium-ine tsvina yemvura, izvo zvinounza matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza.

5.2 Oxalic Acid

Oxalic acid inonyanya kushandiswa kunayisa zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi sepasi pasi oxalates, izvo zvinozogona kuverengerwa kugadzira zvisingawanzo pasi oxides. Oxalic acid inoshanda zvakanyanya asi inogona kudhura kupfuura ammonium bicarbonate. Pamusoro pezvo, kubata kweoxalic acid kunoda kungwarira matanho ekuchengetedza nekuda kwehupfu hwayo.

5.3 New Precipitating Agents

Tsvagiridzo iri kuenderera mberi kugadzira mamwe anosarudza uye ezvakatipoteredza ane hutsinye anonaya emvura yekupora kwepasi isingawanzo. Izvi zvinosanganisira organic acids, biodegradable reagents, uye ion-exchange resins.

6 Nhungamiro Nezvinotarisirwa

Ramangwana rezvisingawanzo kugadzirwa zvicherwa zvepasi reagents riri mukuvandudzwa kwemamwe anosarudza, anoshanda, uye ane hushamwari reagents. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutsvaga mune ramangwana dzinosanganisira:

• Kubudirira kwegreen reagents: Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekuyangarara uye leaching reagents chinhu chinonyanya kunetsa, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu asingawanzo kugadzirwa pasi. Pane kudiwa kuri kuramba kuchikura kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoodza, zvisina muchetura zvinogona kutsiva makemikari echinyakare seammonium sulfate uye oxalic acid.

• Kuvandudzwa mukusarudza: Vaunganidzi vatsva, depressants, uye frothers zvinodiwa kuti uvandudze kusarudzwa kweasingawanzo kutenderera pasi, kunyanya kune yakaderera-giredhi uye yakaoma ores. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongororwa kwezvimiro zvitsva zvema molecular uye kugadziriswa kwema reagents aripo.

• Kuderedzwa kwemutengo: Mutengo wepamusoro wezvimwe zvisingawanzo kugadziridza pasi reagents, kunyanya hydroxamic acids uye phosphonic acids, chinhu chinodzikisira kushandiswa kwavo kwakapararira. Tsvagiridzo yeramangwana inofanirwa kutarisisa kusanganiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzinodhura kana pakuvandudza kushanda kwemareagents aripo kudzikisa dosage zvinodiwa.

• Kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza: Nekuwedzera kwemirau pasirese yakanangana nekuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemabasa emigodhi, kuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvisingawanzo kugadzirwa kwepasi tekinoroji kuri kuwedzera kukosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuderedza kushandiswa kwemakemikari anokuvadza uye kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemarara uye kusvibiswa.

Mukupedzisa, isingawanzo kugadzirwa kwezvicherwa zvepasi kunonyanya kutsamira pakushandiswa kwemakemikari reagents, uye kuenderera mberi kutsvagisa kwakakosha kuvandudza kugona, kusarudza, uye kusimba kweaya mareagents. Kuvandudzwa kwezvitsva, zvakasvibirira reagents kuchave kwakakosha kune ramangwana repasi risingawanzo batsiri, sezvo kudiwa kwepasirese kwezvicherwa izvi zvakakosha kuri kuramba kuchikwira.