Kufumura Maitiro ekuchera Goridhe Uchishandisa Sodium Cyanide

I. Kutanga

Mune zvazvino Kuchera goridhe indasitiri, Sodium cyanide inoita basa rinokosha. Kusiyana nenzira dzechinyakare dzekuchera goridhe, nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuchera goridhe dzinogona kubvisa goridhe kubva mumatombo ane goridhe rakaderera, dzimwe nguva ridiki se0.005%, uko goridhe risingaonekwe nemeso. Sodium cyanide ndiyo yakakosha kemikari mumiriri mune iyi yakaoma yekubvisa maitiro, ichigonesa kupatsanurwa kwegoridhe kubva kune ores zvakanaka. Ichi chinyorwa chichaongorora zvakadzama sei Sodium Cyanide rinoshandiswa mukuchera goridhe.

II. Izvo zvakakosha zveSodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

Sodium cyanide, ine kemikari formula NaCN, ichena crystalline yakasimba. Inoratidzika semagranules kana upfu uye inowanzoita deliquescence. Mushonga uyu une kamunhuwi kemaamanda anovava. Panyaya yekunyungudika, inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura, asi ichingonyungudika zvishoma mu ethanol. Kemikari, sodium cyanide ihwaro hwakasimba uye ine asidi isina simba munyu. Yayo aqueous solution hydrolyzes kuburitsa hydrocyanic acid, ichiita iyo mhinduro yakasimba alkaline. Zvinonzwisisika, sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe chidimbu chidiki, kungave kuburikidza nekubata ganda, kufemerwa, kana kupinza, kunogona kutungamirira kuhuturu hwakanyanya uye hunogona kuuraya. Inoshandisa kuuraya kwayo nekuburitsa cyanide ions (CN-) iyo ine hukama hwakasimba hwekusunga kune ayoni esimbi kupfuura zvinoita oxygen. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvakajairwa oxidative maitiro emasero, pakupedzisira zvichikonzera sero asphyxia uye tishu hypoxia.

B. Kukosha Kwemaindasitiri

Kupfuura basa rayo mukuchera goridhe, sodium cyanide inobata zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveindasitiri. Muindasitiri ye electroplating, inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha pakuputira mhangura, sirivha, cadmium, uye zinc. Inobatsira kuderedza anodic polarization, kuve nechokwadi chekunyungudika kwakajairika kweanode, kudzikamisa mhinduro yeplating, uye kusimudzira cathodic polarization kuti iwane mayunifomu uye emhando yepamusoro plating layer. MuMetallurgy, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchera simbi dzinokosha segoridhe nesirivha. Zvakare, chinhu chakakosha mbishi muindasitiri yemakemikari yekugadzira akasiyana siyana inorganic cyanides uye kugadzira hydrocyanic acid. Inoitawo chikamu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveorganic senge organic girazi, akasiyana ekugadzira zvinhu, nitrile rabha, uye synthetic fiber copolymers. Muindasitiri yedhayi, inoshandiswa mukugadzira cyanuric chloride, yakakosha yepakati kune reactive dhayi uye precursor ye whitening agents. Pamusoro pezvo, indasitiri yemishonga inoshandisa sodium cyanide mukuumbwa kwemakomisheni senge cyanoacetic acid methyl ester uye diethyl malonate. Pakazere, kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwesodium cyanide uye kuita zvekare kunoita kuti ive kemikari yakakosha mumaindasitiri emazuva ano.

III. Iyo Goridhe Mining Maitiro neSodium Cyanide

A. Gadziriro Yesimbi

Nhanho yekutanga pakushandisa sodium cyanide ye Kuchera goridhe ari kugadzira simbi. Zvimedu zvihombe zvesimbi ine goridhe zvinotanga kupwanyiwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uchishandisa zvinorema-basa rinopwanya. Uku kupwanya kwekutanga kunoderedza saizi yeore kusvika kune inogoneka, kazhinji kutenderera 150-300 millimeters. Zvadaro, iyo ore yakapwanyika inopwanyika kwechipiri, kazhinji necone crushers kana kukanganisa macrusher, zvichiwedzera kuderedza saizi yechikamu kusvika pamakumi maviri-20 mamirimita. Mushure meizvi, simbi inogayiwa kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka kuburikidza nemagayo ebhora kana zvigayo zvetsvimbo, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvidimbu zvakawanda zviri pasi pe50 millimeters. Uku kukuya kwakanaka kwakakosha sezvo kuchiwedzera zvakanyanya pamusoro penzvimbo ye ore, kufambisa zvirinani kubata uye kuita neiyo cyanide mhinduro mune inotevera leaching maitiro. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo ore inogona kuenda kuburikidza nekutarisa maitiro ekuparadzanisa akasiyana masikisi, ichibvumira kunyatso kudzora kwemakemikari kurapwa uye nekuwedzera kudhirowa kushanda.

B. Nzira yeLeaching

Kana ore ichinge yagadzirwa zvakanaka, inopinda munhanho yekudonha, inova moyo wekubvisa goridhe ne sodium cyanide. Ore yehupfu inosanganiswa nemushonga wakanyatsogadzirwa cyanide, kazhinji ne sodium cyanide concentration kubva pa 0.05% kusvika 0.1%. Muchikamu chino, kemikari inoitika apo goridhe riri muore rinosangana neiyo cyanide ions (CN-) pamberi peokisijeni. Mhedzisiro yese inogona kumiririrwa neiyo equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Pano, maatomu egoridhe anoumba inonyungudika ine cyanide ions, ichigadzira sodium yegoridhe cyanide (Na[Au(CN) ₂]), iyo inonyungudika mumushonga. Iyo leaching process inoda kutonga kwakasimba kweakasiyana ma parameter. Iyo pH yemushonga inochengetedzwa kutenderedza 10-11 kuve nechokwadi kugadzikana kwecyanide uye kudzivirira kuumbwa kwehupfu hwehydrogen cyanide gasi. Tembiricha inoitawo basa rinokosha; Kazhinji, inochengetwa mukati memhando ye20-30 ° C. Kunyanya kudzika tembiricha kunoderedza kuita, ukuwo kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kukurumidza kubuda kwemhinduro uye zvinogona kuita ngura. Kwakaringana kubvongodza uye aeration zvinoramba zvichipihwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekusanganiswa kweiyo ore uye cyanide mhinduro, kukurudzira kunyungudika kwegoridhe.

C. Danho reKunaya

Mushure mekuita leaching, iyo goridhe ikozvino iri muchimiro cheinonyungudika goridhe cyanide complexes mune mhinduro. Kuti iwanezve goridhe, danho rekunaya rinoitwa. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kuwedzera zinc poda kana activated carbon kune mhinduro. Kana zinc poda yakashandiswa, kuchinjika kunoitika. Iyo zingi, ichinyanya kuita simba kupfuura goridhe, inobvisa goridhe kubva kune yegoridhe cyanide yakaoma. Kuita kwemakemikari kunogona kuratidzwa se: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Maatomu egoridhe anobva aderedzwa kuita simbi yawo uye anonaya kunze kwemushonga. Kana activated kabhoni ikashandiswa, nzvimbo yayo yakakwirira yepamusoro uye adsorption zvimiro zvinopinda. Iyo yegoridhe cyanide macomplexes adsorb pamusoro peiyo activated kabhoni, inonyatso patsanura goridhe kubva mumhinduro. Iyo yakarongedzerwa activated kabhoni inozogadziriswazve kuti idzore iyo adsorbed goridhe. Kana kunaya kwapera, slurry inoguma inosefa kana kuti centrifuged kuti iparadzanise iyo yakasimba yegoridhe precipitate kubva kune yasara mvura, inogona kunge iine yasara cyanide uye kumwe kusvibiswa.

D. Nzira yekunatsa

Iyo goridhe yakawanikwa kubva padanho rekunaya ichine kumwe kusvibiswa uye inoda kunatswa kuti iwane kuchena kwepamusoro kunodiwa pamusika. Maitiro ekunatsa anowanzotanga nekunyungudutswa, uko kunaya kwegoridhe kunopisa kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya muchoto. Izvi zvinonyungudusa goridhe, zvichiita kuti tsvina yakasvibira inyure pasi ukuwo goridhe rakanyungudutswa richikwanisa kubviswa kana kudirwa muforoma. Zvadaro, electrolysis inogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kucheneswa. Musero re electrolytic, goridhe risina kuchena rinogadzirwa anode, uye pepa rakatetepa regoridhe rakachena rinoshanda se cathode. Kana magetsi achipfuura nemusero, maion egoridhe kubva kune anode anotama akananga kune cathode uye anoisa segoridhe rakazara, achisiya kuseri kwetsvina yasara pane anode. Kuburikidza nematanho ekunatsa aya, goridhe rinogona kusvika padanho rekuchena rinosvika 99.99%, richisangana nemazinga emaindasitiri akasiyana, kugadzira zvishongo, uye kushandiswa kwekudyara.

IV. Chengetedzo uye Yezvakatipoteredza Kurangarira maapplication

A. Kuchengetedzwa Kwevashandi

Tichifunga nezve huturu hwesodium cyanide, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwevashandi kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Vashandi vane chekuita nekucherwa kwegoridhe vachishandisa sodium cyanide vanofanirwa kupihwa yakakwana kudzidziswa kuchengetedza. Ivo vanofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi mukubata kemikari, kunzwisisa njodzi dzayo dzinogona kuitika, uye nekuziva nzira dzekukurumidzira dzakafanira. Zvidziviriro zvemunhu (PPE) hazvigone kutaurirana. Vashandi vanofanirwa kupfeka magirovhosi asingapindire kudzivirira kubatwa kweganda, magirazi ekudzivirira maziso avo, uye zvekufemerera kuti vadzivise kufema chero ingangoburitswa gasi recyanide. Mukuwedzera, mitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza inofanira kunge iripo. Semuyenzaniso, nzvimbo dzebasa dzinofanirwa kunge dzichifefeterwa zvakanaka kuti dzideredze kuwanda kwechero cyanide inofambiswa nemhepo. Vashandi vanofanirawo kurambidzwa kudya, kunwa, kana kusvuta munzvimbo dzine sodium cyanide iripo kudzivirira kupinza netsaona. Kugara uchiongororwa nachiremba kunofanirwa kuve kunosungirwa kutarisa hutano hwevashandi, kunyanya avo vanobata kemikari zvakananga, kuti vaone chero zviratidzo zvekutanga zve cyanide.

B. Environmental Impact

Kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide mumigodhi yegoridhe zvakare kunomutsa kunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza. Mushure mekugadzirwa kwegoridhe, zvakasara zvemarara, zvinozivikanwa se Cyanide miswe, ine yasara cyanide. Kana ikasabatwa nemazvo, miswe iyi inogona kuisa njodzi kunharaunda. Cyanide inogona kupinda muvhu nemvura yepasi, ichisvibisa matsime emvura uye ichikuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura. Mumvura pamusoro pemvura, kunyangwe mashoma ecyanide anogona kukanganisa kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichiita kuti hove dziurayiwe uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kudzikamisa njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza idzi, makambani emigodhi anofanirwa kushandisa nzira dzakasimba dzekutonga kwezvakatipoteredza. Imwe nzira ndeye kurapa cyanide tailings kuderedza cyanide zvemukati kusvika mazinga akachengeteka. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira maitiro ekurapwa kwemakemikari, senge oxidation kana nzira dzekunaya kwemvura, kushandura cyanide ine muchetura kuita makomisheni asina kukuvadza. Imwe nhanho yakakosha kuraswa kwakaringana uye kuchengetedzwa kwemachira akabatwa. Chengetedza madhishi kana madhamu madhamu ane liner akakodzera anogona kudzivirira kubuda kwechero tsvina yasara munzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa nharaunda yakatenderedza, kusanganisira kunaka kwemvura uye mamiriro evhu, zvakakosha kuti uone chero kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza nekukurumidza uye kutora matanho ekugadzirisa nekukasika.

V. Mhedziso

Sodium cyanide ikemikari yakakosha mumigodhi yegoridhe yemazuva ano, inogonesa kutorwa kwegoridhe kubva mumatombo ane goridhe rakaderera. Rave riri ibwe rekona regoridhe Indasitiri yezvicherwa kwemakumi emakore, kufambisa kugadzirwa kwegoridhe rinopisa maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakugadzira zvishongo kusvika kune zvemhando yepamusoro. Nekudaro, kushandiswa kwayo kunoda kutarisisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzeka uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Makambani emigodhi anofanirwa kuisa mari mumidziyo yemazuva ano yekuchengetedza, kupa dzidziso yakazara kuvashandi, uye kushandisa magwaro akasimba ekuchengetedza kuchengetedza hupenyu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vane chisungo chetsika uye chepamutemo chekutarisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kubata cyanide tailings zvine hungwaru uye nekutarisa ecosystem kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwenguva refu. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, tsvakiridzo mune dzakachengeteka uye dzine hushamwari dzimwe nzira dzesodium cyanide dzinofanira kuenderera. Kuburikidza chete nekudzikamisa chiyero pakati pekuchera goridhe, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi, uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza ndiko kunoita kuti indasitiri yemigodhi yegoridhe ibudirire mune ramangwana.