Sodium Cyanide: Chemical Properties uye Reaction Mechanisms

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ikemikari yemakemikari ine zvese zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri uye zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwehupfu. Kunzwisisa kwayo Makemikari zvinhu uye maitiro ekuita akakosha pakubata kwakachengeteka, kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekupa tarisiro yakazara yemakemikari maitiro uye maitiro ekuita nzira dze Sodium cyanide.

Chemical Properties yeSodium Cyanide

Chimiro

Sodium cyanide ichena, crystalline yakasimba patembiricha yemumba. Iine cubic crystal structure uye inowanzoita sediki, isina kunhuhwirira (kana yakaoma) granules kana hupfu. Zvisinei, kana yasangana nehunyoro kana maasidhi, inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide, rine hwema hwemaamondi hwakasiyana uye hunovava. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti havasi vose vanogona kuona kunhuhwirira uku, sezvo kukwanisa kunhuwidza kunotsanangurwa nemajini.

Solubility

NaCN inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Kana yanyungudika mumvura, inopatsanuka kuita sodium ions (Na⁺) uye cyanide ions (CN⁻) zvinoenderana neinotevera equation:

NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Uku kunyungudika kwakanyanya mumvura kunoita kuti ive njodzi yezvakatipoteredza sezvo ichigona kusvibisa zvitubu zvemvura zviri nyore. Iyo zvakare inonyungudika mune mamwe polar organic solvents senge methanol uye ethanol.

Kuramba

Sodium cyanide inogara zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa. Zvisinei, inonzwa kupisa, hunyoro, uye acids. Kana yapiswa, inogona kuora, ichiburitsa gasi rine chepfu rehydrogen cyanide. Kana paine acids, kunyange acids dzisina simba dzakadai se kabhoniic acid (inoumbwa kana kabhoni dhayiokisaidhi yanyungudika mumvura), zvinotevera zvinoitika:-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Kuita uku kunoratidza kukosha kwekuchengeta Sodium Cyanide munzvimbo yakaoma, inotonhorera kure nezvinhu zvine acidic.

Reaction Mechanism yeSodium Cyanide

Reaction neMasimbi

Sodium cyanide inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekugona kwayo kuumba macomplexes nemasimbi. Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekutorwa kwegoridhe nesirivheri kubva muore yavo muindasitiri yemigodhi. Muhupo hweokisijeni nemvura, sodium cyanide inopindirana negoridhe (Au) mune ore kuumba goridhe rinonyungudika - cyanide complex. Mhedzisiro yacho yese inogona kumiririrwa se:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Mukuita uku, maioni ecyanide anobatana nemaatomu egoridhe, achishandura goridhe risinganyunguriki riri muore kuita musanganiswa unonyungudika unogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore kubva padombo rasara nezvimwe zvitsvina. Maitiro ekuita anosanganisira oxidation yegoridhe neokisijeni, inoteverwa nekuomeswa kwegoridhe rakasanganiswa neiyo cyanide ion.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Cyanide ions (CN⁻) ane nucleophiles akasimba. Mune organic chemistry, vanogona kutora chikamu mune nucleophilic substitution reactions. Semuenzaniso, kana alkyl halide (R - X, apo R iboka realkyl uye X iri halogen) inopindirana ne sodium cyanide mune aprotic solvent se dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), zvinotevera zvinoitika:RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Iyo cyanide ion inorwisa kabhoni atomu yakasungirirwa kune halogen, ichibvisa halogen atomu mune inotsiva maitiro. Kuita uku kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwema nitriles, ayo akakosha epakati mukugadzirwa kweakasiyana organic komisheni senge carboxylic acids, amines, uye heterocyclic komputa.

Kuita neMvura (Hydrolysis)

Sezvambotaurwa, sodium cyanide inogona kuita nemvura mune hydrolysis reaction. Pamberi pemvura, iyo cyanide ion inogona kugamuchira proton kubva mumvura kuumba hydrogen cyanide uye hydroxide ions:CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Iyi hydrolysis reaction inodzokororwa, uye chinzvimbo chekuenzanisa zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakaita sepH uye tembiricha. Mumhinduro dzine acidic, kuenzana kunoshanduka kuenda pakuumbwa kwehydrogen cyanide gasi, nepo mumhinduro dzakakosha, iyo cyanide ion inoramba iri muchimiro chayo cheanionic.