Kutyisidzira kweSodium Cyanide kune Zvakatipoteredza uye Dziviriro Nzira

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ikemikari ine chepfu yakawanda inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuchera goridhe nesirivha, electroplating, uye organic synthesis. Hunhu hwayo hwemakemikari hwakasiyana hunoita kuti ive reagent inokosha mune mamwe maitiro emaindasitiri. Zvisinei, kubata, kuchengetedza, kana kuraswa kweSodium cyanide zvisina kunaka kunogona kukonzera migumisiro yakakomba kune nharaunda, zvichikonzera njodzi huru kuhunhu hwevhu, zviwanikwa zvemvura, uye hunhu hwemhepo. Kunzwisisa njodzi idzi uye kushandisa nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira kwakakosha zvikuru pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.

Zvivakwa uye Zvitubu zveSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide chinhu chichena, chine kristalo chinoratidza kunyungudika kwakanyanya mumvura. Chine hwema hwema hwema almond hunovava, kunyange hazvo vasiri vese vanogona kuona hwema uhwu. Mumaindasitiri, inodyiwa yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yekuchera goridhe nesirivha, nzira yecyanidation inoshandisa Sodium Cyanide kunyungudutsa simbi dzinokosha kubva mumatombo. Maitiro aya anosanganisira kuumbwa kwesimbi inonyungudika - cyanide complexes. Maindasitiri e electroplating anoshandisa iyo kuisa simbi yakatetepa pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akawanda e organic muindasitiri yemakemikari. Zvinosuwisa kuti, kudururwa netsaona panguva yekufambisa kana kugadzira, maitiro asina kunaka ekurasa marara, uye kudonha kubva munzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu zvinowanzo shandiswa kuburitsa sodium cyanide munzvimbo.

Njodzi Kunharaunda

Impact paIvhu

1.Effect paSoil Microorganisms

Ivhu tupukanana ndivo "mainjiniya" eecosystem yevhu, vachiita basa rakakosha kuchengetedza kuorera kwevhu, kufambisa bhasikoro rekudya, uye kuve nechokwadi chehutano hwevhu. Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe iri pasi pevhu, inogona kuita senge inhibitor ine simba yevhu microorganisms. Inogona kukanganisa zvakajairwa metabolic zviitiko zvebhakitiriya, fungi, uye mamwe ma microbe anobatsira. Semuyenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya enitrogen - anogadzirisa, ayo ane basa rekushandura nitrogen yemumhepo kuita fomu inosvikika kuzvirimwa, anogona kuve nenitrogen - kugadzirisa kugona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya necyanide. Kukanganisika kwenitrogen cycle kunogona zvishoma nezvishoma kutungamirira mukudzikira kwekuorera kwevhu nekufamba kwenguva. Pakukwirisa, cyanide inogona kuuraya tupukanana twakawanda evhu, ichideredza kusiyana kweutachiona uye kukanganisa kutsetseka kwemamiriro ekunze mukati mevhu.

2.Kuchinjwa kweKugadziriswa Kwevhu uye Kuwanikwa Kwezvokudya

Cyanide inokwanisa kusunga nesimbi uye organic matter iripo muvhu, ichigadzira macomplexes akatsiga. Kusunga uku kunogona kuita kuti zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha zvakaita sesimbi, zingi, uye mhangura zvisasvike kuzvirimwa. Uyezve, kana cyanide ikasangana nezvikamu zvevhu, inogona kukonzera shanduko muvhu pH. Aya pH shanduko, zvakare, anokanganisa kunyungudika uye kuwanikwa kwezvimwe zvinovaka muviri. Semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nguva, cyanide - induced pH shanduko inogona kutungamira kunaya kwe phosphorus, zvichiita kuti isawanikwe pakudyara chirimwa. Uyezve, cyanide inogona kukanganisa kuunganidzwa kwevhu. Hurukuro hwevhu hune hutano hwakakosha pakupinda kwemvura, kupinda kwemidzi, uye kupinza ivhu. Kana chimiro ichi chikavhiringika, ivhu rinogona kunge rakatsikirira, zvichikonzera kusanaya zvakanaka kwemvura uye kuderedzwa kwekuwanikwa kweokisijeni kumidzi yezvirimwa.

3.Kusvibiswa kweSoil uye Kureba - Kuramba Kwenguva

Kamwe sodium cyanide inopinda muvhu, kuramba kwayo kunoenderana neakasiyana siyana ezvakatipoteredza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hutachiona hwevhu kana makemikari maitiro anogona kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma cyanide. Nekudaro, mune anaerobic kana yakanyanya acidic ivhu mamiriro, ayo asina kunaka pakuora, cyanide inogona kuungana muvhu. Kugara kwenguva refu uku kunoreva kuti ivhu rinogona kuramba rakasvibiswa kwemakore, richiramba richiisa njodzi kukukura kwezvirimwa uye zvipenyu zvinogara ivhu. Uyezve, ivhu rakasvibiswa rinogona kushanda sechipiri chekusvibiswa. Cyanide inogona kupinda mumvura yepasi kana kutakurwa nekuyerera kwepamusoro, ichiparadzira kusvibiswa kunzvimbo dziri pedyo.

Kusvibiswa Kwemvura

Sodium cyanide yakanyanya kunyungudika mumvura inoita kuti ive njodzi huru kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Kana yakasunungurwa mumvura yepamusoro senzizi, madziva, kana nzizi, inokurumidza kunyungudika uye inoparadzaniswa kuva cyanide ions. Kunyangwe pakadzika zvakanyanya, cyanide ine chepfu kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Hove, invertebrates, uye amphibians zvakanyanya panjodzi yekuratidzwa kwecyanide. Cyanide inogona kukanganisa maitiro avo ekufema, ichidzivisa kutora kweokisijeni. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hove dzinogona kuve nekudzikira kugona kushambira, kuvharirwa kubereka, uye mumatambudziko akaomarara, kufa kwevazhinji. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kudzika kwakadzika se5 - 7.2 micrograms per litre yemahara cyanide inogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakaipa pahove, uye mazinga ari pamusoro pe200 micrograms per litre anokurumidza chepfu kune hove zhinji mhando. Invertebrates zvakare inoratidza isingauraye yakaipa mhedzisiro pane yakaderera cyanide concentration uye zvinouraya zvinokonzeresa zvishoma. Uyezve, cyanide inogona kusvibisa mvura yepasi, inova manyuko makuru emvura yekunwa munharaunda dzakawanda. Kana cyanide - yakasvibiswa pasi pemvura yakashandiswa kunwa, inogona kutyisa zvakanyanya kuhutano hwevanhu, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvakadai semusoro, dzungu, kusvotwa, uye mune zvakanyanya, rufu.

Kusvibiswa kwemhepo

Kana sodium cyanide ikasangana nemaacid, acid munyu, mvura, hunyoro, kana Carbon dioxide, inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide rine chepfu uye rinobvira moto (HCN). Gasi iri rinogona kuburitswa mumhepo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri uko kunodururwa netsaona kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka. Gasi rehydrogen cyanide rine njodzi huru sezvo rinogona kufemeswa zviri nyore nevanhu nemhuka. Kufema kunyange huwandu hushoma hwehydrogen cyanide kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano ipapo ipapo, kusanganisira kunetseka kufema, kufema nekukurumidza, musoro, dzungu, uye kana munhu akabatwa zvakanyanya, zvinogona kukonzera kumisa kufema nerufu. Kuwedzera kune njodzi dzakananga dzehutano, gasi rehydrogen cyanide rinogonawo kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, kuora kwemhando yemhepo uye zvinogona kukanganisa kugara zvakanaka kwenzvimbo yese.

Dziviriro Nzira

Kuchengetedzwa Kwekuchengetedza Munzvimbo Yebasa

1.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Dziviriro Yekufema : Munzvimbo dzinogoneka kusangana nesodium cyanide, senge panguva yekugadzirwa kwayo, kutakurwa kwayo, kana kana paine mukana wekubuda kwemvura, vashandi vanofanirwa kuve nedziviriro yakakodzera yekufema. Midziyo yekufema inozvimiririra (SCBAs) inokurudzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi huru, sezvo ichipa mweya wakachena wakavimbika, ichidzivirira zvinobudirira kufema cyanide - ine guruva kana gasi. Kune mamiriro ekunze asina kupisa zvakanyanya, ma respirators anochenesa mweya ane mafirita chaiwo akagadzirirwa kubvisa cyanide compounds anogona kushandiswa, asi kushanda kwawo kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekukwirira kwakakodzera uye kuvimbika kwefirita.

• Dziviriro yeGanda neMaziso : Sodium cyanide inogona kukonzera kutsva kwakanyanya kana yabata ganda nemaziso. Nokudaro, vashandi vanofanira kugara vakapfeka masutu anodzivirira makemikari mumuviri wese, kusanganisira magirovhosi nebhutsu. Magogorosi ekuchengetedza kana zvidziviriro zvechiso zvakakosha kudzivirira maziso kubva pakupwanyika kana zvidimbu zveguruva. ​​Zvipfeko izvi zvinodzivirira zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingapindi mvura musodium cyanide kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti zvakachengeteka.

• Zvimwe Zvishandiso Zvekudzivirira : Kunze kwekudzivirira kufema, ganda, uye maziso, vashandi vanofanirawo kupfeka ngowani dzakasimba munzvimbo dzine njodzi yekudonha kwezvinhu uye dziviriro yakakodzera yekunzwa kana vachishanda munzvimbo dzine ruzha dzine chekuita nekuvhiyiwa kwe sodium cyanide.

2.Kushanda Kwekuchengetedza Matanho

• Kuchengetera : Sodium cyanide inofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo yekuchengetera yakatsaurirwa, ine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka, uye yakakiyiwa yakaparadzaniswa nemamwe makemikari, kunyanya ayo anogona kusangana nayo. Magaba ekuchengetera anofanira kuvharwa zvakasimba uye akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingaparadzwe nengura nesodium cyanide, zvakaita sepolyethylene ine density yakakura kana simbi isina ngura. Mazita akajeka ari pagaba anofanira kuratidza zviri mukati, njodzi, uye mirairo yekubata. Nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dzinofanirawo kunge dzakashongedzwa nenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mvura inodururwa, dzakadai semadhirowa kana matireyi, kudzivirira kupararira kwesodium cyanide inobuda.

• Maitiro Ekubata : Kubata kwese kwe sodium cyanide kunofanirwa kuitwa munzvimbo inodzorwa zvichitevera maitiro akajairwa ekushanda. Vashandi vanofanirwa kudzidziswa nzira dzakakodzera dzekusimudza, kudurura, uye kutamisa kuti vaderedze njodzi yekudururwa kana kupwanyika. Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa pakubata sodium cyanide zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingapfuri moto kudzivirira kupisa kwemusanganiswa unogona kutsva. Mushure mekushandisa kwega kwega, zvishandiso nenzvimbo dzebasa zvinofanirwa kucheneswa zvakakwana uye kucheneswa kuti zvibvise chero zvisaririra zve sodium cyanide.

• Kufefetera : Kufefetera kwakakwana kwakakosha munzvimbo dzebasa dzine sodium cyanide. Masisitimu emhepo emunzvimbo anofanirwa kuiswa panzvimbo dzinogona kuburitswa, senge panguva yekuvhurwa kwematangi kana panguva yekugadzira. Kufefetera kwakajairika munzvimbo yese yebasa kunofanirwawo kukwana kuchengetedza hunhu hwemhepo uye kuderedza chero zvidimbu zve sodium cyanide zviri mumhepo kana utsi. Kugara uchitarisa hunhu hwemhepo munzvimbo yebasa kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwekusangana hunoramba huri mukati memiganhu inogamuchirika.

3.Kudzidziswa Kwevashandi

• Kuziva Nezvengozi : Vashandi vese vanogona kusangana nesodium cyanide, kusanganisira avo vanoita basa rekugadzira, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye kupindura nekukurumidza, vanofanirwa kudzidziswa zvakakwana nezvenjodzi dzinobatanidzwa nekemikari iyi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa chepfu yayo, nzira dzinogona kushandiswa nayo (kufema, kumedza, uye kubata ganda), uye zviratidzo zvecyanide chepfu.

• Kubata Nekuchengetedza : Vashandi vanofanira kudzidziswa nzira dzakakodzera dzekubata nekuchengetedza sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Vanofanirawo kuziva mashandisirwo emidziyo yekudzivirira uye maitiro ekuibvisa nekuibvisa nemazvo. Kudzidziswa kunofanira kusanganisira mienzaniso inoshanda uye ruzivo rwekushanda nesimba kuona kuti vashandi vane chivimbo mukugona kwavo kubata sodium cyanide zvakachengeteka.

• Kudzidziswa Kupindura Panjodzi : Vashandi vanofanirwa kudzidziswa nzira dzekupindura panjodzi, kusanganisira maziviro ekuti sodium cyanide inobuda here kana kuti yapinda munjodzi, maitirwo ekutanga kupindura panjodzi, uye maitirwo ekubatsira vanhu kana paine chepfu yecyanide. Kudzidzira nguva dzose kunofanirwa kuitwa kuti kuyedze uye kunatsiridza kushanda kwechirongwa chekupindura panjodzi.

Emergency Measures

1.Incident Response

• Kubvisa kana Kubvisa : Kana paine kubuda kwe sodium cyanide kana kudururwa, nzvimbo yakabatwa inofanira kubviswa pakarepo kudzivirira kupararira kwechinhu chine chepfu. Maitiro ekubvisa anofanira kutanga nekukasika, uye vashandi vese vasiri vepamusoro vanofanira kutamiswa kure nemhepo iri pedyo nenzvimbo yakaitika njodzi. Nzira dzekubuda nadzo dzinofanira kunyorwa zvakajeka uye kuzivikanwa nevashandi vese.

• Kuchengetedza uye Kuchenesa : Mapoka ane hunyanzvi akashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekudzivirira yakakodzera uye zvinhu zvinopindura zvinobuda zvinofanira kuiswa kuti zvidzivirire zvinobuda. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandisa zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa, zvakaita seActivated Carbon kana vermiculite, kuti zvinyudze sodium cyanide yemvura. Sodium cyanide yakasimba inogona kutsvairwa nokungwarira uye kuiswa mumidziyo yakavharwa kuti iraswe zvakanaka. Mushure mekunge zvabuda, nzvimbo yacho inofanira kubviswa tsvina uchishandisa zvinhu zvekuchenesa zvakakodzera uye matekiniki ekubvisa chero zvisaririra zve sodium cyanide.

• Ziviso : Kana paine dambudziko re sodium cyanide, vakuru vane chekuita nazvo, vakaita semasangano ekuchengetedza nharaunda, madhipatimendi emoto, uye mapoka ekubatsira panguva yekukurumidzira, vanofanira kuziviswa nekukasika. Kutaurirana nenguva kwakakosha kuti pave nemhinduro yakarongeka uye inoshanda yekuderedza migumisiro yezvakatipoteredza nehutano.

2.Kurapwa kweCyanide - Ine tsvina

• Nzira yeAlkaline Chlorination : Iyi nzira inosanganisira kugadzirisa pH yemvura yakasviba ine cyanide kusvika pa8.5 - 9 wobva wawedzera ma oxidants ane chlorine. Ma oxidants ane chlorine, akadai se bleach (kunyanya NaClO) kana chlorine gas (Cl₂, inonyunguduka mumvura kuti igadzire HClO), anoita nema cyanide ions (CN⁻). Padanho rekutanga, cyanide inosanganiswa kuita cyanate (CNO⁻), iyo isina chepfu yakawanda. Kuwedzera oxidation kunogona kushandura cyanate kuita carbon dioxide (CO₂) uye nitrogen (N₂). Nzira iyi iri nyore kushandisa uye inogona kuderedza huwandu hwecyanide mumvura yakasviba kusvika padanho rakaderera. Zvisinei, yakakodzera kurapa mvura yakasviba ine cyanide yakaderera. Mvura yakasviba ine cyanide yakawanda inogona kuda huwandu hwakawanda hwe chlorine, zvichiwedzera mari yekurapa uye zvinogona kugadzira zvimwe zvinosvibisa.

• Nzira yeHydrolysis Inodzvinyirira : Munzira iyi, mvura yakasviba ine cyanide inoiswa mumudziyo wakavharwa. Alkali inowedzerwa, uye mvura yakasviba inodziiswa uye inomanikidzwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, cyanide inopinda muhydrolysis reactions. Maion eCyanide anoita nemamorekuru emvura kuti agadzire sodium formate isina chepfu (HCOONa) uye ammonia (NH₃). Nzira iyi ine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzirisa kuwanda kwecyanide mumvura yakasviba uye inogona kubata makemikari akaomarara ecyanide. Zvisinei, inoda michina yakakosha yekumanikidza nekudziisa, zvichiita kuti maitiro ese ave akaoma. Kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda uye mari yemidziyo zvinogumawo nemitengo yakakwira yekurapa.

• Nzira yeAcidized : Munzira yeAcidized, sulfuric acid inowedzerwa mumvura yakasviba ine cyanide kuti pH igadziriswe kusvika pa2 - 3. Kana paine acidity, cyanide iri mumvura yakasviba inoita gasi rehydrogen cyanide (HCN). Sezvo huwandu hwegasi rehydrogen cyanide huri hudiki, mhepo inopfuudzwa nemvura yakasviba kuti ibudise gasi rehydrogen cyanide, uye gasi racho rinoiswa mualkali solution kuti ridzokororwe. Imwe mukana weiyi nzira ndeyekuti sodium cyanide inogona kudzoserwa, iyo ine kukosha kwehupfumi. Zvisinei, inoda kudzora kwakasimba kwemamiriro ekushanda sezvo gasi rehydrogen cyanide rine chepfu yakanyanya. Chero kubuda kwemvura panguva iyi kunogona kutyisidzira nharaunda nehutano hwevanhu, zvichiita kuti pave nematanho ekuchengetedza akakwirira uye kuvharwa kwemidziyo.

• Nzira dzeKurapa neBiological : Mamwe mabhakitiriya ane simba rekuora cyanide. Munzira dzekurapa nebiological, mabhakitiriya chaiwo kana fungi anoshandiswa kuparadza cyanide mumarara. Mabhakitiriya aya anogona kushandisa cyanide senzvimbo yekabhoni kana nitrogen kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana e enzyme, achiishandura kuita zvinhu zvisina chepfu zvakaita se carbon dioxide, mvura, uye ammonia. Nzira dzekurapa nebiological dzine hushamwari nezvakatipoteredza sezvo dzisingaunze huwandu hwakawanda hwemakemikari. Zvisinei, dzinowanzo nyanya kubatwa nemamiriro ekunze, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekurapa kunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakaita sekupisa, pH, uye kuvapo kwezvimwe zvinosvibisa.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, zvisinei nekukosha kwayo mune dzakasiyana siyana maindasitiri ekushandisa, inokonzeresa zvakanyanya kutyisidzira kune zvakatipoteredza. Kukanganisa kwaro paivhu, mvura, nemhepo kunogona kutungamirira kunguva refu uye kure-kusvika mhedzisiro yezvipenyu uye hutano hwevanhu. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza akakodzera munzvimbo yebasa, zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvekupindura kwechimbichimbi, uye nzira dzakakodzera dzokurapa dzecyanide - dzine tsvina, tinogona kuderedza kutyisidzira uku. Ibasa remaindasitiri, vane masimba, uye nzanga yese kuona kubata kwakachengeteka, kuchengetwa, uye kuraswa kwesodium cyanide kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza kugara zvakanaka kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.