Kutyisidzira kweSodium Cyanide kune Zvakatipoteredza uye Dziviriro Nzira

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ikemikari ine muchetura zvakanyanya inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akawanda, kusanganisira migodhi yegoridhe nesirivha, electroplating, uye organic synthesis. Yayo yakasarudzika makemikari zvimiro inoita kuti ive yakakosha reagent mune mamwe maindasitiri maitiro. Nekudaro, kusabatwa zvakanaka, kuchengetedza, kana kuraswa kwe Sodium cyanide inogona kuburitsa nhevedzano yemhedzisiro yakakomba kune zvakatipoteredza, zvichiunza kutyisidzira kukuru kumhando yevhu, zviwanikwa zvemvura, uye mhando yemhepo. Kunzwisisa kutyisidzira uku uye kushandisa nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoshanda kwakakosha zvakanyanya pakuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.

Zvivakwa uye Zvitubu zveSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ichena, crystalline yakasimba inoratidza kunyungudika kwakanyanya mumvura. Iyo ine hunhu hunovava hwemaarmond hwema, kunyangwe asiri munhu wese anogona kuona kunhuhwirira uku. Muindasitiri, inopedzwa muhuwandu hukuru. Semuyenzaniso, muindasitiri yemigodhi yegoridhe neyesirivha, iyo cyanidation process inoshandisa Sodium Cyanide kunyungudutsa simbi dzinokosha kubva mumatombo. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kuumbwa kwesimbi inonyungudika - cyanide complexes. Maindasitiri eElectroplating anoishandisa kuisa simbi yakatetepa pane akasiyana substrates, uye inoshanda seyakakosha zvinhu mukugadzira akawanda organic komisheni muindasitiri yemakemikari. Nehurombo, kurashikirwa netsaona panguva yekufambisa kana kugadzirwa, maitiro asina kunaka ekurasa tsvina, uye kudonha kubva kunzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu zvinowanzoitika sodium cyanide inogona kusunungurwa mumhoteredzo.

Njodzi Kunharaunda

Impact paIvhu

1.Effect paSoil Microorganisms

Ivhu tupukanana ndivo "mainjiniya" eecosystem yevhu, vachiita basa rakakosha kuchengetedza kuorera kwevhu, kufambisa bhasikoro rekudya, uye kuve nechokwadi chehutano hwevhu. Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe iri pasi pevhu, inogona kuita senge inhibitor ine simba yevhu microorganisms. Inogona kukanganisa zvakajairwa metabolic zviitiko zvebhakitiriya, fungi, uye mamwe ma microbe anobatsira. Semuyenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya enitrogen - anogadzirisa, ayo ane basa rekushandura nitrogen yemumhepo kuita fomu inosvikika kuzvirimwa, anogona kuve nenitrogen - kugadzirisa kugona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya necyanide. Kukanganisika kwenitrogen cycle kunogona zvishoma nezvishoma kutungamirira mukudzikira kwekuorera kwevhu nekufamba kwenguva. Pakukwirisa, cyanide inogona kuuraya tupukanana twakawanda evhu, ichideredza kusiyana kweutachiona uye kukanganisa kutsetseka kwemamiriro ekunze mukati mevhu.

2.Kuchinjwa kweKugadziriswa Kwevhu uye Kuwanikwa Kwezvokudya

Cyanide inokwanisa kusunga nesimbi uye organic matter iripo muvhu, ichigadzira macomplexes akatsiga. Kusunga uku kunogona kuita kuti zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha zvakaita sesimbi, zingi, uye mhangura zvisasvike kuzvirimwa. Uyezve, kana cyanide ikasangana nezvikamu zvevhu, inogona kukonzera shanduko muvhu pH. Aya pH shanduko, zvakare, anokanganisa kunyungudika uye kuwanikwa kwezvimwe zvinovaka muviri. Semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nguva, cyanide - induced pH shanduko inogona kutungamira kunaya kwe phosphorus, zvichiita kuti isawanikwe pakudyara chirimwa. Uyezve, cyanide inogona kukanganisa kuunganidzwa kwevhu. Hurukuro hwevhu hune hutano hwakakosha pakupinda kwemvura, kupinda kwemidzi, uye kupinza ivhu. Kana chimiro ichi chikavhiringika, ivhu rinogona kunge rakatsikirira, zvichikonzera kusanaya zvakanaka kwemvura uye kuderedzwa kwekuwanikwa kweokisijeni kumidzi yezvirimwa.

3.Kusvibiswa kweSoil uye Kureba - Kuramba Kwenguva

Kamwe sodium cyanide inopinda muvhu, kuramba kwayo kunoenderana neakasiyana siyana ezvakatipoteredza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hutachiona hwevhu kana makemikari maitiro anogona kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma cyanide. Nekudaro, mune anaerobic kana yakanyanya acidic ivhu mamiriro, ayo asina kunaka pakuora, cyanide inogona kuungana muvhu. Kugara kwenguva refu uku kunoreva kuti ivhu rinogona kuramba rakasvibiswa kwemakore, richiramba richiisa njodzi kukukura kwezvirimwa uye zvipenyu zvinogara ivhu. Uyezve, ivhu rakasvibiswa rinogona kushanda sechipiri chekusvibiswa. Cyanide inogona kupinda mumvura yepasi kana kutakurwa nekuyerera kwepamusoro, ichiparadzira kusvibiswa kunzvimbo dziri pedyo.

Kusvibiswa Kwemvura

Sodium cyanide yakanyanya kunyungudika mumvura inoita kuti ive njodzi huru kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Kana yakasunungurwa mumvura yepamusoro senzizi, madziva, kana nzizi, inokurumidza kunyungudika uye inoparadzaniswa kuva cyanide ions. Kunyangwe pakadzika zvakanyanya, cyanide ine chepfu kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Hove, invertebrates, uye amphibians zvakanyanya panjodzi yekuratidzwa kwecyanide. Cyanide inogona kukanganisa maitiro avo ekufema, ichidzivisa kutora kweokisijeni. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hove dzinogona kuve nekudzikira kugona kushambira, kuvharirwa kubereka, uye mumatambudziko akaomarara, kufa kwevazhinji. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kudzika kwakadzika se5 - 7.2 micrograms per litre yemahara cyanide inogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakaipa pahove, uye mazinga ari pamusoro pe200 micrograms per litre anokurumidza chepfu kune hove zhinji mhando. Invertebrates zvakare inoratidza isingauraye yakaipa mhedzisiro pane yakaderera cyanide concentration uye zvinouraya zvinokonzeresa zvishoma. Uyezve, cyanide inogona kusvibisa mvura yepasi, inova manyuko makuru emvura yekunwa munharaunda dzakawanda. Kana cyanide - yakasvibiswa pasi pemvura yakashandiswa kunwa, inogona kutyisa zvakanyanya kuhutano hwevanhu, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvakadai semusoro, dzungu, kusvotwa, uye mune zvakanyanya, rufu.

Kusvibiswa kwemhepo

Kana sodium cyanide ikasangana nemaasidhi, asidhi munyu, mvura, mwando, kana kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, inogona kuburitsa muchetura uye unopisa gasi rehydrogen cyanide (HCN). Iri gasi rinogona kuburitswa mumhepo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri uko kuparara netsaona kana kubata zvisina kunaka kunoitika. Hydrogen cyanide gasi ine ngozi zvikuru sezvo ichikwanisa kufemerwa zviri nyore nevanhu nemhuka. Kufema kunyangwe zvidiki zvehydrogen cyanide zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano nekukurumidza, anosanganisira kunetseka kufema, kukurumidza kufema, musoro, dzungu, uye mukuratidzwa kwakanyanya, zvinogona kukonzera kusungwa kwekufema uye kufa. Pamusoro penjodzi dzehutano dzakananga, gasi rehydrogen cyanide rinogonawo kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo munzvimbo yakatenderedza, kushatisa kunaka kwemweya uye zvichikanganisa hutano hwese ecosystem.

Dziviriro Nzira

Kuchengetedzwa Kwekuchengetedza Munzvimbo Yebasa

1.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Kudzivirirwa kwekufema: Munzvimbo umo kuratidzwa kwesodium cyanide kunogoneka, senge panguva yekugadzirwa kwayo, yekufambisa, kana kana paine inogona kubuda, vashandi vanofanirwa kunge vakashongedzerwa dziviriro yekufema. Zvishandiso zvekufema (SCBAs) zvinokurudzirwa kune yakakwirira - njodzi mamiriro, sezvo ichipa yakavimbika sosi yemhepo yakachena, zvinodzivirira kudzivirira inhalation yecyanide - ine guruva kana gasi. Nekuda kwemaitiro mashoma ekuratidzwa, mhepo - yekuchenesa kufema ine chaiwo mafirita akagadzirirwa kubvisa cyanide makomisheni anogona kushandiswa, asi kushanda kwawo kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekukodzera kwakaringana uye kusefa kutendeseka.

• Kudzivirirwa Kweganda Nemaziso: Sodium cyanide inogona kukonzera kupisa kwakanyanya paunosangana neganda nemaziso. Naizvozvo, vashandi vanofanirwa kugara vakapfeka akazara - makemikari emuviri - anodzivirira masutu, anosanganisira magurovhosi uye bhutsu. Magirazi ekuchengetedza kana zvidziviriro zvechiso zvakakosha kudzivirira maziso kubva kune chero splashes kana guruva particles. Izvi zvipfeko zvekudzivirira zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingapindike kune sodium cyanide kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwakanyanya.

• Zvimwe Dziviriro Gear: Kunze kwekudzivirira kwekufema, ganda, uye maziso, vashandi vanofanirawo kupfeka hati dzakaoma munzvimbo dzine ngozi yekudonha zvinhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwekunzwa kwakakodzera kana vachishanda munzvimbo dzine ruzha dzine chokuita nekushanda kwe sodium cyanide.

2.Kushanda Kwekuchengetedza Matanho

• chengetedzo: Sodium cyanide inofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo yakatsaurirwa, inofefetera zvakanaka, uye yakakiyiwa nzvimbo yekuchengetera iyo yakaparadzaniswa nemamwe makemikari, kunyanya ayo anogona kuita nayo. Zvidziyo zvekuchengetera zvinofanirwa kuvharwa zvakasimba uye kuvakwa kubva kune zvinhu zvisingaite ngura ne sodium cyanide, senge yakakwira density polyethylene kana simbi isina tsvina. Mazita akajeka pamidziyo anofanira kuratidza zviri mukati, njodzi, uye mirairo yekubata. Nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dzinofanirwawo kunge dzakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekurasa, senge madhiki kana matireyi, kudzivirira kupararira kwechero yakadeuka sodium cyanide.

• Kubata Maitiro: Kubata kwese kwesodium cyanide kunofanirwa kuitwa munzvimbo inodzorwa ichitevera maitiro akasimba ekushanda. Vashandi vanofanirwa kudzidziswa kusimudza kwakaringana, kudururira, uye kutamisa matekiniki kuti vaderedze njodzi yekuteuka kana kuparara. Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kubata sodium cyanide zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvisiri-zvinopisa kudzivirira kubatidza kwechero musanganiswa unogona kupisa moto. Mushure mekushandisa kwega kwega, midziyo uye nzvimbo dzebasa dzinofanirwa kucheneswa uye kusvibiswa kubvisa chero zvisaririra zve sodium cyanide.

• kufefetedza: Kufefetera kwakakwana kwakakosha munzvimbo dzebasa uko sodium cyanide iripo. Masisitimu epamhepo epamhepo enzvimbo anofanirwa kuiswa panzvimbo dzekukwanisa kuburitswa, senge panguva yekuvhurwa kwemidziyo kana panguva yekugadzira. Kufefetedza kwese munzvimbo yese yebasa kunofanirwawo kukwana kuchengetedza hunhu hwemhepo uye kudzikisa chero airborne sodium cyanide particles kana mhute. Kugara kutariswa kwemhando yemhepo munzvimbo yebasa kunofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti mazinga ekufumurwa anoramba ari mukati memiganhu inogamuchirwa.

3.Kudzidziswa Kwevashandi

• Njodzi Kuziva: Vashandi vose vanogona kusangana ne sodium cyanide, kusanganisira avo vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwayo, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye mhinduro yekukurumidzira, vanofanira kuwana ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro penjodzi dzine chokuita nekemikari. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa huturu hwayo, nzira dzinogona kuitika dzekuratidzira (kufema, kupinza, uye kubata ganda), uye zviratidzo zvechepfu yecyanide.

• Kubata Kwakachengeteka uye Kuchengeta: Vashandi vanofanira kudzidziswa mabatiro akakodzera uye maitirwo ekuchengetedza sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Vanofanirawo kujairana nekushandiswa kwemidziyo yekuzvidzivirira uye nzira yekuibvisa nekuibvisa. Kudzidzira kunofanirwa kusanganisira kuratidzira kunoshanda uye maoko - pane ruzivo rwekuona kuti vashandi vane chivimbo mukugona kwavo kubata sodium cyanide zvakachengeteka.

• Emergency Response Training: Vashandi vanofanira kudzidziswa maitiro ekukurumidzira kupindura, kusanganisira kuti vangaziva sei zviratidzo zve sodium cyanide inodonha kana kuratidzwa, nzira yekutanga mhinduro yekukurumidzira, uye maitiro ekutanga rubatsiro rwekutanga kana pane chepfu ye cyanide. Madhiri enguva dzose anofanirwa kuitwa kuyedza nekuvandudza kushanda kwechirongwa chekupindura emergency.

Emergency Measures

1.Incident Response

• Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye Kubviswa: Muchiitiko che sodium cyanide inodonha kana kupera, nzvimbo yakakanganiswa inofanira kunge yakaparadzaniswa pakarepo kudzivirira kupararira kwechepfu. Matanho ekubuda anofanirwa kutangwa nekukasira, uye vese vasingakoshese vashandi vanofanirwa kutamiswa kuenda kure nemhepo yakachengeteka panzvimbo yechiitiko. Nzira dzekubuda nadzo dzinofanirwa kunyorwa zvakajeka uye kuzivikanwa kune vese vashandi.

• Containment uye Kuchenesa: Zvikwata zvehunyanzvi zvakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekudzivirira yakafanira uye kurashikirwa - zvinhu zvekupindura zvinofanirwa kuiswa kuti zvive nekurasika. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandisa zvinhu zvinonwisa, zvakadai seactivated carbon kana vermiculite, kunyura mvura sodium cyanide. Solid sodium cyanide inogona kunyatsotsvairwa uye kuiswa mumidziyo yakavharwa kuti iraswe zvakanaka. Mushure mekunge kupera kwave kurimo, nzvimbo yacho inofanirwa kucheneswa zvakanyanya uchishandisa yakakodzera maajenti ekuchenesa uye matekiniki ekubvisa chero asara asara e sodium cyanide.

• Notification: Muchiitiko chechiitiko che sodium cyanide, zviremera zvakakodzera, zvakadai semasangano ekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza, madhipatimendi emoto, uye mapoka ekugadzirisa dambudziko, anofanira kuziviswa pakarepo. Kukurukurirana nenguva kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chemhinduro yakarongeka uye inoshanda kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano.

2.Kurapwa kweCyanide - Ine tsvina

• Alkaline Chlorination Method: Nzira iyi inosanganisira kugadzirisa pH yecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kusvika pa8.5 - 9 uyezve kuwedzera chlorine - based oxidants. Iyo chlorine - based oxidants, senge bleach (kunyanya NaClO) kana chlorine gasi (Cl₂, inonyungudika mumvura kuita HClO), inoita neiyo cyanide ions (CN⁻). Padanho rekutanga, cyanide yakashongedzwa kuti cyanate (CNO⁻), iyo ine muchetura zvishoma. Kuwedzera oxidation inogona kushandura cyanate kuita kabhoni dhaibhoni (CO₂) uye nitrogen (N₂). Iyo nzira iri nyore kushanda uye inogona kunyatso kudzikisa cyanide yemukati mumvura yetsvina kusvika padanho rakaderera. Nekudaro, inonyanya kukodzera kurapa mvura yetsvina ine yakaderera cyanide concentrations. Yakakwira -concentration cyanide tsvina yemvura inogona kuda huwandu hukuru hweklorini - based oxidants, kuwedzera mari yekurapa uye inogona kuburitsa chechipiri tsvina.

• Pressurizing Hydrolysis Method: Munzira iyi, cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura inoiswa mumudziyo wakavharwa. Alkali inowedzerwa, uye ipapo mvura yakasvibiswa inopisa uye inomanikidzwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, cyanide inopinda hydrolysis reactions. Cyanide ions inobata nemamorekuru emvura kugadzira isiri-chepfu sodium formate (HCOONA) uye ammonia (NH₃). Iyo nzira ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuchinjika kuhuwandu hwe cyanide mumvura yakasviba uye inogona kubata yakaoma cyanide makomisheni. Nekudaro, inoda yakakosha michina yekumanikidza uye kupisa, ichiita iyo yese maitiro akaomarara. Kushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya uye mari yemidziyo inokonzeresa kudhura kwekurapa.

• Acidized Method: Munzira ye acidized, sulfuric acid inowedzerwa ku cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kuti igadzirise pH kusvika 2 - 3. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic, cyanide mumvura yakasvibiswa inobata kuti iite hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Sezvo kuwanda kwegasi rehydrogen cyanide kuri kudiki, mhepo inopfuudzwa mumvura ine tsvina kuti itakure gasi rehydrogen cyanide richibuda, uye ipapo gasi rinopinzwa mumushonga wealkali kuti udzokororwe zvakare. Imwe mukana weiyi nzira ndeyekugona kudzoreredzwa kwe sodium cyanide, iyo ine humwe hupfumi hunokosha. Nekudaro, zvinoda kudzora kwakasimba kwemamiriro ekushanda sezvo hydrogen cyanide gasi ine muchetura zvakanyanya. Chero kuvuza panguva yekuita kunogona kutyisidzira zvakakomba kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu, zvichidikanwa nepamusoro-nhanho yekuchengetedza matanho uye kuiswa chisimbiso kwemidziyo.

• Biological Treatment Nzira: Mamwe ma microorganisms anokwanisa kuora cyanide. Mubiology kurapwa nzira, mabhakitiriya chaiwo kana fungi anoshandiswa kuderedza cyanide mumarara. Aya ma microorganisms anogona kushandisa cyanide sekabhoni kana nitrogen sosi kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro enzymatic, achiishandura kuita isiri-chepfu zvinhu zvakaita secarbon dioxide, mvura, uye ammonia. Biological kurapwa nzira dzine hushamwari zvakatipoteredza sezvo vasingaunzi nhamba huru yemakemikari reagents. Nekudaro, ivo vanowanzo tarisisa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, uye kugona kwekurapa kunogona kukanganiswa nezvinhu zvakaita setembiricha, pH, uye kuvapo kwezvimwe zvinosvibisa.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, zvisinei nekukosha kwayo mune dzakasiyana siyana maindasitiri ekushandisa, inokonzeresa zvakanyanya kutyisidzira kune zvakatipoteredza. Kukanganisa kwaro paivhu, mvura, nemhepo kunogona kutungamirira kunguva refu uye kure-kusvika mhedzisiro yezvipenyu uye hutano hwevanhu. Zvisinei, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuchengetedza akakodzera munzvimbo yebasa, zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvekupindura kwechimbichimbi, uye nzira dzakakodzera dzokurapa dzecyanide - dzine tsvina, tinogona kuderedza kutyisidzira uku. Ibasa remaindasitiri, vane masimba, uye nzanga yese kuona kubata kwakachengeteka, kuchengetwa, uye kuraswa kwesodium cyanide kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza kugara zvakanaka kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.