Kurapwa kweYakanyanya Toxic Cyanide - Ine Waste Liquids

Zvinwiwa zvine marara zvine cyanide zvine chepfu yakanyanya uye zvine njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Nokudaro, kurapwa kwakakodzera kwezvinwiwa zvakadaro kwakakosha zvikuru. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura nzira dzakawanda dzakajairika dzekurapa cyanide ine chepfu yakawanda - ine marara.

1. Chemical Oxidation Nzira

1.1 Alkaline Chlorination Method

• Musimboti : Munzvimbo ine alkaline, zvinhu zvine simba zvinoita kuti makemikari awedzere kuoxidation zvakaita se chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, kana calcium hypochlorite zvinowedzerwa mu cyanide - ine marara emvura. Maion ehypochlorite anoita nemaion ecyanide mumatanho maviri. Kutanga, cyanide inooxidized kuita cyanate, uye yozooxidized kuita zvinhu zvisina chepfu zvakaita seCarbon dioxide nenitrogen gas.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kugadziriswa kwepH : Tanga nekuwedzera sodium hydroxide mu cyanide - ine marara emvura kuti pH ive pakati pe10 - 11.

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• Kuwedzera Oxidant : Isa zvishoma nezvishoma huwandu hwakakodzera hwe oxidant yakasarudzwa, senge sodium hypochlorite solution. Huwandu hwe oxidant hunodiwa hunoenderana nehuwandu hwe cyanide mumvura yakasviba. Kurunga nguva dzose panguva yekuwedzera kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti yakabatana zvakaenzana.

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• Maitiro uye Kutarisa : Rega maitiro acho aenderere mberi kwemaawa akati wandei uye gara uchitarisa huwandu hwecyanide mumvura yakasviba mukati mese. Nzira dzakajairika dzekutarisa dzinosanganisira kushandisa cyanide - maelectrode chaiwo kana nzira dze colorimetric.

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• Kusapindirana uye Kubuda : Kana mhinduro yapera uye huwandu hwecyanide hwasvika padanho rekubuda (kazhinji kacho pasi pe0.5 mg/L munzvimbo dzakawanda), gadzirisa pH yemvura yakasviba kuti ive neutral range (pH = 6 - 9) neacid yakakodzera senge sulfuric acid, wobva waiburitsa.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Nzira

• Musimboti : Hydrogen peroxide chinhu chine simba re oxidizing. Kana paine chinhu chinobatsira senge maion emhangura, inogona kuoxidize maion ecyanide mumvura yakasviba, ichishandura cyanide kuita nitrogen isina chepfu uye carbon dioxide.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kugadziriswa kwepH : Shandura pH kukosha kwe cyanide - ine marara emvura kuita acidic range, kazhinji pH = 3 - 5, sezvo oxidation reaction ye hydrogen peroxide ne cyanide inoshanda zvakanyanya mumamiriro e acidic.

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• Kuwedzera Catalyst neHydrogen Peroxide : Wedzera huwandu hushoma hwe catalyst, semuenzaniso, copper sulfate, mumvura yakasviba, wobva wawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma hydrogen peroxide solution. Huwandu hwehydrogen peroxide inowedzerwa hunofanira kukwana kuti cyanide ioxide zvizere. Sezvo reaction iri exothermic, teerera kudzora tembiricha ye reaction kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya.

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• Kugadzirisa uye Kuparadzanisa : Mushure mekunge kuwedzera kwapera, rega kuparadzanisa kwechinguva. Wobva waita kupatsanura kwemvura yakasimba, senge kuburikidza nekusefa kana kusefa, kubvisa chero zvinhu zvakatanga kudonha, senge simbi hydroxides kana paine ma ions esimbi anorema mumvura yakasviba.

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• Mushure mekurapwa : Supernatant inorapwa inogona kurapwazve uchishandisa dzimwe nzira, dzakadai sekunyungudutsa kana kupatsanurwa kwemembrane, kuitira kuti hunhu hwekupedzisira hwetsvina husvike padanho rakakodzera.

1.3 Ozone Oxidation Nzira

• Musimboti : Ozone chinhu chine simba rekugadzira oxidation chine simba guru rekugadzira oxidation. Kana ikaiswa mu cyanide - ine marara emvura, inosangana zvakananga nema cyanide ions, ichiagadzira oxidation kune zvinhu zvisina chepfu senge carbonate ne nitrogen. Maitiro ekuita reaction akaomarara uye anogona kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvepakati. Kuvapo kwema catalysts ema ion esimbi, akadai se copper ne magnesium ions, kunogona kukurumidzisa reaction rate.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kugadzirira Kurapa Mvura Yetsvina : Kutanga, bvisa tsvina yakakura uye zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa mumvura ine cyanide nekusefa kana kupwanya. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuvharika kwemidziyo inogadzira ozone uye zvinoita kuti mhinduro ienderere mberi zvakanaka.

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• Kugadzirwa kweOzone uye Nhanganyaya : Shandisai jenareta yeOzone kugadzira gasi reOzone, iro rinozoiswa mumvura ine tsvina kuburikidza nemudziyo wekuparadzira gasi. Huwandu hweOzone hunounzwa hunofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwecyanide uye huwandu hwemvura ine tsvina.

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• Kugadzirisa uye Kutarisa : Ita kuti chiito chacho chiitike mutangi rekuita rakavharwa kwenguva yakatarwa. Tarisa huwandu hwecyanide mumvura yakasviba panguva chaiyo panguva yekuita. Nguva yekuita inowanzova pfupi pane dzimwe nzira dze oxidation, asi zvichiri zvinoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo emvura yakasviba.

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• Kurapa Kwetsvina : Mushure mekubuda kwetsvina, tsvina yakarapwa inogona kuda kurapwa kwakawedzerwa, sekunge kugadzirisa pH uye kubvisa chero zvigadzirwa zvine chekuita ne ozone zvasara, kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa pakuburitsa tsvina.

2. Muviri - Chemical Methods

2.1 Ion Exchange Method

• Musimboti : Maresini chaiwo eion-exchange anoshandiswa. Maresini aya ane mapoka anoshanda anogona kusarudza kunyudza maion ecyanide kana simbi-cyanide complexes mumvura yakasviba. Semuenzaniso, mamwe maresini eanion-exchange anogona kuchinjana maanion awo nemaion ecyanide ari mumushonga.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kusarudzwa uye Kugadzirwa kweResin : Sarudza resin yakakodzera yekuchinjana maion zvichienderana nehunhu hwemvura ine cyanide, senge mhando yesimbi-cyanide complexes iripo. Gadzirisa resin nekuisuka neacid nealkali solutions kuti iite kuti kuchinjana kwayo kushande.

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• Kurongedza Koramu : Isa resin yakagadziriswa kare mukoramu yekuchinjana maion.

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• Kupfuura neMarara : Pfuura zvishoma nezvishoma marara ane cyanide kuburikidza nekoramu yekuchinjana kwemaion. Dzora mwero wekuyerera kwemvura kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mvura yakasviba neresin zvinotora nguva yakakwana yekubatana.

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• Kugadziriswazve kweResin : Kana resin yatora huwandu hwakati hwecyanide, inofanira kudzokororwa. Maitiro ekugadzirisazve anowanzo sanganisira kushandisa mhinduro yekuvandudza, senge strong acid kana strong base solution, kubvisa maion ecyanide adsorbed kubva muresin. Resin yakagadziriswazve inogona kushandiswazve.

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• Kurapa Kwemvura Inodzokororwa : Mvura inodzokororwa, ine cyanide yakawanda, inoda kurapwa kwakawedzerwa, kazhinji kuburikidza nenzira dzemakemikari dzinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kuti ishandure cyanide kuita zvinhu zvisina chepfu.

2.2 Adsorption Nzira

• Musimboti : MaAdsorbents akadai seActivated Carbon ne zeolite ane nzvimbo yakakura uye ane simba rakasimba rekunyungudutsa. Anogona kunyungudutsa maion e cyanide nezvimwe zvinosvibisa mumvura yakasviba kuburikidza nekunyungudutsa, senge van der Waals forces, uye kunyungudutsa kwemakemikari, zvakaita sekuumba zvisungo zvemakemikari nemapoka anoshanda pamusoro. Kabhoni inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakanyanya kwekunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kusarudzwa kweAdsorbent uye Kurapa Pamberi : Sarudza adsorbent yakakodzera zvichienderana nemhando yemvura yakasviba. Semuenzaniso, granular activated carbon inowanzo shandiswa pakurapa kukuru, nepo powder activated carbon inogona kunge yakakodzera kurapwa kudiki kana kwakanyanya. Isa adsorbent pakutanga nekugeza nekuomesa kuti ubvise tsvina.

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• Maitiro Ekunyudza : Wedzera adsorbent mumvura ine cyanide uye kurunga nguva dzose kuti nzvimbo yekubata pakati pe adsorbent nemvura ine tsvina iwedzere. Nguva yekunyudza inosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwecyanide uye rudzi rwe adsorbent, kazhinji inotangira pamaminitsi akati wandei kusvika maawa akati wandei.

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• Kupatsanura : Kana mvura yapera kunyungudika, paradzanisa mvura inonyungudika kubva kumarara uchishandisa nzira dzakadai sekusefa kana sedimentation.

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• Kugadziriswazve kweAdsorbent : Kufanana neion-exchange resin, adsorbent inoshandiswa inogona kugadziriswazve. Kune activated carbon, nzira dzekugadzirisazve dzinosanganisira thermal regeneration (kudziyisa activated carbon kusvika patembiricha yepamusoro kuti ibvise zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa) uye chemical regeneration (kushandisa chemical reagents kuti iite zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa).

3. Biological Treatment Nzira

• Musimboti : Mamwe mabhakitiriya ane simba rekuparadza cyanide. Mabhakitiriya aya anoshandisa cyanide senzvimbo inopa kabhoni, nitrogen, kana simba pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ezvakatipoteredza. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kushandura cyanide kuita zvinhu zvisina chepfu senge ammonia necarbon dioxide kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana e enzyme. Maitiro ese anosanganisira metabolism ye mabhakitiriya, uye mabhakitiriya akasiyana anogona kunge aine nzira dzakasiyana dze metabolism dzekuparadza cyanide.

• Kufamba Kwemaitiro :

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• Kusarudzwa kweZvipembenene uye Kurima : Sarudza tupukanana twakakodzera tunoparadza cyanide, tunogona kuparadzaniswa nenzvimbo dzechisikigo dzakadai sevhu kana nzvimbo dzekuchenesa mvura yakasviba. Rima tupukanana utwu murabhoritari kuti uwane huwandu hwakakwana hwetupukanana tunopararira. Nzvimbo yekurima inofanira kunge iine zvinovaka muviri zvakakodzera kutsigira kukura kwetupukanana.

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• Kugadzika kweReactor : Gadzira reactor yekurapa zvinhu zvipenyu, senge activated sludge reactor kana biofilm reactor. Mu activated sludge reactor, tupukanana tunenge twakamiswa mumvura yakasviba, nepo mu biofilm reactor, tupukanana tunonamatira panzvimbo yakasimba kuti tugadzire biofilm.

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• Kurapa Marara : Isa marara ane cyanide mureactor yekurapa zvipenyu. Dzora mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza mureactor, kusanganisira tembiricha (kazhinji inenge 25 - 35 °C), pH (kazhinji inenge 7 - 8), uye huwandu hweokisijeni yakanyungudutswa, kuti ugadzire nzvimbo yakakodzera yekugara yezvipembenene.

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• Kutarisa uye Kudzora : Ramba uchitarisa huwandu hwecyanide nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha mumvura inoraswa panguva yekurapa. Gadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda kwereactor nekukurumidza zvichienderana nemigumisiro yekutarisa kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti system yekurapa yebhayoloji inoshanda zvakanaka.

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• Kurapa Mvura Yakasviba : Mushure mekurapwa nemuviri, mvura yakasviba inogona kunge iine tupukanana tudiki uye zvinhu zvidiki zve organic. Kurapa kwakawedzerwa, kwakadai sekuuraya utachiona (kushandisa nzira dzakadai se ultraviolet irradiation kana kuwedzera mishonga inouraya utachiona) uye kusefa, zvinogona kudiwa kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa pakuburitsa mvura.

4. Kufunga Mukurapa

• Kuchengetedzwa Kutanga : Zvinhu zvine marara zvine Cyanide zvine chepfu yakawanda, uye mabasa ese ekurapa anofanira kuitwa munzvimbo ine mhepo yakanaka, zviri nani munzvimbo ine fume hood. Vashandi vanofanira kupfeka michina yekudzivirira yakakodzera, kusanganisira magirovhosi ane gasi, magogorosi, uye michina yekudzivirira kufema.

• Kuziva Kuwanda Kwemvura Nemazvo : Usati warapwa, nyatsoyera huwandu hwecyanide mumvura yakasviba. Izvi zvakakosha pakusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekurapa uye kuona huwandu hwemishonga yekurapa.

• Kurapa Kwakabatana : Kazhinji, nzira imwe chete yekurapa ingasakwana kuzadzisa zvizere zvinodiwa pakuburitsa tsvina. Saka, funga nezvekushandisa nzira dzekurapa dzakabatana. Semuenzaniso, musanganiswa wemakemikari akasanganiswa uye kurapwa kwezvipenyu zvinowanzoita kuti pave nemigumisiro iri nani yekurapa.

• Kukanganiswa Kwezvakatipoteredza : Pakusarudza nzira dzekurapa nemishonga yekurapa, funga nezvemigumisiro yadzo panharaunda. Sarudza nzira nemishonga isingakuvadzi nharaunda uye isingakonzere kusvibiswa.

• Kutevedzera Mitemo : Iva nechokwadi chekuti nzira yekurapa uye hunhu hwemvura inobuda mutsvina zvinotevedzera mitemo yekudzivirira nharaunda yenyika neyemunharaunda. Gara uchitarisa uye uchitaura mhedzisiro yekurapa kumadhipatimendi ekuchengetedza nharaunda.

Mukupedzisa, kurapwa kweyakanyanya muchetura cyanide - ine tsvina yezvinwiwa inoda kutariswa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvakasiyana. Nekusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekurapa uye kunyatsotevera maitiro ekushanda, tinokwanisa kunyatso kudzikisa chepfu yecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu.