Kurapa Nzira dzeCyanide - Iine Pharmaceutical Wastewater

ziviso

Nekukurumidza kukura kweindasitiri yemishonga, kurapwa kwe cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura yava nyaya inokosha mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Cyanide chinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye kunyangwe chishoma chayo chinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kukuru kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza. Kuburitswa kwe mvura yetsvina yemishonga ine cyanide pasina kurapwa kwakakodzera inokonzeresa njodzi kune zvitubu zvemvura, zvipenyu zvemumvura, uye ecosystem yese. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kutora nzira dzekurapa dzinoshanda kudzikisa cyanide yemukati mumvura yetsvina yemishonga kusvika padanho rinogamuchirika.

Zvitubu uye Njodzi dzeCyanide muMushonga weWastewater

Sources

Cyanide inoshandiswa mune mamwe maitiro ekugadzira mishonga. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kweimwe mishonga, cyanide - ine makomisheni inogona kushandiswa seyakabikwa kana kuita kwepakati. Munguva yekugadzira, cyanide inopinda mumvura yakasviba, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwecyanide - ine mishonga inorasa mvura.

Njodzi

1. Toxicity Kuvanhu: Cyanide inogona kuvharidzira kuita kwe cytochrome oxidase mumuviri wemunhu, ichivharira kufambiswa kwakajairika kwemaerekitironi mucheni yekufema, uye pakupedzisira ichitungamira kune tishu hypoxia. Muzviitiko zvakanyanya, zvinogona kukonzera kufa nekukurumidza. Kunyangwe kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakaderera-yakadzika cyanide inogona kukonzera chepfu chisingaperi, ichikanganisa sisitimu yetsinga, moyo wemoyo, uye mamwe mabasa emuviri.

2. Kukuvadza kune Ecosystem: Munharaunda yemvura, cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya kuhove nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura. Inogona kukuvadza gill uye nervous system yezvipenyu zvemvura, kuderedza kukwanisa kwavo kufema uye kurarama. Uyezve, kuburikidza necheni yechikafu, cyanide inogona kuunganidzwa uye kukudzwa, ichiisa kutyisidzira kune yakakwirira-nhanho zvipenyu mucheni yechikafu.

Common Kurapa Nzira dzeCyanide - Ine Pharmaceutical Wastewater

Chemical Oxidation Method

1.Alkaline Chlorination

• Principle: Mumamiriro ezvinhu ealkaline (kazhinji pH = 10 - 11), ma oxidants ane chlorine akadai se chlorine gas kana sodium hypochlorite anowedzerwa mumvura yakasviba. Cyanide inotanga yasanganiswa kuita cyanate, uye yozosanganiswazve kuti kabhoni dhayokisaidhi negesi yenitrogen.

• Advantages: Nzira iyi ine nhoroondo yakareba yekushandiswa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Maitiro ekurapa akagadzikana, uye anogona kunyatso kudzikisa cyanide yemukati mumvura yakasviba. Midziyo inodiwa iri nyore, uye kushanda kuri nyore kubata.

• payakaipira: Chlorine - ine oxidants inogona kuita pamwe nezvimwe organic zvinhu mumvura ine tsvina kugadzira zvinokuvadza ne - zvigadzirwa zvakaita se trihalomethanes, zvinova carcinogenic uye mutagenic. Mukuwedzera, iyo dosage ye oxidants inoda kudzorwa nemazvo. Kana mari yacho yakawandisa, inokonzera kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemakemikari uye kuwedzera mari yekurapa; kana mari yacho idiki, mhedzisiro yekurapa haizove yakanaka.

1.Ozone Oxidation

• Principle: Ozone ioxidant yakasimba. Muchirongwa chekuchenesa mvura yetsvina, ozone inogona kuita zvakanangana necyanide, ichityora chisungo chiri mucyanide uye nekuiisa kune zvisiri zvine muchetura zvinhu zvakaita secarbon dioxide uye nitrogen kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwakaomarara kwemahara - radical reactions.

• Advantages: Ozone oxidation ine kurapa kwakanyanya uye inogona kukurumidza kuora cyanide. Haisi kuunza zvimwe zvinhu zvinokuvadza mumvura yakagadziriswa, kudzivisa kusvibiswa kwechipiri. Panguva imwecheteyo, ozone inogonawo kuita basa rekuuraya utachiona uye kubvisa ruvara rwemvura yakaraswa, kuvandudza huwandu hwese hwemvura yakarapwa.

• payakaipira: Midziyo yekugadzira ozone inodhura, uye kushandiswa kwesimba kwakakwira. Kunyungudika kweozone mumvura kwakadzikira, izvo zvinotadzisa kuita kwayo kushanda zvakanaka. Mukuwedzera, kugadzikana kweozone kwakashata, uye inoda kugadzirwa panzvimbo - nzvimbo, iyo inowedzera kuoma kwekushanda uye kutungamirirwa kwemaitiro ekurapa.

1.Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation

• Principle: Pamberi pechinhu chinokonzeresa semaioni esimbi, hydrogen peroxide inoora kuti igadzire madhidhiyori ehydroxyl anoshanda zvakanyanya. Aya radicals anogona oxidize cyanide kuti iite cyanate kutanga, uyezve oxidize cyanate kune isiri-chepfu zvinhu.

• Advantages: Hydrogen peroxide iine oxidant yakachena, uye maitiro ezvigadzirwa anonyanya kuve mvura uye oksijeni, izvo zvisingakonzere kusvibiswa kwechipiri. Maitiro ekurapa ane hunyoro, uye ane kumwe kuchinjika kune shanduko mumhando yemvura yetsvina.

• payakaipira: Iyo catalytic oxidation system inoda kwakasimba kutonga kwemamiriro ekuita senge pH kukosha uye catalyst dosage. Kana mamiriro acho asina kukodzera, iyo oxidation inoshanda ichaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, mari yehydrogen peroxide inenge yakakwirira, iyo inowedzera mari yekurapa yemvura yakasviba.

Biological Treatment Method

1. Principle: Mamwe ma microorganisms ane simba rekudzikisa cyanide. Pasi pemamiriro ekunze akakodzera akadai tembiricha yakakodzera, pH kukosha, uye okisijeni yakanyungudika, tupukanana idzi dzinogona kushandisa cyanide senge kabhoni sosi kana nitrogen sosi yekukura nemetabolism, ichishandura cyanide kuita isiri-chepfu senge carbon dioxide, mvura, uye ammonia. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya ari muPseudomonas genus anogona kuora cyanide kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwemaitiro enzymatic.

2. Advantages: Biological kurapwa inzira yezvakatipoteredza. Izvo hazvidi kuwanda kwemakemikari reagents, kuderedza chizvarwa chemakemikari tsvina. Mari yekuvhiya yakadzikira kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzemakemikari oxidation, kunyanya akakodzera kurapwa kwehombe - yakaderera - concentration cyanide - ine tsvina.

3. payakaipira: Kurapa kweBiological kunoenderana zvakanyanya nebasa rema microorganisms. Iko kuchinjika kwema microorganisms kune shanduko mumhando yemvura yetsvina, sekuwedzera kamwe kamwe mukuiswa kwecyanide, pH kukosha kwekuchinja, uye kuvapo kwechepfu uye inhibitory zvinhu, hazvina kunaka. Nguva yekurapa inowanzorebesa kupfuura iyo yemakemikari oxidation nzira, uye hombe - area reaction tank inodiwa, inotora zviwanikwa zvevhu.

Muviri - Chemical Treatment Method

1.Adsorption Method

• Principle: Zvinodzikisa mweya zvakaita se Yakagadziriswa Carbon, zeolite, uye resin zvinoshandiswa kunyudza cyanide mumvura yakasviba. Kabhoni inoshandiswa, ine nzvimbo yayo yakakura uye chimiro chayo chepore chakapfuma, inogona kunyudza cyanide kuburikidza nenzira dzemuviri uye dzemakemikari. Mapoka anoshanda pamusoro pekabhoni inoshandiswa anogona kusangana nemaion ecyanide kuburikidza nekukwezvwa kwemagetsi uye kubatana kwemakemikari.

• Advantages: Iyo adsorption nzira ine yakapusa mashandiro maitiro uye inogona kunyatso bvisa yakaderera - concentration cyanide mumvura yetsvina. Adsorbents inogona kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa zvakare mune dzimwe nguva, kuderedza mari yekurapa. Inogonawo kusanganiswa nedzimwe nzira dzokurapa kuti uwedzere kuvandudza maitiro ekurapa.

• payakaipira: Iyo adsorption kugona kweadsorbents ishoma. Kana iyo adsorbent yakazara, inoda kutsiviwa kana kuvandudzwa. Iyo nzira yekuzvarwa patsva yakaoma uye ingada kuwedzera simba nemakemikari. Mukuwedzera, mutengo wepamusoro-yemhando adsorbents yakakwira.

1.Membrane Separation Method

• Principle: Membrane separation tekinoroji senge reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, uye ultrafiltration inogona kushandiswa kuparadzanisa cyanide kubva kune tsvina. Aya mamembrane ane kusarudzwa permeability, achibvumira mamorekuru emvura uye zvimwe zvidiki - mamorekuru zvinhu kuti zvipfuure uchichengeta cyanide uye zvimwe zvakakura - mamorekuru - uremu zvinosvibisa. Semuenzaniso, mune reverse osmosis process, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, mvura inopfuura nepakati pesemi-permeable membrane, nepo cyanide inobatwa padivi rekumanikidza.

• Advantages: Kuparadzaniswa kweMembrane kunogona kuwana yakakwirira-kunyatso kupatsanurwa kwecyanide nehupamhi hwepamusoro. Inogona kushanda nguva dzose uye ine diki tsoka. Hunhu hwemvura inocheneswa hwakadzikama uye hunogona kusangana nemiyero yekuyerera.

• payakaipira: Iyo membrane inowanzoita kusvibiswa, izvo zvinoderedza membrane flux uye kuparadzanisa kushanda zvakanaka. Kuchenesa uye kutsiva membrane kunodhura. Mukuwedzera, iyo yekutanga mari mumidziyo yekuparadzanisa membrane yakakura.

Kusarudzwa kweMaitiro uye Kugadziridza

Pakusarudza nzira yekurapa yecyanide - ine mishonga yetsvina yemishonga, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoda kutariswa zvizere.

1. Wastewater Quality: Ongorora kuwanda kwecyanide mumvura yetsvina, kuvapo kwezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvakaita sesimbi inorema uye organic matter, uye pH kukosha kwemvura yakasviba. Kune yakakwirira - concentration cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura, makemikari oxidation nzira dzinogona kunge dzakakodzera; yepasi -concentration cyanide - ine tsvina, biological treatment kana yemuviri - makemikari ekurapa nzira dzinogona kutariswa.

2. Kurapa Zvinodiwa: Ziva zviyero zvinodikanwa zvekuburitsa kana kushandisazve zvinodiwa pamvura yakacheneswa. Kana chiyero chekuburitsa checyanide chakanyanya kuomarara, musanganiswa wenzira dzakawanda dzekurapa dzinogona kudiwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mvura yakacheneswa inosangana neyakajairwa.

3. Zvinhu Zveupfumi: Funga nezvemutengo wekudyara wemidziyo yekurapisa, mutengo wekushandisa unosanganisira mutengo wemakemikari, mashandisiro emagetsi, uye mutengo wevashandi, uye mutengo wekutsvaira nekurasa tsvina. Sarudza nzira yekurapa nemutengo unonzwisisika uye zvakanaka zvehupfumi zvinobatsira.

4. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza: Sarudzo nzira dzekurapa dzinoburitsa zvishoma kusvibiswa kwechipiri. Semuenzaniso, kana ichienzaniswa nealkaline chlorination, ozone oxidation uye biological kurapwa nzira dzinoburitsa zvishoma zvinokuvadza ne-zvigadzirwa, izvo zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana nharaunda.

Mukuwedzera, mune chaiyo yekurapa maitiro, kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirisa kwemaitiro ekurapa kunodiwawo. Gara uchitarisa hutano hwemvura yakagadziriswa, gadzirisa maitiro ekushanda kwemidziyo yekurapa panguva yakakodzera, uye ita kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa michina kuti uone kushanda kwakagadzikana kwehutano hwehutano uye kubudirira kwehutano hwakanaka hwehutano.

mhedziso

Kurapa kwecyanide - ine mvura yetsvina yemishonga yakakosha zvikuru pakuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekurapa, dzinosanganisira makemikari oxidation, biological kurapwa, uye yemuviri - kemikari kurapwa, vane hunhu hwavo uye scopes yekushandisa. Mumashandisirwo einjiniya anoshanda, zvinodikanwa kunyatso tarisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana semhando yemvura yetsvina, zvinodiwa pakurapa, mutengo wehupfumi, uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kusarudza nekugadzirisa maitiro akakodzera ekurapa. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, inoshanda zvakanyanya, inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza, uye inodhura - inoshanda tekinoroji yekurapa yecyanide - ine mvura yemarara yemishonga icharamba ichibuda, ichipa rutsigiro rwakasimba rwekusimudzira kwakasimba kweindasitiri yemishonga uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.