Kushandiswa kweSodium Cyanide muPesticide Synthesis

1. ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), chinhu chakakosha chisina makemikari, chinoita basa guru mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene , hunhu hwayo hwemakemikari hwakasiyana hunoita kuti pave nemhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inoshanda yekudzivirira zvipembenene. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa kushandiswa kwakazara kweSodium cyanide mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene, kuongorora mashandiro ayo, mhando dzemishonga yezvipembenene yainobatsira, uye kuchengetedzeka kwakabatana nazvo uye nharaunda.

2. Chemical Properties yeSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ichena, ine crystalline yakasimba inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura. Iine huremu hwe49.01 g/mol uye inonyunguduka pa563.7 °C. Chimwe chezvimiro zvayo zvinonyanya kukosha ndeye tsika yekuputsika mumvura-based solutions, ichiburitsa yakanyanya reactive cyanide ions. Aya maion anotora chikamu mukuita kwemakemikari akawanda, ayo anoshandiswa mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene.

Kana Sodium Cyanide ikapindirana nemvura, panoitika maitiro anonzi hydrolysis, zvichigadzira hydrogen cyanide uye sodium hydroxide. Izvi zvinogona kuenda kumativi ese ari maviri, uye zvinhu zvakaita setembiricha uye pH zvinogona kukanganisa kuenzana pakati pezvinokonzeresa uye zvigadzirwa. Mukugadzirwa kwezvipembenene, kudzora kuburitswa kwemaion ecyanide kubva ku sodium cyanide kwakakosha pakutungamira maitiro chaiwo emakemikari.

3. Kushandiswa kwePesticide Synthesis

3.1. Synthesis yeOrganonitrile Pesticides

Mishonga yakawanda yeOrganonitrile inogadzirwa uchishandisa sodium cyanide sechinhu chakakosha chekutanga. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwe cypermethrin, mushonga wezvipembenene unokosha wepyrethroid, sodium cyanide inobatanidzwa padanho rakakosha. Kazhinji, 3 - phenoxybenzaldehyde inopindirana ne sodium cyanide paine catalyst. Iyo cyanide ion inorwisa boka reCarbon yl re3 - phenoxybenzaldehyde, ichigadzira chinhu chepakati. Mushure meizvi, mamwe maitiro akadai se cyclization uye esterification anoitika, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti cypermethrin iumbwe. Maitiro aya ekuita haana kungogumira ku cypermethrin chete; inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwemamwe mishonga yezvipembenene yepyrethroid senge deltamethrin ne permethrin.

3.2. Synthesis yeNitrile - ine Mishonga yesora

Sodium cyanide inoitawo basa mukugadzira mimwe mishonga yesora. Mukugadzirwa kweimwe nitrile - ine mishonga yesora, boka recyanide rakaunzwa kubva musodium cyanide rinova chikamu chakakosha chemorekuru wesora. Maitiro ekuita kazhinji anosanganisira nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Semuenzaniso, kana halogen - inotsiviwa inonhuhwirira musanganiswa inobata nesodium cyanide, iyo cyanide ion inoita senyucleophile uye inotsiva halogen atomu. Iyo nitrile inozobuda - ine yepakati ichibva yaita nhevedzano yezvimwe zvigadziriso kuti ibudise chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chesora. Iyi nzira inobvumira kugadzirwa kwemishonga yesora nenzira dzakananga dzekushanda, senge inhibiting key enzymes in plant metabolism.

3.3. Basa muKubatanidzwa kweZvipembenene Kukura Regulators

Mukubatanidza kwemamwe magadzirirwo ekukura kwezvipembenene, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kusuma mapoka anoshanda ayo akakosha kune biological chiitiko chechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwemamwe mahomoni echidiki ekutevedzera, boka recyanide rinosanganiswa muchimiro chemolecular kuburikidza nematanho akawanda ekuita. Iyo nzira inowanzotanga ne precursor molecule ine boka rakakodzera rekusiya. Sodium cyanide inopindirana neinotangira iyi, ichitsiva boka rekusiya neboka recyanide. Zvadaro, maitiro anotevera anowedzera kushandura cyanide - ine yepakati kuti igadzire chipembenene chekukura kwezvipembenene zvine basa chairo. Rudzi urwu rwekudzora runogona kukanganisa kukura kwakajairwa uye kukura kwezvipembenene, sekudzivirira kushanduka kwavo, zvichibatsira kudzora huwandu hwezvipembenene.

4. Kuchengetedza uye Kufunga Kwezvakatipoteredza

4.1. Toxicity yeSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Kuifema, kuimedza, kana kusangana nayo paganda kunogona kuuraya. Iyo cyanide ions inoburitswa kubva musodium cyanide inogona kusunga kune enzyme inonzi cytochrome c oxidase mumasero. Kusunga uku kunomisa cheni yekutakura erekitironi, ichidzivirira maseru kushandisa oxygen nemazvo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maseru anofa nekukurumidza, izvo zvinogona kukonzera hutano hwakanyanya uye kunyange kufa muvanhu nemhuka. Huwandu hwe sodium cyanide inogona kuuraya vanhu idiki, kazhinji kubva pa50 - 100 mg. Naizvozvo, nzira dzakasimba dzekuchengetedza dzinofanirwa kuteverwa pakubata, kuchengetedza, uye kushandisa sodium cyanide muzvivakwa zvepesticide synthesis. Vashandi vari kuita basa rekugadzira vanofanirwa kupfeka midziyo yekuzvidzivirira nayo yakafanira, inosanganisira dziviriro yekufema, magurovhosi, uye zvipfeko zvekudzivirira.

4.2. Environmental Impact

Kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene kunounzawo njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza. Kana pakateuka netsaona kana kuraswa zvisina kufanira, sodium cyanide inogona kusvibisa ivhu nemvura. Kana yave mukati menharaunda, inogona kuputsa kuita hydrogen cyanide, gasi rinoputika uye rine muchetura zvakanyanya.

Mumiviri yemvura, cyanide inogona kukuvadza hupenyu hwemvura. Kunyangwe pakadzika dzika, zvinogona kukanganisa kurarama, kukura, uye kuberekana kwehove, invertebrates, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura. Uyezve, kana mvura yakasvibiswa necyanide ikashandiswa kudiridza, inogona kukanganisa zvirimwa uye kupinda mucheni yechikafu.

Kuti vaderedze njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza idzi, vagadziri vemishonga yezvipembenene vanofanira kushandisa nzira dzakakodzera dzekuchengetedza tsvina. Izvi zvinosanganisira kurapa mvura yetsvina ine cyanide kubvisa kana kuita kuti cyanide isati yaraswa. Matekinoroji ekurapa akajairwa anosanganisira makemikari oxidation, biological kurapwa, uye kunaya.

5. Mhedziso

Sodium cyanide chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, zvichiita kuti kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga yezvipembenene ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita. Kugona kwayo kuunza boka recyanide mumamorekuru emishonga yezvipembenene kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari kwakatungamira mukugadzirwa kweanoshanda ekudzivirira zvipembenene zvakakosha pakurima kwemazuva ano uye kuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji.

Nekudaro, iyo yakanyanya chepfu yesodium cyanide uye inogona kukuvadza nharaunda haigone kufuratirwa. Sezvo indasitiri yemishonga yezvipembenene ichiramba ichikura, zvakakosha kuti uwane chiyero pakati pekutora mukana wesodium cyanide mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene uye kuita kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba nekuchengetedza nharaunda. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kugadzira dzimwe nzira, dzisina muchetura synthesis nzira kana kuvandudza maitiro aripo kuderedza kushandiswa nekuburitswa kwesodium cyanide. Nekutarisira kwakaringana uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene kunogona kuramba kuchibatsira mukuchengetedzeka kwechikafu chepasirese uye kutonga kwezvipembenene uku uchichengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.