Yakakwira - tembiricha cyanidation maitiro ekudzoreredza simbi dzinokosha kubva kumotokari catalysts

ziviso

Platinum - group metals (PGMs), kusanganisira platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), uye rhodium (Rh), dzakakosha zvikuru mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Muindasitiri yemotokari, dzinoita basa rakakosha mu catalytic converters, dzakakosha pakuderedza kusvibiswa kunokuvadza kubva muutsi hwemotokari. Zvisinei, maPGM haawanikwe uye haana kugoverwa zvakaenzana, uye kubviswa kwawo kubva mumatombo ekutanga kunowanzo kuve kwakaoma uye kunodhura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kudzoserwa kwePGMs kubva kune mamwe masosi, akadai sema Automobile catalysts akamboshandiswa, kwave kutariswa zvakanyanya. Kubviswa kwecyanide inodziya zvakanyanya kuri kubuda senzira inogona kushandiswa pachinangwa ichi.

Basa rePGMs muMotokari Catalysts

Zvigadziri zvemotokari zvinoshandura chepfu zvakagadzirwa kuti zvishandure zvinhu zvinosvibisa mumhepo inobuda, zvakaita seCarbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), uye nitrogen oxides (NOx), kuita zvinhu zvisingakuvadzi zvakanyanya secarbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen (N₂), nemvura (H₂O). MaPGM ndiwo macompounds akakosha muzvigadziri izvi. Semuenzaniso, Pt nePd zvinoshanda pakugadzira CO₂ neHC, nepo Rh ichinyanya kushandiswa kuderedza NOx. Kudiwa kwePGMs muindasitiri yemotokari kwakakura. Muna 1990. Mamiriyoni 1.3 emaounces eplatinum, 230.000 ounces epalladium, uye 330.000 ounces erhodium zvakashandiswa mukugadzira macatalysts emotokari. Tichifunga nezvekukura kuri kuramba kuchiitika kweindasitiri yemotokari mumakore apfuura, huwandu hwePGMs mumacatalysts akashandiswa hwakakura zvikuru, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chinokosha chechipiri.

Nheyo dzePamusoro - Kupisa Cyanide Leaching

Cyanide Complexation

Cyanide leaching yave kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvicherwa, kunyanya pakuchera goridhe. Nheyo yacho iri mukugona kweiyo cyanide ions (CN⁻) kugadzira macomplexes akagadzikana ane mamwe masimbi. Panyaya yePGMs, pasi pepamusoro-tembiricha uye yakakodzera alkaline mamiriro, CN⁻ inogona kuita nePt, Pd, uye Rh kuumba soluble cyanide complexes. Izvi zvinogadzirisa zvinogadzirisa zvinobvumira kuti PGMs iparadzwe kubva kune yakasimba matrix ye catalyst mumhinduro, zvichiita kuti kuparadzaniswa kunotevera uye kugadzirisa maitiro.

High - Temperature Enhancement

High-tembiricha mamiriro anoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira maitiro ekudonha. Kuwedzera tembiricha inomhanyisa reaction kinetics. Pakupisa kwepamusoro, kupararira kwe cyanide ions kusvika pamusoro pePGM particles kunowedzera, uye maitiro emakemikari anoitika nokukurumidza. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mune yakakwirira-tembiricha cyanide leaching yePGMs kubva mumotokari catalysts, kusimudza tembiricha kubva 100 °C kusvika 150 °C kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya leaching yePd nePt. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha inogona zvakare kuunza mamwe matambudziko, akadai sekuwedzera mashandisiro emagetsi uye zvingangoita mativi maitiro.

Maitiro ePamusoro - Tembiricha Cyanide Leaching yeMota Catalysts

Pretreatment yeCatalysts

Pamberi peyakakwira - tembiricha cyanide leaching process, iyo yakashandiswa mota catalysts kazhinji inoda kugadziridzwa. Iyi nhanho yakakosha kuvandudza mashandiro eLeaching. Kutanga, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinopwanyika uye pasi kuti zvideredze saizi yepakati, iyo inowedzera iyo chaiyo nzvimbo uye inofumura mamwe maPGM ekuita. Zvadaro, vanogona kuiswa pasi pekupisa kupisa, zvakadai sokugocha, kubvisa kabhoni nezvimwe zvakasvibiswa pamusoro pechigadziridzo, zvichiita kuti maPGM awedzere kuwanika kune cyanide solution.

Leaching Operation

Padanho rekuburitsa, ma catalysts akagadziriswa kare anoiswa mumudziyo we reaction une cyanide-ine solution, inowanzova Sodium Cyanide (NaCN). Mudziyo we reaction unozodziiswa kusvika patembiricha yepamusoro yakakodzera, kazhinji iri pakati pe120 - 180 °C, uye kumanikidzwa kunogadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Oxygen kana oxidizing agent inowanzoiswa kuti isimudzire oxidation yePGMs uye kuwedzera complexation reaction. Nguva yekuburitsa inosiyana zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwe catalyst nemamiriro e reaction, kazhinji kubva pamaawa akati wandei kusvika anopfuura gumi.

Kuparadzaniswa uye Kudzoreredzwa kwePGMs

Mushure mekuita leaching, mhinduro ine yakanyungudika PGM - cyanide complexes. Kuti uwanezve maPGM, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuparadzanisa dzinogona kushandiswa. Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekubvisa zvinonyungudutsa, uko kwakakodzera organic extractant inoshandiswa kusarudza maPGMs kubva ku cyanide leach doro. Semuenzaniso, zvimwe zvinwiwa zveionic zvakaratidza sarudzo yakanaka yekuparadzanisa Pt nePd kubva kudoro releach. Imwe nzira ndeye kunaya kwemvura. Nekugadzirisa iyo pH kukosha kwemhinduro kana kuwedzera chaiwo maajenti ekunaya, maPGM anogona kudonha kunze kwemhinduro nenzira yesimbi yemunyu kana macomplexes, ayo anogona kuzowedzera kunatswa kuti awane maPGM akachena.

Zvakanakira Zvepamusoro - Tembiricha Cyanide Leaching

Kubudirira Kwekupora Kwepamusoro

Kuenzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzechinyakare dzekudzoreredza maPGM kubva mumotokari catalysts, yakakwirira - tembiricha cyanide leaching inogona kuwana yakanyanya kupora mitengo. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti pasi pemamiriro akakwenenzverwa, mazinga eLeaching ePt, Pd, uye Rh anogona kusvika pamusoro pe90%, uye mune dzimwe nguva, kunyange padyo ne100%. Semuenzaniso, mukutsvaga kwepamusoro-tembiricha cyanide leaching yePGMs kubva kune yakaneta autocatalytic converters, iyo autoclave leaching pa150 ° C, ine okisijeni chikamu chekumanikidzwa kwe200 psi uye nguva ye120 min, yakaburitsa > 90% PGMs 'kuparara.

Kusarudza

Cyanide ine imwe nhanho yekusarudza mukugadzirisa nePGMs. Pasi pemamiriro akakodzera, inogona kuita zvine mutsindo nePt, Pd, uye Rh iine kudyidzana kushoma nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda mune inokonzeresa matrix, senge zvinhu zveceramic uye mamwe masimbi epasi. Kusarudzika uku kunorerutsa nzira inotevera yekuparadzanisa uye inobatsira kuwana maPGM nekuchena kwepamusoro.

Matambudziko Nekugadzirisa

Toxicity yeCyanide

Kushandiswa kwecyanide mukuita leaching kwakabatana nekukosha kwezvakatipoteredza nekuchengetedza kunetseka nekuda kwehupfu hwayo. Cyanide inogona kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda kana isina kutarisirwa nemazvo. Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza anoitwa mumaindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, yakavharwa - loop masisitimu akagadzirirwa kuderedza kuburitswa kwecyanide munzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, kurapwa kwecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kwakakosha. Tekinoroji dzepamusoro dzekuchenesa mvura yetsvina, senge makemikari oxidation uye biological kurapwa, inogona kushandiswa kuodza cyanide kuita zvinhu zvishoma zvinokuvadza isati yarasa mvura ine tsvina.

Kushandisa Simba Kwakakwirira

Iyo yepamusoro-tembiricha inodiwa yemaitiro inotungamira kune yakawandisa simba rekushandisa. Kuderedza dambudziko iri, kuedza kuri kuitwa kugadzirisa mamiriro ekuita. Semuyenzaniso, kuburikidza nekunyatso kudzora tembiricha, kudzvanywa, uye nguva yekuita, simba rekuisa rinogona kudzikiswa uku uchichengeta yakakwira leaching. Zvakare, kuvandudzwa kwesimba rakawanda - rinoshanda kupisa michina uye mashandisirwo emarara ekudzoreredza masisitimu anogona kubatsirawo kuvandudza kushanda kwesimba kweyakakwira - tembiricha cyanide leaching process.

mhedziso

Kubvisa cyanide inodziya zvakanyanya kunoratidza mukana mukuru wekuwana simbi dzinokosha , kunyanya maPGM, kubva muzvishandiso zvemotokari. Zvinopa kugona kukuru kwekudzoreredza uye kusarudza, izvo zvakakosha pakushandisazve zviwanikwa izvi zvinokosha nemari uye zvinobudirira. Kunyangwe paine matambudziko akadai sekukuvadza kwecyanide uye kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda, kutsvagisa kuri kuitwa nguva dzose uye hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji kugadzirisa matambudziko aya. Nekuwedzera kuri kudiwa kwePGM uye kusimbiswa kuri kukura kwekudzoreredza zviwanikwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kubvisa cyanide inodziya zvakanyanya kunotarisirwa kuita basa rakakosha mune ramangwana reindasitiri yekudzoreredza zvishandiso zvemotokari.