Sodium cyanide Leaching muGoridhe Mining

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Kukwezva kweGoridhe uye Basa reCyanide Leaching

Ndarama yakakwezva vanhu kwemireniyumu, kupenya kwayo uye kushomeka kwayo kuchiita chiratidzo cheupfumi, simba, uye runako mutsika dzese. Kubva pazvigadzirwa zvegoridhe zvakanyanyisa zveEgypt kusvika kumatura egoridhe emazuva ano anochengetwa nemabhanga makuru, kukosha kwegoridhe muhupfumi hwenyika netsika hazvirambiki. Inoshanda sechitoro chekukosha, ruzhowa runopesana nekusagadzikana kwehupfumi, uye chinhu chakakosha muzvishongo, zvemagetsi, uye maindasitiri emuchadenga.

Munzvimbo ye mugodhi wegoridhe, cyanide leaching yakabuda senzira huru yekubvisa. Kubva payakagamuchirwa mumaindasitiri mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, cyanide leaching yakasandura indasitiri yemigodhi yegoridhe, zvichiita kuti kutorwa kwegoridhe kubva mugiredhi repasi-giredhi ores izvo zvaimbova zvisina hupfumi kuti zvigadziriswe. Iyi nzira inoshandisa yakasarudzika makemikari zvimiro zvecyanide kunyungudutsa goridhe kubva muore, kugadzira inonyungudika yegoridhe cyanide complexes inogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore nekunatswa.

Iyo Chemistry Kuseri kweCyanide Leaching

Iko Reactivity yeCyanide neGoridhe

Maitiro ecyanide leaching anotsamira pane yakasarudzika kemikari reactivity pakati pecyanide ion negoridhe. Rini Sodium cyanide (NaCN) inonyungudutswa mumvura, inoparadzaniswa kuva sodium ions (Na⁺) uye cyanide ions (CN⁻). Aya maioni ecyanide anoshanda zvakanyanya kune goridhe, uye pamberi peokisijeni, anotanga maitiro akaomarara emakemikari.

Iyo kemikari equation yekuita pakati pegoridhe, Sodium Cyanide, okisijeni, uye mvura zvinotevera:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Mukuita uku, maatomu egoridhe ari muorivhi anopindirana neiyo cyanide ions kuti iite soluble complex, sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Iyo okisijeni iripo mumhinduro inoshanda senge oxidizing agent, kufambisa maitiro nekupa maerekitironi anodiwa pakuumbwa kwegoridhe - cyanide complex. Mamorekuru emvura anoitawo basa mukuita, kutora chikamu mukuumbwa kweiyo yakaoma uye ne-chigadzirwa, sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Kuita uku kunoitwa redox. Goridhe inoiswa oxidized kubva kune yayo elemental state (Au⁰) kuenda ku +1 oxidation state munzvimbo yakaoma [Au(CN)₂]⁻, nepo okisijeni ichideredzwa. Kuumbwa kwegoridhe rinonyungudika - cyanide complex kwakakosha sezvo richibvumira goridhe, iro pakutanga raive rakasimba, risinganyunguriki fomu mukati meore, kuti rinyungudutswe mumhinduro. Iyi goridhe yakanyungudutswa inogona kubva yapatsanurwa kubva kune yasara ore zvikamu kuburikidza neanotevera ekugadzirisa matanho, senge adsorption pane activated kabhoni kana kunaya kwemvura uchishandisa zinc poda.

Sei Cyanide? Iyo Yakasarudzika Zvivakwa zveSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ine akati wandei zvinhu zvinoita kuti ive yakasarudzika reagent yegoridhe leaching muindasitiri yemigodhi:

1. High Selectivity yeGoridhe: Cyanide ions ine kugona kunoshamisa kwekunyungudutsa goridhe pamberi pemamwe akawanda mamineral anowanikwa mune goridhe - inotakura ores. Kusarudzwa uku kwakakosha sezvo kuchibvumira kutorwa kwegoridhe kubva kune yakaderera - giredhi ores uko goridhe rinowanzo kupindirana neakawanda mamineral e gangue. Semuenzaniso, mune ore ine quartz, feldspar, uye mamwe asina-akakosha maminerari, cyanide ichanyanya kuita negoridhe, ichisiya mazhinji emaminerari e gangue asina kubatwa uye kupatsanurwa zviri nyore kubva kune goridhe - ine mhinduro.

2. High Solubility mumvura: Sodium cyanide inonyanya kunyungudika mumvura, iyo yakakosha pakushandiswa kwayo mukuita leaching. Kunyungudika kwakanyanya kunovimbisa kuti cyanide ion inokwanisa kukurumidza kupararira mukati meore slurry, ichiwedzera kusangana pakati pecyanide negoridhe zvimedu. Uku kupararira kwekukurumidza kunotungamira kukurumidza kuita maitiro uye yakakwirira goridhe kudzoreredza mitengo. Semuenzaniso, pakupisa kwekamuri, huwandu hwakakosha hwe sodium cyanide inogona kunyungudika mumvura, ichipa huwandu hwakanyanya hweiyo reactive cyanide ions mune leaching mhinduro.

3. Relative Cost - Kubudirira: Kuenzaniswa nemamwe mareagents anogona kushandiswa kuburitsa goridhe, sodium cyanide haina kudhura. Mutengo uyu - kubudirira ndicho chinhu chikuru mukushandiswa kwakawanda muindasitiri yezvicherwa zvegoridhe, kunyanya pamabasa makuru. Vacheri vanogona kuwana sodium cyanide muhuwandu hwakawanda nemutengo unonzwisisika, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza mutengo wese wekutorwa kwegoridhe mukati meiyo inogoneka mune zvehupfumi.

4. Kugadzikana muAlkaline Solutions: Cyanide yakagadzikana mune alkaline mhinduro, inova mukana mukuita leaching. Nekuchengetedza iyo leaching mhinduro papH yakakwira (kazhinji inotenderera 10 - 11), kuparara kwecyanide kuita hydrogen cyanide (HCN), gasi rine muchetura uye rinoputika, rinogona kudzikiswa. Uku kugadzikana kunovimbisa kuti cyanide inoramba iri muchimiro chayo chekare kwenguva yakareba, ichibvumira kuparara kwegoridhe. Lime inowanzowedzerwa kune leaching mhinduro kuchengetedza alkaline nharaunda uye kuwedzera kugadzikana kwecyanide.

Nhanho-ne-Nhanho Maitiro eCyanide Leaching muMigodhi yeGoridhe

Pretreatment: Kupwanya nekukuya

Isati yatanga cyanide leaching process, iyo goridhe-inotakura ore inopinda padanho rakakosha rekugadzirisa. Nhanho yekutanga padanho iri kupwanya, izvo zvakakosha pakudzikisa hombe - saizi ore chunks kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Izvi zvinowanzo wanikwa uchishandisa akateedzana macrusher, senge majaw crushers, cone crushers, uye gyratory crushers. The jaw crusher, semuenzaniso, ine chimiro chakareruka uye yakakwirira kupwanya ratio. Inogona kubata hombe - saizi ores uye kutanga kutyora kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.

Kana yapwanyika, simbi yacho inobva yagayiwa. Kukuya kunoitwa kuti kuwedzere kudzikisira saizi yesimbi, kazhinji muchigayo chebhora kana chigayo. Muchigayo chebhora, mabhora esimbi anoshandiswa kukuya simbi. Sezvo guyo richitenderera, mabhora anodonhera pasi, achikanganisa nekukuya zvimedu zvesimbi. Maitiro aya akakosha nekuti anowedzera nzvimbo yeore. Nzvimbo yakakurisa inoreva kuti pane kusangana kwakawanda pakati pegoridhe - rine zvimedu mukati meore nemushonga wecyanide panguva yekudonha.

Semuyenzaniso, kana simbi isina kutswanyiwa nekukuyiwa zvakanaka, zvidimbu zvegoridhe zvinogona kuvharirwa mukati mezvimedu zvakakura. Mushonga we cyanide unobva wanetseka kusvika pazvimedu zvegoridhe izvi, zvichiita kuti pave nemwero wakaderera wekutorwa. Nekudzikisa ore kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka kuburikidza nekukuya, goridhe rinova nyore kusvikika kune cyanide ions, kuwedzera kushanda kweiyo leaching process.

The Leaching Stage: Stirred Leaching vs. Heap Leaching

Kana simbi yanyatsogadzirirwa, nhanho yekuregedza inotanga, uye pane nzira mbiri huru: yakasimudzwa leaching uye murwi leaching.

Stirred Leaching

Mukusimudzwa leaching, iyo yakatsetseka-yakavhuvhuta ore inosanganiswa nemushonga wecyanide mutangi hombe, rinowanzo kunzi tangi reLeaching kana agitator tank. Mechanical agitators, senge ma impellers, anoshandiswa kuramba achimutsa musanganiswa. Uku kubvongodza nguva dzose kunoita zvinangwa zvakakosha zvakati. Chekutanga, inova nechokwadi chekuti cyanide solution inogovaniswa zvakaenzana muore slurry. Uku kugovaniswa uku kwakakosha sezvo kuchibvumira ese goridhe - anotakura zvimedu kuti ave nemukana wakaenzana wekuita neiyo cyanide ions. Chechipiri, kubvongodza kunobatsira kuchengetedza ore particles mukumiswa, kudzivirira kuti isagadzika pazasi petangi. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti kana zvimedu zvikagara, kuita pakati pegoridhe necyanide kunogona kudziviswa.

Stirred leaching inowanzosarurwa kwepamusoro-giredhi ores kana kana yakakwira -yero yekudzoreredza ichidikanwa munguva pfupi. Yakakodzerawo kune ores anonyanya kunetsa kudonha, sezvo kubvongodza kunogona kuwedzera kubatana pakati peore uye cyanide mhinduro. Nekudaro, yakasimudzwa leaching inoda simba rakawanda nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwekushanda kweagitators. Iyo ine zvakare yakakwira capital mutengo sezvo ichida hombe-yemidziyo michina uye yakakura yakawanda yecyanide mhinduro.

Heap Leaching

Heap leaching, kune rumwe rutivi, inzira inodhura - inoshanda, kunyanya kune yakaderera-giredhi ores. Mukuita uku, ore yakapwanyika inotutirwa mumirwi mikuru, kazhinji pane liner isingapindiki kudzivirira kubuda kwemushonga wecyanide. Mushonga we cyanide unozopfapfaidzwa kana kudonha pamusoro pemurwi wesimbi. Sezvo mhinduro yacho ichitenderera nemurwi, inopindirana negoridhe muore, ichiinyungudutsa uye kugadzira goridhe - cyanide complex. Leachate, iyo ine goridhe rakanyungudutswa, inobva yadonhera pasi pemurwi uye inounganidzwa mudziva kana tangi kuti igadziriswe zvakare.

Heap leaching isarudzo yakanyatsokodzera kumabasa makuru ane akaderera-giredhi ores, sezvo ichida mari shoma yekudyara mumidziyo kana ichienzaniswa neyakasimudzwa leaching. Iyo ine zvakare yakaderera simba zvinodiwa sezvo pasina kudikanwa kwekuenderera mberi kwemhirizhonga. Nekudaro, murwi wekucheka une nguva yakareba yekurebesa kana ichienzaniswa neyakasimudzwa leaching, uye mwero wekudzoreredza unogona kudzikira zvishoma. Kubudirira kwekudonha kwemurwi kunoenderanawo nezvinhu zvakaita sekupenya kwemurwi wematombo. Kana murwi usina kugadzirwa nemazvo uye zvidimbu zveore zvakanyanyisa kurongedzerwa, mushonga wecyanide unogona kusakwanisa kupinda mukati zvakaenzana, zvichiita kuti kusaenzana kunyunguduke uye kuderedza kupora kwegoridhe.

Post - leaching Processing: Kuwanazve Goridhe kubva kune Solution

Mushure mekunge goridhe ranyungudutswa mumushonga wecyanide panguva yekudonha, danho rinotevera nderekutora goridhe kubva mumhinduro iyi. Pane nzira dzakati wandei dzinowanzo shandiswa pachinangwa ichi, iine mbiri dzeakanyanya kuwanda ari activated carbon adsorption uye zinc dust cementation.

Activated Carbon Adsorption

Activated kabhoni ine nzvimbo yakakura yepamusoro uye yakakwira hukama hwegoridhe - cyanide complexes. Muiyo activated kabhoni adsorption process, inozivikanwawo seiyo kabhoni-in-pulp (CIP) kana kabhoni-in-leach (CIL) process, activated carbon inowedzerwa kune leachate. Iyo goridhe - cyanide complexes mune mhinduro inokwezvwa pamusoro peiyo activated kabhoni uye inoiswa pairi. Izvi zvinoumba kabhoni "yakatakura" kana "ine pamuviri", iyo inobva yaparadzaniswa nemhinduro.

Kuparadzaniswa kwekabhoni yakatakurwa kubva kune mhinduro inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuongorora kana kusefa. Kana yapatsanurwa, goridhe rinobva ratorwa kubva pakabhoni yakatakura. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa kuburikidza nenzira inodaidzwa kunzi elution kana desorption, apo goridhe rinobviswa kubva mucarbon pachishandiswa inopisa, concentrated solution ye sodium cyanide uye sodium hydroxide. Mushonga unobva waita, wakapfuma mugoridhe, wozoitwazve kuburikidza ne electrolysis kuisa goridhe pane cathode, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwegoridhe chairo.

Zinc Dust Cementation

Zinc dust cementation, inozivikanwawo seMerrill - Crowe process, imwe nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kudzoreredza goridhe kubva kune leachate. Muchiitiko ichi, zinc guruva rinowedzerwa kune mhinduro ine goridhe - cyanide complex. Zinc inonyanya kuita kupfuura goridhe, uye inobvisa goridhe kubva kune yakaoma zvichienderana neinotevera kemikari yekuita:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au

Goridhe rinobva radonhedzwa kubva mumushonga sechinhu chakasimba, chichigadzira goridhe - zinc precipitate. Mvura iyi inobva yasefa yoparadzaniswa nemhinduro. Ndarama inocheneswazve nekunyungudusa mvura kuti ibvise zinc nezvimwe zvitsvina, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kwegoridhe chairo. Zinc guruva simende inzira iri nyore uye yakatwasuka, asi inoda kungwarira kudzora pH uye kusungirirwa kweiyo cyanide mhinduro kuti ive nechokwadi chekupora goridhe.

Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kubudirira kweCyanide Leaching

Ore Hunhu

Hunhu hwegoridhe - kubereka ore chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kushanda kwecyanide leaching. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeores, senge sulfide goridhe ores uye oxidized goridhe ores, ane akasiyana hunhu anogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro ekudonha.

Sulfid Gold Ores: Sulfide goridhe ores kazhinji ine akakosha huwandu hwemaminerari esulfide, senge pyrite (FeS₂), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), uye chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂). Aya maminerari e sulfide anogona kuunza matambudziko akati wandei panguva yecyanide leaching. Semuenzaniso, pyrite inowanzoita sulfide mineral mugoridhe - inotakura ores. Kana pyrite iripo mune ore, inogona kuita neiyo cyanide mhinduro uye okisijeni munzvimbo yekudonha. Iyo oxidation yepyrite pamberi peokisijeni uye cyanide inogona kutungamira mukuumbwa kweakasiyana-siyana-zvigadzirwa, senge sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) uye iron - cyanide complexes. Kuumbwa kwe sulfuric acid kunogona kuderedza pH yemushonga weleaching, izvo zvinokanganisa kugadzikana kwecyanide. Pamusoro pezvo, kuita kwemaminerari e sulfide ne cyanide kunogona kushandisa yakawanda cyanide, zvichiwedzera mutengo we reagent. Semuenzaniso, mune ore umo sulfide yemukati yakakwira, iyo cyanide inoshandiswa inogona kukwirisa zvakapetwa kakati wandei pane iyo mune sulfide - isina ore.

Oxidized Gold Ores: Oxidized goridhe ores, kune rumwe rutivi, inowanzova neinofadza leaching nharaunda kana ichienzaniswa nesulfide ores. Aya maore akasangana nemamiriro ekunze uye oxidation maitiro, ayo atove oxidized akawanda emaminerari e sulfide kuita akanyanya kugadzikana oxide mafomu. Somugumisiro, matambudziko ane sulfide - cyanide maitiro anoderedzwa. Goridhe mune oxidized ores inowanzo svikika kune cyanide mhinduro sezvo ore chimiro chinowanzo wedzera porous uye kushoma kuoma. Semuyenzaniso, mune alateititic goridhe ore, inova rudzi rweoxidized ore, goridhe rinowanzo kuwanikwa mune yakapararira uye shoma - yakavharirwa fomu. Izvi zvinobvumira iyo cyanide ions kuti isvike nyore nyore zvimedu zvegoridhe, zvichitungamira kune yakakwira leaching kunyatsoshanda. Nekudaro, oxidized ores inogona zvakare kunge iine kumwe kusvibiswa, senge iron oxides uye hydroxides, iyo inogona kushambadza iyo goridhe - cyanide yakaoma kana kukanganisa maitiro ekudonha kusvika pamwero wakati.

Hukuru hwegoridhe mukati meore hunoitawo basa rakakosha. Zvimedu zvegoridhe zvakatsetseka zvine nzvimbo yakakura - kusvika - vhoriyamu reshiyo, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kuita nekukurumidza nemhinduro yecyanide. Kusiyana neizvi, zvimedu zvegoridhe zvakakasharara zvinogona kuda nguva yakareba yekurebesa kana mamwe mamiriro ehukasha ekuita kuti uwane chiyero chepamusoro chekupora. Semuenzaniso, kana zvimedu zvegoridhe zvakakasharara, mushonga wecyanide unogona kusakwanisa kupinda zvakadzika muzvidimbu, zvichisiya imwe yegoridhe isina kubatwa.

Cyanide Concentration

Iko kusungirirwa kwesodium cyanide mune leaching mhinduro ndiyo yakakosha parameter iyo inobata zvakananga kushanda kwekubvisa goridhe uye mutengo wakazara wekushanda.

Mhedzisiro paLeaching Efficiency: Sezvo huwandu hwe cyanide hunowedzera, mwero wekuita pakati pegoridhe necyanide pakutanga unowedzera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kuwanda kweiyo cyanide ion kunopa mamwe mamorekuru anochinja anowanikwa kuti adyidzane nezvidimbu zvegoridhe. Semuenzaniso, mukuyedza kwemurabhoritari, kana cyanide yakawedzera kubva pa 0.01% kusvika 0.05%, mwero wekunyungudika kwegoridhe unogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kupora kwegoridhe repamusoro mukati menguva pfupi. Zvisinei, hukama uhwu hahuna mutsara nekusingaperi. Kana iyo cyanide yasvika pane imwe nhanho, kumwe kuwedzera kunogona kusakonzeresa kuwedzera kwakaenzana muyero yekunyungudika kwegoridhe. Muchokwadi, kana iyo cyanide yakawandisa, inogona kukonzera hydrolysis ye cyanide. Cyanide hydrolysis inoitika kana cyanide ikasangana nemvura kuita hydrogen cyanide (HCN) uye hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Maonero akaita seanotevera: CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Hydrogen cyanide igasi rinoputika uye rine muchetura zvakanyanya. Kuumbwa kweHCN hakungodzikisire iripo cyanide yegoridhe - leaching reaction asi zvakare inoisa njodzi yakakomba uye njodzi yezvakatipoteredza.

Zvinotarisirwa Mutengo: Cyanide ireagent inodhura, kunyanya kana uchifunga nezvehombe-yegoridhe - migodhi. Kushandisa yakakwira cyanide kupfuura zvinodiwa kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, muhukuru - murwi - leaching operation, kana iyo cyanide yakawedzera ne 0.05% kupfuura iyo yakakwana nhanho, mutengo wepagore wekushandisa cyanide unogona kuwedzera nehuwandu hwakakura, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemhinduro yekuleaching uye chiyero chekushanda. Nekune rimwe divi, kushandisa yakanyanya-yakaderera cyanide concentration inozokonzeresa inononoka leaching rate, izvo zvingada kurebesa leaching nguva kana yakakura vhoriyamu yeleaching solution kuti uwane yaunoda kudzoreredza goridhe. Izvi zvinogona zvakare kuwedzera mutengo wakazara nekuda kwenguva refu yekugadzirisa, kushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya, uye kungangoita kuderera kwechigadzirwa.

Kazhinji, kune yakawanda goridhe - mashandiro emigodhi, iyo yakakodzera cyanide concentration renji iri pakati pe0.03% ne0.1%. Nekudaro, huwandu uhu hunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita serudzi rweore, kuvepo kwetsvina, uye chaiyo leaching nzira inoshandiswa. Semuyenzaniso, mukunyandurwa - leaching process yeyakanyanya kuchenesesa ore yegoridhe, yakaderera cyanide yemukati mukati meiyo renji, yakatenderedza 0.03% - 0.05%, inogona kukwana. Kusiyana neizvi, kune yakaoma sulfide - inotakura goridhe ore mumurwi - leaching operation, yakakwira zvishoma cyanide concentration, pamwe iri padyo ne0.08% - 0.1%, inogona kudiwa kuripa kudyiwa kwecyanide nemaminerari esulfide.

pH Kukosha kweSolution

Iyo pH kukosha kweiyo cyanide leaching mhinduro yakakosha zvakanyanya mugoridhe - cyanide leaching process, sezvo ichikanganisa kugadzikana kwecyanide, kunyungudika kwegoridhe, uye kuora kwemidziyo.

Kugadzikana kweCyanide: Cyanide inonyanya kugadzikana munzvimbo ine alkaline. Kana iyo pH yemhinduro iri muhuwandu hwe10 - 11. iyo hydrolysis ye cyanide, iyo inobudisa chepfu gasi hydrogen cyanide (HCN), inoderedzwa. Sezvambotaurwa, iyo hydrolysis reaction ye cyanide ndeye CN⁻+H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Mumushonga we alkaline, huwandu hwepamusoro hwe hydroxide ions (OH⁻) hunoshandura kuenzana kwekuita uku kuruboshwe, kuderedza kuumbwa kweHCN. Semuenzaniso, kana iyo pH yemushonga weleaching inodonha kusvika ku8 kana kuderera, mwero wecyanide hydrolysis uchawedzera zvakanyanya, zvichitungamira mukurasikirwa kwecyanide uye nengozi yakawedzera yekuburitswa kweHCN, iyo isiri yekungorasa reagent asiwo yakakomba njodzi yekuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye nharaunda.

Solubility of Gold: Iko kunyungudika kwegoridhe - cyanide complex kunokonzerwawo ne pH kukosha. Mune yakakodzera alkaline pH renji, kuumbwa kwegoridhe rinonyungudika - cyanide yakaoma, senge Na[Au(CN)₂], inofarirwa. Kana iyo pH yanyanya kuderera, iyo yakaoma inogona kuora, ichidzikisa huwandu hwegoridhe mumhinduro uye nekudaro ichidzikisira kugona kweLeaching. Pamusoro pezvo, munzvimbo ine acidic, mamwe maion esimbi aripo mune ore anogona kunyungudika zviri nyore, zvichikanganisa maitiro egoridhe-leaching. Semuyenzaniso, ayoni esimbi (Fe³⁺) kubva kusimbi - ine zvicherwa muore inogona kuumba mvura kana yakaoma ne cyanide mumushonga une acidic, ichikwikwidzana negoridhe reiyo cyanide ions.

Equipment Corrosion: Kuchengetedza pH chaiyo kwakakosha zvakare kuchengetedza michina inoshandiswa mukuita leaching. Munzvimbo ine acidic, iyo cyanide mhinduro inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kumidziyo yesimbi, senge matangi ekudonha, mapaipi, uye pombi. Semuyenzaniso, simbi-yakagadzirwa leaching matangi anogona corrode nekukurumidza mune acidic cyanide mhinduro, zvichikonzera kudonha uye kudiwa kwekugara uchitsiviwa nemidziyo, izvo zvinowedzera mutengo wekugadzira uye kuderera. Kusiyana neizvi, mhinduro yealkaline haina kunyanya kuodza kune zvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvinoshandiswa mugoridhe - midziyo yemugodhi.

Kuchengetedza iyo yakakodzera pH kukosha, lime (CaO) kana sodium hydroxide (NaOH) inowanzowedzerwa kune leaching mhinduro. Lime chinhu chinowanzo shandiswa chekugadzirisa pH mugoridhe - mashandiro emigodhi nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera uye kushanda kwayo. Inopindirana nemvura kuti igadzire calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) ₂), iyo inogona kudzikamisa chero zvinhu zvine acidic mumhinduro uye kuwedzera pH. Kuwedzerwa kweraimu kune zvakare bhenefiti yekuwedzera mamwe maion esimbi, akadai sesimbi nemhangura, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kupindira kwavo mukuita leaching.

Tembiricha uye Leaching Nguva

Tembiricha uye nguva yekudonha zvinhu zviviri zvakabatana zvine simba rakakura pakubudirira kwecyanide leaching.

Mhedzisiro yeTembiricha: Kuwedzera kwekushisa kunowanzo kutungamira mukuwedzera kwechiyero checyanide - kuita kwegoridhe. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti tembiricha dzepamusoro dzinowedzera simba rekinetic remamorekuru anochinja, kusanganisira maioni ecyanide uye maatomu egoridhe ari pamusoro peore. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuwanda kwekudhumhana pakati peanogadzirisa kunowedzera, uye chiyero chekuita chinowedzera. Semuyenzaniso, mulaboratory-scale experimental, kana tembiricha yemushonga weleaching yasimudzwa kubva pa20°C kusvika pa40°C, mwero wekunyungudika kwegoridhe unogona kupeta kana kupeta katatu mune dzimwe nguva. Zvisinei, pane zvisingakwanisi kuwedzera tembiricha. Sezvo kutonhora kuchikwira, kunyungudika kweokisijeni mumushonga kunoderera. Sezvo okisijeni iri yakakosha oxidizing mumiriri mugoridhe - cyanide reaction, kudzikira kwekunyungudika kweokisijeni kunogona kudzikamisa chiyero chekuita. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, kunosvika 100°C, kunyungudika kweokisijeni kunova kwakadzikira, uye kupinza kwemhepo kunogona kuita okisijeni - shoma. Pamusoro pezvo, tembiricha yakakwira zvakare inogona kukonzera kuwedzera cyanide hydrolysis, sezvambotaurwa, izvo zvinoderedza iripo cyanide yegoridhe - leaching reaction. Uyezve, tembiricha yakakwira inogona kukurumidza kukora kwemidziyo, ichiwedzera mutengo wekugadzirisa uye kuderedza hupenyu hwemidziyo. Mumabasa mazhinji ekuchera goridhe, tembiricha yekudonha inochengetedzwa padanho riri pakati nepakati, kazhinji riri pakati pe15°C ne30°C. Iyi tembiricha renji inopa chiyero pakati peyero yekuita, oxygen solubility, cyanide kugadzikana, uye kusimba kwemidziyo.

Mhedzisiro yeLeaching Time: Iyo leaching nguva yakanangana nehuwandu hwegoridhe rinogona kutorwa kubva musimbi. Kazhinji, sezvo nguva yekuchenesa inowedzera, goridhe rakawanda richanyungudika mumushonga wecyanide. Nekudaro, hukama pakati peleaching nguva uye goridhe kudzoreredza haina mutsara. Pakutanga, mwero wekunyungudika kwegoridhe wakanyanya kukwirira, uye huwandu hwakakosha hwegoridhe hunogona kuburitswa munguva pfupi. Asi sezvo maitiro ekuchenesa achienderera mberi, mwero wekunyungudika kwegoridhe unodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvimedu zvegoridhe zvinosvikirika zvinotanga kunyungudutswa, uye nekufamba kwenguva, goridhe rasara rinowedzera kunetsa kusvika nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sekuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemabatiro pane ore iyo inogona kuita sechipinganidzo. Semuenzaniso, mune yakamutswa - leaching oparesheni, chikamu chikuru chegoridhe chinogona kunyungudika mukati mekutanga 24 - 48 maawa. Mushure maizvozvi, kuwedzera nguva yekuchenesa kunogona kungokonzera kuwedzera kudiki kwekupora kwegoridhe. Kurebesa nguva yekurebesa yakawandisa kunogona kuve kusina hupfumi sezvo kuchiwedzera mutengo wekushanda, kusanganisira mashandisirwo esimba, kushandisa reagent, uye mutengo wevashandi. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinogonawo kutungamirira mukuparara kwezvimwe zvitsvina, izvo zvinogona kuomesa goridhe rinotevera - kupora maitiro.

Kuti uwedzere kugona kwekugadzira, chiyero chinoda kurohwa pakati petembiricha uye nguva yekudonha. Izvi zvinowanzoda kuitisa marabhoritari - chiyero chebvunzo pane chaiyo ore sampuli kuona kusanganisa kwakaringana kwemaparamita maviri aya. Semuenzaniso, kune rumwe rudzi rwesimbi, zvinogona kuwanikwa kuti tembiricha yekudonha ye25 ° C uye nguva yekudonha kwemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu zvinoguma nekuwana goridhe repamusoro pamutengo wakaderera.

Chengetedzo uye Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza

Iyo Toxicity yeCyanide: Kubata uye Kuchengetedza Kuchengetedza

Cyanide, iri muchimiro chesodium cyanide inoshandiswa mukugadzira goridhe, chinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya. Kunyange mari shoma inogona kuuraya vanhu nezvimwe zvipenyu. Kana sodium cyanide ikasangana nemaasidhi, inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide, iro rinoputika zvakanyanya uye rinokurumidza kutorwa nemuviri kuburikidza nekufema. Kudya kana kubata ganda nesodium cyanide kunogona kutungamirira kune chepfu yakakomba. Kutyisa kwecyanide kunokonzerwa nekukwanisa kwayo kusunga ku cytochrome oxidase mumaseru, kukanganisa maitiro ekufema kweserura uye kuita kuti masero asakwanise kushandisa oxygen, zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kufa kwesero.

Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanyisa, kubata kwakasimba uye kuchengetedza kwakakosha. Vashandi vanobatanidzwa mukushandiswa kwesodium cyanide vanofanira kuwana ruzivo rwakakwana rwekuchengetedza vasati vabata kemikari iyi. Zvidziviriro zvemunhu, kusanganisira magirovhosi akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakakodzera senge nitrile kudzivirira kusangana kweganda, magirazi ekuchengetedza ekudzivirira maziso, uye midziyo yekudzivirira yekufema segasi - masks ane mafirita akakodzera ehydrogen cyanide, anofanirwa kupfekwa nguva dzese panguva yekubata.

Nzvimbo dzekuchengetera sodium cyanide dzinofanirwa kunge dziri munzvimbo ine mhepo inofefetera, iri yoga kure nekunobva kupisa, kupisa, uye zvinhu zvisingaenderane. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera inofanirwa kuve yakanyatsoiswa chiratidzo cheyambiro inoratidza kuvepo kwechinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya. Sodium cyanide inofanirwa kuchengetwa mumidziyo yakavharwa zvakasimba yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinoshingirira mukuora necyanide, senge mamwe marudzi emapurasitiki kana simbi. Aya midziyo anofanirwa kuchengetwa mune yechipiri midziyo system, senge spill - proof tray kana kabati yekuchengetera yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kupararira kwechero kurashikirwa. Kuongororwa nguva dzose kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera uye midziyo inodiwa kuti uone kuti hapana kudonha kana zviratidzo zvekuora.

Panguva yekufambisa, sodium cyanide inofanira kutakurwa maererano nemitemo yakasimba. Mota dzekutakura dzakashongedzerwa dzakagadzirirwa zvinhu zvekuchengetedza kudzivirira kurasika uye dzakanyatsoiswa chiratidzo sekutakura zvinhu zvine njodzi zvinodiwa. Nzira yekufambisa inofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya, uye zvirongwa zvekupindura zvechimbichimbi zvinofanirwa kunge zviripo kana pakaitika tsaona.

Environmental Impact uye Waste Management

Kushandiswa kwecyanide mukudonha kwegoridhe kunogona kuve nekukanganisa kwakakosha kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuburitswa kwecyanide - ine tsvina. Chinonyanya kukoshesa chigadzirwa chemarara ndeye cyanide - yakapfuma tsvina yemvura inogadzirwa panguva yekudonha. Kana iyi mvura yetsvina ikasabatwa zvakanaka uye ikaburitswa mumhoteredzo, inogona kuva nemhedzisiro inoparadza pazvipenyu zvemumvura.

Cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya kune zvipenyu zvemumvura. Kunyangwe pakadzika pasi, inogona kuuraya hove, invertebrates, uye humwe hupenyu hwemvura. Semuenzaniso, kuwanda kwe cyanide yakaderera se 0.05 mg/L mumvura inogona kuuraya kune hove dzakawanda. Kuvapo kwecyanide mumvura kunogona kukanganisawo cheni yechikafu munzvimbo dzemumvura, sezvo ichigona kuuraya vanogadzira vekutanga nevatengi, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwemhedzisiro yakaipa pazvipenyu zvepamusoro. Pamusoro pezvo, kana mvura ine tsvina ikashandiswa pakudiridza, inogona kukanganisa kunaka kwevhu uye kukanganisa zvirimwa.

Kuti uderedze kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kutonga kwakaringana kwemarara kwecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kwakakosha. Pane nzira dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa dzekurapa iyi tsvina:

Oxidation nzira: Kemikari oxidation inzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Imwe yemaoxidants akajairika ndeye chlorine - based compounds, senge sodium hypochlorite (bleach) kana chlorine gasi. Pamberi penzvimbo yealkaline, maoxidants aya anogona kuita necyanide kuti aishandure kuita mashoma - ane chepfu makomisheni. Semuenzaniso, kuita ne sodium hypochlorite mune alkaline mhinduro inogona kushandura cyanide (CN⁻) kutanga kuita cyanate (CNO⁻) uyezve kuenda kucarbon dioxide (CO₂) uye nitrogen (N₂) gasi kuburikidza neakateedzana maitiro. The general reaction inogona kumiririrwa sezvizvi:

2CN⁻+5OCl⁻ + H₂O→2HCO₃⁻+N₂ + 5Cl⁻

Imwe nzira yeoxidation ndeye kushandiswa kwehydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Hydrogen peroxide inogona oxidize cyanide kuti iite cyanate pamberi pechinhu chinokonzeresa. Iyi nzira inowanzofarirwa mune dzimwe nguva sezvo isingaunze zvimwe zvinosvibisa semamwe maitiro e-chlorine.

Neutralization uye Kunaya: Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura inogonawo kunge iine heavy metal - cyanide complexes. Nekugadzirisa pH yemvura yetsvina uye nekuwedzera makemikari akakodzera, aya masimbi anorema anogona kudonha kunze. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera lime (CaO) kumvura yetsvina kunogona kusimudza pH uye kukonzera kunaya kwesimbi inorema semhangura, zinc, uye iron semahydroxides avo. Iyo cyanide inogona kubva yawedzerwa kurapwa nenzira dze oxidation mushure mekunge simbi inorema yabviswa.

Biological Treatment: Mamwe ma microorganisms ane simba rekuderedza cyanide. Mune biological kurapwa masisitimu, seaka activated - sludge process kana biofilm reactors, aya ma microorganisms anogona kushandiswa kuputsa cyanide kuita zvishoma - zvinokuvadza zvinhu. Nekudaro, kurapwa kwebiological kunonyanya kukodzera kune yakaderera - kusvika - pakati -concentration cyanide wastewaters, sezvo yakakwira cyanide concentrations inogona kuva chepfu kune tupukanana. Iwo ma microorganisms anoshandisa cyanide sesosi yenitrogen uye kabhoni, achiishandura kuita ammonia, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, uye zvimwe zvisingakuvadze ne-zvigadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro avo emagetsi.

Pamusoro pekuchenesa mvura yetsvina, kuedza kunofanirwawo kuitwa kuderedza huwandu hwecyanide inoshandiswa mukugadzira goridhe - leaching process uye kudzoreredza nekushandisa zvakare cyanide - ine mhinduro pese pazvinogoneka. Izvi zvinogona kubatsira kudzikisira kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwegoridhe - mashandiro emigodhi anovimba necyanide leaching.

Case Studies uye Indasitiri Maitiro

Nhau Dzakabudirira: Yakakwira - Kubudirira Cyanide Leaching Operations

Zvicherwa zvegoridhe zvakati kuti pasi rose zvakabudirira zvinoshamisa mukuchenesa cyanide, kuisa mabhenji eindastiri maererano nekushanda zvakanaka, mutengo - kushanda, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda.

Mumwe muenzaniso wakadaro mugodhi weYanacocha muPeru, mumwe wemigodhi mikuru yegoridhe - iri kugadzira pasi rose. Mugodhi uyu wakateedza matanho matsva ekugonesa cyanide leaching process. Nekuitisa zvidzidzo zvemaore akazara, mainjiniya emugodhi akakwanisa kunyatsonzwisisa zvimiro zveore. Izvi zvakavatendera kuti vagadzirise iyo cyanide yekumisikidza uye leaching mamiriro kune chaiwo ore maitiro. Semuenzaniso, vakaona kuti kune imwe mhando yesimbi ine yakakwira - sulfide content, yakakwira zvishoma cyanide concentration inosvika 0.08% - 0.1% yaidiwa kutsiva kudyiwa kwecyanide nemamineral esulfide. Uku kugadziridzwa chaiko kweiyo cyanide yekumisikidza hakuna kungovandudza goridhe rekudzoreredza chiyero asi zvakare yakaderedza iyo yakazara cyanide kushandiswa patani ye ore.

Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mugodhi weYanacocha wakaita mari yakawanda munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekuchenesa mvura. Vatora nzira yekurapa yakawanda-nhanho inosanganisa makemikari oxidation, neutralization, uye biological kurapwa kunyatsobvisa cyanide uye zvimwe zvinosvibisa kubva mumvura ine tsvina. Mvura yakacheneswa inozoshandiswa patsva kuti ishandiswe mukucheneswa, zvichideredza kuvimba nemugodhi pazvitubu zvemvura yakachena uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Imwe nyaya yebudiriro ndeyemugodhi wePorgera muPapua New Guinea. Mugodhi uyu wakanangana nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza nzira uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji. Vaita nyika - ye - - art automated control system kune avo akamutswa - leaching matangi. Iyi sisitimu inoramba ichitarisisa uye kugadzirisa ma parameter akadai sekumhanya kwekukurumidza, kuyerera kweiyo cyanide mhinduro, uye tembiricha yeleaching slurry. Nekuchengetedza mamiriro akakwana nguva dzese, mugodhi wakawana huwandu hwepamusoro hwekudzoreredza goridhe hunodarika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana mune mamwe mabasa. Pamusoro pezvo, mugodhi wePorgera wanga uchishingairira mukutsvaga nekusimudzira kuwana mamwe mareagents anogona kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwecyanide leaching process. Vanga vachiitisa miedzo nemhando nyowani dzecyanide - yemahara leaching agents, kunyangwe cyanide leaching ichiri iyo nzira yekutanga nekuda kwekushanda kwayo uye mutengo - kushanda.

Matambudziko Akatarisana Nemagadzirirwo Akaitwa

Pasinei nekushandiswa kwakapararira, cyanide leaching mumigodhi yegoridhe haina matambudziko ayo. Migodhi inowanzosangana nenyaya dzakasiyana siyana dzinogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka, mutengo, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Complex Ore Properties

Mazhinji egoridhe-anotakura ores ane akaomesesa maumbirwo, ayo anogona kuunza matambudziko makuru kune cyanide leaching. Semuenzaniso, zvicherwa zvine arsenic yakakwira, senge iyo iri mune mamwe madhipoziti kumadokero kweUnited States, inogona kunyanya kuoma kugadzira. Arsenic - inotakura zvicherwa, senge arsenopyrite, inogona kuita ne cyanide uye oksijeni, ichipedza yakawanda cyanide uye kuderedza goridhe - leaching kunyatsoshanda. Mukuwedzera, kuvapo kwe arsenic mu leachate kunogona kuita kuti kushandiswa kwemvura yakasvibiswa kuve kwakaoma uye kwakaoma nekuda kwehutu hwe arsenic compounds.

Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, mimwe migodhi yatora nzira dzekurapwa dzisati dzaitwa. Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekugocha, uko simbi inodziiswa pamberi pemhepo. Kugocha kunosanganisa iyo arsenic - inotakura zvicherwa, ichiishandura kuita yakagadzikana mafomu ayo asina mukana wekukanganisa cyanide - leaching process. Mushure mekugocha, ore inogona kuzoiswa pasi peyakajairika cyanide leaching. Imwe nzira yepamberi yekurapa ndeye bio-oxidation, iyo inoshandisa tupukanana kuita oxidize iyo sulfide uye arsenic - inobereka zvicherwa. Iyi nzira inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza pane kugocha sezvo ichishanda pane tembiricha yakaderera uye ichiburitsa kushomeka kwemhepo.

Kuwedzera Mitemo Yezvakatipoteredza

Sezvo ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza ruchikura, mabasa ekuchera goridhe ari kutarisana nemirairo yakasimba maererano nekushandiswa uye kuraswa kwecyanide. Munyika dzakawanda, miganho inobvumirwa yecyanide mumvura yetsvina uye kubuda kwemhepo yakasimbiswa zvakanyanya. Semuyenzaniso, muAustralia, zviremera zvinodzorwa nemhoteredzo zvakaisa miganho yakasimba pakuzara kwecyanide mumvura yetsvina inoburitswa mumigodhi yegoridhe. Migodhi inodiwa kuti izadzise zvirango izvi kudzivirira faindi dzakakurisa uye nekuvharwa.

Kuti vatevedzere mirau iyi, migodhi iri kuisa mari muhunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa marara emvura. Vamwe vari kushandisa maoxidation maitiro epamusoro, akadai sekushandiswa kwechiedza cheozone kana ultraviolet (UV) pamwe chete nehydrogen peroxide, kunyatsopwanya cyanide mumvura yetsvina. Idzi nzira dzinogona kuwana yakaderera yakasara yakasara ye cyanide mumvura inorapwa. Pamusoro pezvo, migodhi iri kuita zvakare manejimendi ari nani kudzivirira kurasika nekudonha kwecyanide. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuvandudza dhizaini nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzekuchengetera, kushandisa madhamu ane mitsetse maviri ecyanide - ane zvigadziriso, uye kushandisa chaiyo - nguva yekutarisisa masisitimu ekuona chero angave adonha nekukasira.

Mutengo - kushanda mune Volatile Gold Market

Mutengo wekucherwa kwegoridhe, kusanganisira cyanide leaching, ndiyo iri kunetsa zvikuru, kunyanya mumusika wegoridhe uri kushanduka. Kuchinja-chinja kwemutengo wegoridhe kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya purofiti yemigodhi. Cyanide, sechinhu chakakosha reagent mukuita leaching, inogona kupa chikamu chakakura kumutengo wakazara wekugadzira.

Kugadzirisa mutengo - kushanda zvakanaka, migodhi inogara ichitsvaga nzira dzekudzikisa kushandiswa kwe reagent uye kuwedzera maitiro ekuita. Mimwe migodhi iri kushandisa analytics yepamusoro uye data - inofambiswa maitiro ekugonesa maitiro ekuleaching. Nekuongorora mavhoriyamu akakura e data pane zvivakwa zve ore, leaching mamiriro, uye goridhe kudzoreredza mareti, ivo vanogona kuona yakakwana yekushanda ma parameter ega ega eche ore. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuderedza huwandu hwecyanide inoshandiswa pasina kupa goridhe kudzoreredza. Semuyenzaniso, mimwe migodhi yakaisa muchina-yekudzidza algorithms anogona kufanotaura yakakwana cyanide kusungwa uye leaching nguva zvichibva pane ore makemikari kuumbwa uye particle saizi kugovera. Pamusoro pezvo, migodhi iri kuongororawo mashandisirwo emamwe, anodhura - mareagents kana ekuwedzera anogona kusimudzira maitiro ekucheka uye kuderedza kuvimba necyanide.

Ramangwana Trends in Cyanide Leaching Technology

Tekinoroji Magadzirirwo Ane Chinangwa Kuvandudza Kubudirira uye Kuderedza Njodzi

Iyo remangwana recyanide leaching tekinoroji inobata chivimbiso chikuru neakati wandei tekinoroji hunyanzvi pakatarisana. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutarisisa kuvandudzwa kweimwe yepamusoro uye inoshanda leaching michina. Semuyenzaniso, vaongorori vari kushanda mukugadzira matangi matsva-echizukuru anoregedza ane masisitimu ekusimudzira. Aya masisitimu anovavarira kusimudzira kusanganiswa kweiyo ore slurry uye cyanide mhinduro, kuve nechokwadi chekugovera kwakafanana kwemareactants. Iyo ichangoburwa budiriro ndeyekushandiswa kwe computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kukwenenzvera dhizaini yeagitation impeller mumatangi ekuleaching. Nekutevedzera mafambiro ekuyerera kwe slurry uye mhinduro, mainjiniya anogona kugadzira ma impeller anopa zvirinani kusanganisa, kuderedza mashandisiro esimba, uye kuvandudza kushanda kwese kweiyo leaching maitiro.

Imwe nzvimbo yekuvandudza iri mukuvandudzwa kwekuenderera mberi leaching maitiro. Traditional batch - mhando leaching maitiro anowanzo tambura nekusashanda nekuda kwekuda kwekugara uchitanga - kumusoro nekuvhara - mashandiro. Kuenderera mberi leaching maitiro, kune rumwe rutivi, anogona kushanda nguva dzose, kuderedza nguva uye kuwedzera chibereko. Mamwe makambani emigodhi ari kutoongorora kushandiswa kwe-continuous stirred - tank reactors (CSTRs) mu cyanide leaching. Aya mareactor anogona kuchengetedza kushanda kwakadzikama-yenyika, zvichibvumira kuti iwedzere kuenderana uye inobudirira leaching process. Pamusoro pezvo, kuenderera mberi kwekuita leaching kunogona kuve nyore kusanganiswa nemamwe mayuniti mashandiro mukuchera goridhe, senge kukuya ore uye kudzoreredza goridhe, zvichitungamira kune yakawedzera kurongeka uye inoshanda kushanda kwese.

Panyaya yekudzikisa njodzi kwezvakatipoteredza nekuchengetedza, matekinoroji matsva ari kugadzirwa kuti agadzirise zvirinani cyanide - ine tsvina. Semuenzaniso, kune kufarira kuri kukura mukuvandudzwa kwe membrane - based separation tekinoroji yekurapa cyanide - yakapfuma tsvina yemvura. Membrane filtration inogona kunyatso bvisa cyanide nezvimwe zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina, zvichigadzira rwizi rwemvura rwakachena runogona kudzokororwa zvakare mukuita leaching. Izvi hazvingodzikisi kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekushanda kwemigodhi asiwo kuchengetedza pakushandiswa kwemvura. Mamwe membrane - akavakirwa masisitimu akagadzirwa kuti ave nhare, achibvumira pane - saiti kurapwa kwecyanide - ine tsvina, iyo inonyanya kubatsira kune kure migodhi mashandiro.

Iko Kutsvaga Alternative Leaching Agents

Kutsvaga kwemamwe maajenti ekutsiva kutsiva sodium cyanide yanga iri nzvimbo inoshanda yekutsvagisa mumakore achangopfuura. Mamiriro makuru ekufambisa ari kuseri kwetsvagiridzo iyi kudiwa kwekudzikisa njodzi kwezvakatipoteredza uye chengetedzo ine chekuita nekushandiswa kwecyanide uye nekuwana nzira dzakanyanya uye dzinodhura - dzinoshanda leaching.

Imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa imwe leaching agents ndeye thiosulfate. Thiosulfate isiri-chepfu reagent inogona kunyungudutsa goridhe mune mamwe mamiriro. Iyo leaching mechanism yethiosulfate inosanganisira kuumbwa kweiyo yakaoma pakati pegoridhe uye thiosulfate ion pamberi peiyo oxidizing agent. Kuenzaniswa necyanide, thiosulfate ine zvakawanda zvakanaka. Iyo yakanyanya kuderera muchetura, iyo inoderedza kuchengetedzwa uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwayo. Mukuwedzera, thiosulfate leaching hainyanyi kunetseka nekuvapo kweimwe tsvina mune ore, semhangura nesimbi, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa cyanide - leaching process. Nekudaro, thiosulfate leaching inewo mamwe matambudziko. Iyo leaching maitiro anowanzo kuomesesa uye inoda kungwarira kudzora pH, tembiricha, uye kusangana kwemareagents. Mutengo wetiosulfate wakakwirawo, izvo zvinogona kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira mumabasa makuru emigodhi.

Imwe nzira ndeyekushandisa halide - based leaching agents, senge bromide uye chloride. Aya maajenti anogona kunyungudutsa goridhe kuburikidza neoxidation uye yakaoma maitiro. Bromide - based leaching, semuenzaniso, yakaratidza yakakwira goridhe - mareti ekuparara mune zvimwe zvidzidzo. Nekudaro, halide - based leaching agents vanewo zvinokanganisa. Vanogona kukanganisa kumidziyo, iyo inowedzera mari yekugadzirisa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuraswa kwetsvina inogadzirwa kubva kuhalide - based leaching process inogona kunetsa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwehalide - ine tsvina.

Biological leaching agents ari kuongororwa zvakare. Mamwe ma microorganisms, akadai semamwe mabhakitiriya nefungi, anokwanisa kugadzira organic acids kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kunyungudutsa goridhe. Biological leaching isarudzo ine hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza sezvo isingabatanidzi kushandiswa kwemakemikari ane chepfu. Nekudaro, iyo nzira inononoka, uye mamiriro ekukura kweiyo microorganisms inoda kunyatsodzorwa. Tsvagiridzo irikuenderera mberi yekuvandudza kugona kwebiological leaching uye kuita kuti ive imwe nzira inoshanda kune yakakura-yegoridhe-mabasa ekuchera.

mhedziso

Kudzokororwa kweKukosha uye Kunetsa kweCyanide Leaching muMigodhi yeGoridhe

Cyanide leaching yanga iri, uye ichiri kuramba ichikosha zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemigodhi yegoridhe. Kugona kwayo kutora goridhe kubva kune yakaderera-giredhi ores yaita kuti mabasa ekuchera goridhe awedzere kubudirira mune zvehupfumi pamwero mukuru. Iyo yakasarudzika kemikari zvimiro zve sodium cyanide, senge yakakwira kusarudzwa kwegoridhe, kunyungudika mumvura, mutengo - kushanda, uye kugadzikana mune alkaline mhinduro, yaita iyo reagent yesarudzo yekutorwa kwegoridhe kweanopfuura zana.

Zvisinei, maitiro acho haasi nyore. Kushanda kwecyanide leaching kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu. Ore maitiro, anosanganisira rudzi rweore (sulfide kana oxidized), kuvepo kwetsvina yakaita semaminerari esulfide, uye saizi yegoridhe mukati meiyo ore, inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya maitiro ekudonha. Iko kusungirirwa kwecyanide mumhinduro yeleaching, iyo pH kukosha kwemhinduro, tembiricha panoitika leaching, uye nguva yeLeaching zvese zvinofanirwa kunyatso gadziridzwa kuti uwane yakakwira goridhe kudzoreredza mitengo uku uchideredza kushandiswa kwe reagent uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Uyezve, kuchetura kwecyanide kunopa kuchengetedzwa kwakakura uye matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Kubata kwakasimba uye kuchengetedza kwakakosha kuchengetedza vashandi kubva kune zvinouraya zvinokonzeresa cyanide, uye kutonga kwakaringana tsvina kwakakosha kudzivirira kuburitswa kwe cyanide - ine tsvina mukati mezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro inoparadza kuzvisikwa zvemumvura uye hutano hwevanhu.

Kushevedzera Kuchiito kune Yakasimukira uye Yakachengeteka Goridhe Mining Maitiro

Sezvo indasitiri yezvicherwa zvegoridhe iri kufambira mberi, zvakakosha kuti makambani emigodhi akoshese maitiro akasimba uye akachengeteka. Izvi zvinoreva kwete kungokwirisa cyanide leaching process yekushanda zvakanyanya asi zvakare kuisa mari mukutsvagisa nekusimudzira kutsvaga mamwe maajenti ekuregedza anogona kudzikisa njodzi yezvakatipoteredza nekuchengetedza ine chekuita nekushandiswa kwecyanide.

Nenguva pfupi, makambani emigodhi anofanirwa kutarisa nezvekushandisa zvakanakisa - maitiro ekuchengetedza nharaunda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusimudzira nzvimbo dzekuchenesa mvura yetsvina kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti cyanide - ine tsvina inogadziriswa zvakanaka isati yaraswa. Chaiyo - nguva yekutarisa masisitimu anofanirwa kuiswa kuti aone chero angangoita cyanide kubuda kana kurasika nekukasira, zvichibvumira mhinduro nekukasira uye kudzikisira. Vashandi vanofanirwa kupihwa kudzidziswa kwekuchengetedza kwakadzama uye kuwana zvechizvino-zvino zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo.

Nekufamba kwenguva, indasitiri inofanirwa kubatana nemasangano ekutsvagisa nemayunivhesiti kuti ikurumidze kuvandudzwa kweimwe nzira yekudzidzisa tekinoroji. Tsvagiridzo inovimbisa nezve thiosulfate, halide - based, uye biological leaching agents inofanirwa kuongororwa nekukwenenzverwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza mumidziyo yemigodhi uye maitirwo, senge kuvandudzwa kweanoshanda matangi ekuregedza uye anoenderera mberi leaching maitiro, anogona kubatsira mukuvandudza kusimba kwese kwemabasa ekuchera goridhe.

Vatengi vanewo basa rekuita. Nekuda goridhe rakacheneswa, vanogona kupesvedzera musika uye kukurudzira makambani emigodhi kutora maitiro akachengetedzeka uye akachengeteka. Kuburikidza nekuedza uku kwakabatana, indasitiri yezvicherwa zvegoridhe inogona kuramba ichibudirira uku ichideredza kutsika kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuona kuchengetedzwa uye kugara zvakanaka kwevose vanobatanidzwa.