Sodium Cyanide: Chinhu Chinokosha Kubva kuIndasitiri Synthesis kuenda kuMakemikari Akanaka

ziviso

Sodium cyanide , ine fomura yemakemikari NaCN, ipfu chena yekristaro. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura uye ine hwema hushoma hwema hwearumondi. Sechinhu chakakosha chemakemikari, Sodium cyanide inoita basa risingatsiviwi muminda yakasiyana-siyana yemaindasitiri, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri uye makemikari akanaka.

Panyama uye Chemical Zvivakwa

Sodium cyanide inonzi cubic crystal system. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura uye iri nyore kuita hydrolyzes kugadzira hydrogen cyanide, ine mhinduro ine aqueous inoratidza yakasimba alkalinity. Kunyungudika kwayo i563.7 °C, uye nzvimbo yekuvira kwayo i1496 °C. Iyo ine density ye1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye kunyangwe chidimbu chekubata kuburikidza nemaronda eganda, kufema, kana kupinza kunogona kutungamira kurufu. Uku kutyisa kwakanyanya kunonyanya kukonzerwa neiyo cyanide ion (CN⁻) iri mairi, iyo inogona kusanganiswa neiyo ferric ions mumasero eropa, zvichiita kuti masero eropa arasikirwe nebasa rekutakura okisijeni, uye pakupedzisira zvinotungamira kufa nekukurumidza kwechipenyu nekuda kwe hypoxia.

Industrial Synthesis Methods

1. Maitiro eAndrussow : Nzira iyi inoshandisa gasi rechisikigo, ammonia, nemhepo sezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, neplatinum-rhodium alloy sechinokonzeresa. Zvinoitika pakupisa kwakanyanya. Gasi rechisikigo (kunyanya methane) rinoita seammonia neokisijeni paine chinokonzeresa kugadzira hydrogen cyanide, uye hydrogen cyanide inoita sesodium hydroxide solution kuti iwane Sodium Cyanide . Zvinogona kutaurwa seizvi: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Nzira iyi ine simba guru rekugadzira uye yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri makuru. Zvisinei, inoda mamiriro ekuita zvakanyanya uye kutonga kwakasimba kwezviyero zvezvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye maparamendi ekuita.

2. Nzira yeLight Oil Pyrolysis : Ammonia yemvura inopiswa nemhepo yozosanganiswa nemafuta emvura mu mixer yopiswa nemoto. Gasi rakasanganiswa rinopiswa nemhepo rinopinda muchoto chinoputika, uko kunoputika nemhepo pakupisa kwakanyanya (inenge 1450 °C). Petroleum coke inoshandiswa semutakuri, uye nitrogen inoshandiswa segasi rinodzivirira kuoxidation. Gasi rinoputika rine hydrogen cyanide. Mushure memaitiro akadai sekubvisa ammonia, kunyudzwa kwemvura, kugadziriswa, uye kuunganidzwa kwemvura, hydrogen cyanide inowanikwa, uye yobva yasangana ne sodium hydroxide solution kuti iwane liquid sodium cyanide . Liquid sodium cyanide inogona kusanganiswa zvakanyanya uye kugadzirwa kuti iwane sodium cyanide yakasimba. Kunyangwe maitiro aya aine tekinoroji yakakura, anewo matambudziko akadai sekuoma kwekubvisa hydrogen cyanide uye kusvibiswa, kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda kwechigadzirwa, kuoma kukuru mukurapa "marara matatu", uye mari yakawanda yekugadzira.

3. Nzira yeAcrylonitrile By- chigadzirwa : Mukugadzira acrylonitrile ne ammoxidation yepropylene, gasi rehydrogen cyanide rinogadzirwa sechinhu chimwe chete (huwandu hwacho hwakaenzana ne4% - 10% yekugadzirwa kweacrylonitrile). Gasi rinobva mu reactor rine ammonia yakawandisa. Mushure mekubvisa ammonia ne diluted sulfuric acid, gasi re reaction rinopinda mu water absorption cooling tower kuti ritore acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, uye acrolein, nezvimwewo. Mvura inonyudzwa inopinda mune mamwe maitiro ekuparadzanisa uye kuchenesa akadai se resolution uye rectification kuti iwane high-purity acrylonitrile product product uye by- product hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide by- chigadzirwa inozotorwa ne alkali solution kuti igadzire sodium cyanide. Zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa nenzira iyi zvine tsvina shoma uye sulfur content yakaderera. Zvisinei, inogumira nekuda kwe acrylonitrile production capacity. Parizvino, acrylonitrile production muChina yasvika pa saturation, uye output yayo yakaoma kuwedzera zvakanyanya.

Zvishandiso muFine Chemicals

1. Indasitiri yeMishonga : Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inosanganisa mishonga. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yakajairika yakaita sepenicillin, ibuprofen, vhitamini B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, uye berberine, sodium cyanide chinhu chakakosha. Inobatanidzwa mukuita kwakakosha munzira yekugadzira, ichibatsira kuvaka chimiro chemamorekuru emushonga uye ichitamba basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yese.

2. Indasitiri yeMishonga yezvipembenene : Inokoshawo mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Mishonga yezvipembenene inowanzo shandiswa senge glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, uye isoprothiolane inoda kushandiswa kwe sodium cyanide mukugadzirwa kwayo. Sodium cyanide inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemishonga yezvipembenene, ichipa mishonga yezvipembenene maumbirwo chaiwo emakemikari uye hunhu hwemishonga yezvipembenene, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru pakuona kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa nekudzivirira nekudzora zvipembenene zvekurima.

3. Indasitiri yeDye nePigment : Muindasitiri yedhayi, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita secyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride chinhu chakakosha chedhayi dzinoshanda uye chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira magirazi echiedza. Inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemadhayi, ichipa madhayi hunhu hwakanaka hwekupenda uye kukurumidza kwemavara, uye ichikurudzira kukura kweindasitiri yedhayi.

4. Kugadzirwa kweMakomputa Akakosha Eorganic : Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kugadzira makomputa akasiyana-siyana eorganic, akadai secyanobenzyl nezvigadzirwa zvayo zve derivative series, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), chelating agent series products (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) nezvigadzirwa zvavo zvesimbi munyu, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), nezvimwewo. Makomputa aya eorganic ane mashandisirwo akawanda muminda yakaita sekuongorora makemikari, kurapwa kwemvura, uye organic synthesis. Semuenzaniso, chelating agents dzinogona kushandiswa kusunga ma ions esimbi, zvichiita basa rakakosha mukunyorovesa mvura uye kupatsanurwa kwema ion esimbi.

Chengetedzo uye Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza

Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanya, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza anofanirwa kutorwa mukugadzira, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide. Mukuita kwekugadzira, vashandisi vanofanirwa kupfeka zvakakodzera zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo, zvinosanganisira gasi - masutu akasimba, mafemero, uye magurovhosi ekudzivirira, kudzivirira kusangana nesodium cyanide. Zvivakwa zvekugadzira zvinofanirwa kunge zvakashongedzerwa nemhepo yekufefetera uye yekupedza simba masisitimu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhepo yebasa inosangana nekuchengetedza zviyero. Panguva yekufambisa, sodium cyanide inofanirwa kuvharirwa zvinoenderana nemirairo yakakodzera, kazhinji mumadhiramu esimbi akavharwa, uye kutakurwa nemotokari dzine njodzi dzekutakura makemikari. Nzira dzekufambisa dzinofanira kunyatsorongwa kudzivirira nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda uye matsime emvura. Mukuchengetedza, inofanirwa kuchengetwa mudura rakatsaurirwa rine mhepo yakanaka, kure nezvinopisa, zvitubu zvemoto, uye zvinhu zvisingaenderane zvakaita seasidhi uye oxidants. Imba yekuchengetera zvinhu inofanirwa kunge ine inovuza - humbowo uye anti - kuba zvivakwa, uye kushandisa "double - lock" management system.

Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, "marara matatu" anogadzirwa mukugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide inofanirwa kubatwa nemazvo. Mvura yetsvina ine cyanide inofanirwa kurapwa nekemikari oxidation kana dzimwe nzira dzakakodzera kuti iparadze maion cyanide muzvinhu zvisiri muchetura isati yaburitswa. Gasi remarara rine hydrogen cyanide rinofanira kucheneswa kuburikidza nekusvetwa kana kupiswa nemoto kuti kuderedze kukanganisa kwaro pamhepo. Tsvina yakasimba ine cyanide inofanirwa kuvharirwa pasi zvakachengetedzeka kana kubatwa nehunyanzvi hwekurasira tsvina ine njodzi kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwevhu nemvura yepasi.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe ine huturu hwakanyanya, chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kusvika kumakemikari akanaka, yakaita mipiro inokosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tekinoroji, kune rumwe rutivi, nzira dzekugadzira dzakanyanya uye dzakatipoteredza dze sodium cyanide dziri kuongororwa; kune rumwe rutivi, mukushanda kwekushanda, kuedza kuri kuitwa kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide uye kuderedza kuipa kwayo kune hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Mune ramangwana, sodium cyanide icharamba ichiita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira hupfumi hwemaindasitiri uku ichienzanisa zvirinani kuchengetedzeka, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zvinodiwa zvekugadzira.