Kugadzira Maitiro uye Tekinoroji Kufambira mberi kweSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yakakosha yakakosha kemikari mbishi zvinhu, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakadai sekuchera mugodhi wegoridhe, electroplating, uye synthesis yemishonga yepakati. Zvayo Production Process yakapfuura makore zana ekudzokororwa kwetekinoroji, uye parizvino, hurongwa hweindasitiri hunodzorwa neiyo synthesis nzira yakaumbwa. Ichi chinyorwa chichagadzirisa zvakarongeka maitiro makuru ekugadzira e Sodium Cyanide uye kufambira mberi kwavo kwetekinoroji, uye kukurukura mafambiro ebudiriro yeramangwana.

I. Evolution yeSodium Cyanide Production Processes

1. Maitiro ekutanga (Kunopera 19th Century - Mid-20th Century)

Mumazuva ekutanga, kugadzirwa kwe sodium cyanide zvakanyanya kutsamira pakutorwa kubva muzviwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, "cyanidation process yekubvisa goridhe" yakagadzirwa muna 1887 yakatorwa cyanides nekugadzira zvirimwa zvine cyanide (zvakadai semaamanda anovava). Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakanga isingashandi, yaidhura, uye yakanga yakaoma kuita zvaidiwa nemaindasitiri. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, nyanzvi yemakemikari yokuGermany Friedrich Kahlbaum akagadzira nzira yokunyunguduka kwecyanide, iyo yakagadzira. Sodium cyanide nekuita calcium cyanide ne sodium carbonate. Nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wezvigadzirwa uye kureruka kwemaitiro, maitiro aya akave tekinoroji yakajairika mumazuva ekutanga.

2. Kusimuka kweSynthesis Method (Mid-20th Century kusvika Ikozvino)

Nekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yepetrochemical, nzira yekubatanidza yakatsiva zvishoma nezvishoma maitiro echinyakare. Parizvino, inopfuura 90% ye sodium cyanide pasi rose inogadzirwa uchishandisa matatu anotevera maitiro ekugadzira:

• Andrussow Process

Uchishandisa methane, ammonia, uye okisijeni semidziyo yakabikwa, oxidation reaction inoitika pasi pechiito cheplatinamu-rhodium alloy catalyst:

Iyo yakagadzirwa hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gasi inotorwa nesodium hydroxide kuti iwane sodium cyanide mhinduro. Iyi nzira ine zvakanakira zvepasi-mutengo mbishi zvinhu uye nekukurumidza kuita mazinga, asi tembiricha yepamusoro (1000 - 1200 ° C) uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yakakosha inokonzeresa inokonzeresa kudhura.

• Chiedza Oiri Pyrolysis Method

Kushandisa mafuta akareruka (akadai senaphtha) seyakasvibirira, HCN inogadzirwa kuburikidza nepyrolysis pahupamhi hwepamusoro (1400 - 1500 ° C), uye kurapa kunotevera kwakafanana neyeAndrussow process. Maitiro aya akakodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura asi ane simba rakanyanya kushandiswa uye anoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekabhoni nhema sechigadzirwa.

• Methanol Ammonia Oxidation Nzira

Uchishandisa methanol, ammonia, uye mhepo semidziyo, HCN inogadzirwa pasi pechiito checatalyst (seV₂O₅-MoO₃):

Iyi nzira ine mutengo wakaderera wemidziyo uye zvinyoro maitiro ekuita (400 - 500 ° C), uye zvishoma nezvishoma yave sarudzo yakasarudzika yezvichangobva kuvakwa zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.

II. Tekinoroji Kufambira mberi uye Innovation Mirayiridzo

1. Kuvandudzwa kweGreen Processes

Maitiro echinyakare ane matambudziko ekushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya uye kusvibiswa kwakanyanya. Mumakore achangopfuura, vaongorori vakaongorora zvinotevera green tekinoroji:

• Biosynthesis nzira

Kushandisa tupukanana (zvakadai sePseudomonas) kukonzeresa iyo hydrolysis yenitrile makomisheni kugadzira. Cyanides, asi ichiri murabhoritari.

• Electrochemical Synthesis

Kudzokorodza sodium cyanide ne electrolyzing cyanide-ine tsvina yemvura kuti uwanezve zviwanikwa, asi kushanda kwazvino uye mutengo unofanirwa kuwedzeredzwa.

2. Intelligent Control uye Safety Technologies

Kugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide kunosanganisira zvinhu zvine muchetura, uye kudzora kuchengetedza kwakakosha. Mafekitori emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa Distributed Control System (DCS) kuwana zvizere otomatiki yekutarisa maitiro ese, uye kuunza online spectral yekuongorora tekinoroji yekutarisa iyo HCN kusungwa munguva chaiyo, kuderedza njodzi yekudonha.

3. Circular Economy Model

Kuvandudza mashandisirwo ezviwanikwa kuburikidza neco-kugadzira matekinoroji. Semuyenzaniso, iyo kabhoni dhaibhoni-inogadzirwa muAndrussow process inogona kushandiswa kugadzira urea, uye iyo kabhoni dema inogadzirwa mu Chiedza Oiri Pyrolysis Method inogona kushandiswa seye rabha inosimbisa mumiriri, ichigadzira yakavharwa-loop maindasitiri cheni ye "zviwanikwa - zvigadzirwa - tsvina - yakadzokororwa zviwanikwa".

III. Matambudziko uye Nenguva Yemberi

1. Kuchinja-chinja Kwemari Yezvinhu

Iyo Andrussow maitiro uye methanol nzira inovimba negasi rechisikigo (methane) uye marasha (seyakagadzirwa methanol). Kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yesimba repasi rose kunokanganisa mutengo wekugadzira. Kugadzira nzira dzisiri dzefossil mbishi (senge biomass kune methanol) inyaya inopisa yekutsvagisa mune ramangwana.

2. Kuwedzera Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Kudzvinyirira

Nekuomeswa kwemitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide kunoda kuwedzera kuburitsa kuburitswa kwenitrogen oxides (NOx) uye cyanide-ine tsvina ine cyanide. Tekinoroji yekuparadzanisa Membrane, catalytic oxidation denitrification, uye mamwe maitiro akaedzwa mune mamwe mafekitori.

3. Kuwedzerwa kweMapurogiramu Epamusoro-soro

Iko kudiwa kweyakakwirira-kuchena sodium cyanide (kuchena ≥ 99.9%) mukubatanidzwa kwecathode zvinhu precursors yelithium-ion mabhatiri ari kukura nekukurumidza, kusimudzira kukwidziridzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira kune kunatswa uye kuchena kwakanyanya.

mhedziso

Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira sodium cyanide kwagara kuchishanduka kutenderedza zvinangwa zvikuru zvitatu zve "kuchengetedza, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kusvibira". Mune ramangwana, nekubudirira kwesimba idzva uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwakadzama kwekugadzirwa kwedhijitari, indasitiri yesodium cyanide icharamba ichikwirisa munzira yekudzikisa simba rekushandisa, kushomeka kusvibiswa, uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa.