Kubva paSodium Cyanide kuenda kuHydrogen Cyanide: Kuongorora maapplication uye Shanduko

Cyanides, kusanganisira Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) uye Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), ari mamwe emakemikari ane muchetura asi akakosha mumaindasitiri. Kuita kwavo kwakasarudzika kunogonesa maapplication mumigodhi yegoridhe, mishonga, mapurasitiki, nezvimwe. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora zvivakwa, maapplication, uye Kuchinja Kwemakemikari pakati pemakiyi maviri aya cyanides, panguva yekugadzirisa matambudziko ekuchengetedza uye hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji.

I. Zvinhu uye Zvishandiso zveSodium Cyanide

1. Chemical Zvivakwa

Sodium cyanide ikristaro chena yakasimba, inonyungudika mumvura. Kutyisa kwayo kunobva ku cyanide ion (CN⁻), iyo inodzivisa kufema kwemasero nekusunga ku cytochrome oxidase.

2. Industrial Uses

• Kuchera Goridhe: Sezvakakurukurwa pakutanga, NaCN inonyungudutsa goridhe kuburikidza nekuita:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• electroplating: Inodzikamisa simbi ions mune coatings (semuenzaniso, zingi, mhangura).

• Organic Synthesis: Precursor ye nitriles, adiponitrile (nylon), uye mishonga yemishonga.

• Pesticides: Inoshandiswa mumishonga yezvipembenene sefenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: Zvivakwa uye Zvishandiso

1. Chemical Zvivakwa

Hydrogen cyanide imvura isina ruvara/gasi ine hwema hwemaamanda hunovava. Inoputika zvakanyanya uye inokurumidza kutorwa kuburikidza nekufema kana kubata ganda.

2. Industrial Uses

• Pharmaceuticals: Synthesis yevhitamini (semuenzaniso, B12), antithyroid zvinodhaka.

• mapurasitiki: Kugadzirwa kweacrylonitrile (inoshandiswa muABS mapurasitiki uye mafiber ekugadzira).

• kurima: Fumigant yezviyo zvakachengetwa uye sterilization yevhu.

• Chemical Warfare: Kushandiswa kwenhoroondo sechombo, iko zvino kwakanyatso kudzorwa.

III. Shanduko Mechanism Pakati peNaCN neHCN

1. Kubva kuNaCN kuenda kuHCN

Pasi pemamiriro eacidic (pH <7), NaCN inoburitsa HCN gasi:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Kuita uku kwakakosha mukucherwa kwegoridhe; kusakwana alkalinity (semuenzaniso, kuderera kweCaO kuwedzera) kunogona kutungamirira kuHCN gasi kubuda, zvichiunza njodzi dzakakomba dzekuchengetedza.

2. Kubva kuHCN kuenda kuNaCN

HCN inogona kusarudzika nemabhesi akasimba ekugadzirazve cyanide munyu:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

Iyi nzira inoshandiswa mune gasi scrubbers kurapa HCN-ine exhaust hova.

3. Oxidation uye Degradation

Ose NaCN uye HCN anogona kubviswa huturu kuburikidza neoxidation:

• Chlorination:

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozonation:

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Zvekuchengetedza Zvinetso uye Kudzora Kudzora

1. Muchetura uye Njodzi Dzenzvimbo

• Hutano hwevanhu: Inhalation yeHCN (inouraya dose: ~ 50-200 mg) inokonzera kukurumidza kusaziva uye rufu.

• Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza: Kusvibiswa kweCyanide mumvura kunogona kuuraya hupenyu hwemvura; kurasika kwenhoroondo (semuenzaniso, 2000 Baia Mare njodzi) inoratidza njodzi.

2. Kudzora Matanho

• UN Classification: HCN ikemikari yeChirongwa 3 pasi peChemical Weapons Convention.

• OSHA Limits: Inobvumirwa kutarisana nemuganhu (PEL) yeHCN: 10 ppm (8-awa TWA).

• ICMI Mirayiridzo: International Cyanide Management Code inoraira kubata kwakachengeteka mumigodhi.

V. Innovations muCyanide Management

1. Safer Production Processs

• On-Site Generation: HCN iri kuwedzera kugadzirwa kuburikidza nekudzora ammoxidation yemethane (semuenzaniso, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O), kuderedza njodzi dzekufambisa.

• Cyanide-Yemahara Alternatives:

• Kuchera Goridhe: Thiourea, bromine, kana ionic zvinwiwa.

• electroplating: Zinc-nickel alloys pasina cyanide.

2. Digital Monitoring

IoT sensors uye AI algorithms inogonesa chaiyo-nguva yekuteedzera cyanide mumhepo uye mumvura, kuderedza kuvuza.

VI. Future Trends

• Green Synthesis: Biocatalytic kugadzirwa kwe nitriles uchishandisa enzymes (semuenzaniso, nitrile hydratase).

• Energy Applications: HCN semutakuri wehydrogen mumafuta masero.

• Circular Economy: Kudzoreredza cyanide kubva kumarara hova kuburikidza ne membrane filtration kana adsorption.

mhedziso

Kudyidzana pakati sodium cyanide uye hydrogen cyanide inosimbisa mabasa avo maviri semabhiza emaindasitiri uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvikumbiro zvavo zvichiramba zvichikosha muzvikamu zvakaita semigodhi nemishonga, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuomarara kwemitemo kuri kufambisa maitiro akachengeteka. Remangwana re cyanide chemistry riri mukuyeresa kushanda zvakanaka nekugadzikana, kuve nechokwadi chekuti aya makomisheni ane simba anoshandira vanhu pasina kukanganisa hutano kana pasi.