Ndeapi Makemikari Anotorwa Anogona Sodium Cyanide Kushandiswa Kugadzirira?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) chinhu chine chepfu yakawanda asi chakakosha mumakemikari. Chinoita basa guru mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekuita kweboka recyanide (-CN). Heano mamwe emakemikari akakosha anogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa Sodium cyanide :

Inorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Ferro cyanides : Sodium cyanide inosangana nesimbi munyu kuti igadzire ferro Cyanides . Semuenzaniso, kuita kweSodium Cyanide neferrous sulfate kunogona kuburitsa sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Iyi compound inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira pigments dzebhuruu dzakadai sePrussian blue, uye ine mashandisirwo muindasitiri yechikafu sechinhu chinodzivirira munyu. Maitiro emakemikari anogona kumiririrwa se:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Zvikamu zveSimbi zveCyanide : Sodium cyanide inogona kugadzira macomplex ane maion akawanda esimbi. Semuenzaniso, pakuburitsa goridhe nesirivha, kana paine okisijeni, goridhe nesirivha zvinosangana nesodium cyanide kuti zvigadzire macomplex esimbi inonyungudika. Kune goridhe, maitiro acho ndeekuti:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Idzi simbi - cyanide complexes dzinobva dzaitwazve kuti dziwane simbi dzakachena. Pamusoro pegoridhe nesirivheri, sodium cyanide inogonawo kugadzira macomplexes ane simbi semhangura, zingi, uye nickel, ane maapplication mu electroplating nemamwe maindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, mu electroplating, simbi - cyanide complexes inoshandiswa se electrolytes kuve nechokwadi chekugadzika uye yunifomu yesimbi pane substrate.

Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Matongerwo eMalonic Acid : Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mukugadzira matongerwo emalonic acid. Imwe nzira inowanzoitwa ndeyekuita kuti sodium cyanide isanganiswe nechloroacetic acid kuti igadzire cyanoacetic acid kutanga. Mhinduro yacho ndeiyi:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid inogona kuzowedzerwa esterified kugadzira malonic acid esters, senge diethyl malonate. Malonic acid inotorwa zvivakwa zvakakosha zvekuvaka mune organic synthesis, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, madhayi, uye zvinonaka. Iwo anowanzo shandiswa muKnoevenagel condensation uye mamwe maitiro ekuvaka mamwe akaomarara organic mamorekuru.

2. Makomponi eNitrile : Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kushandura haloalkanes kana aryl halides kuita nitriles kuburikidza ne nucleophilic substitution reactions. Semuenzaniso, kana bromoethane ikapindura ne sodium cyanide, propionitrile inoumbwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Inogona kuve yakagadziriswa hydrolyzed kuti iite carboxylic acids, yakaderedzwa kuita maamines, kana kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kweheterocyclic makomisheni. Muchigadzirwa chemishonga, mishonga yakawanda ine nitrile inoshanda mapoka, uye kushandiswa kwe sodium cyanide mukugadzirwa kwe nitriles kunopa nzira inokosha yekugadzirira kwemishonga iyi.

3.Cyanohydrins : MaAldehydes nemaketone anogona kuita nesodium cyanide kana paine acid catalyst kuti agadzire cyanohydrins. Semuenzaniso, kuita kweacetone nesodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins inobatsira yepakati mune organic synthesis. Zvinogona kushandurwa zvakare kuita mapoka akasiyana-siyana anoshanda, senge carboxylic acids, maamines, uye madoro, nemaitiro akakodzera emakemikari. Mukubatanidza kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo nemishonga, macyanohydrins anoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka kabhoni - skeleton uye kuunza mapoka anoshanda.

4. Zvinobva muTriazine : Mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akaita semelamine, sodium cyanide inogona kubatanidzwa muhurongwa hwekuita. Kunyangwe mhinduro yakananga ingave yakaoma uye inowanzo sanganisira matanho akawanda, boka recyanide rinobva musodium cyanide rinobatsira pakuumbwa kwechimiro chetriazine ring. Melamine inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwepurasitiki, manamati, uye machira. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekugadzirwa kwecyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), iyo iri pakati pekugadzirwa kwemishonga yekuuraya uswa, mishonga yezvipembenene, uye madhayi ekuita. Kugadzirwa kwecyanuric chloride kubva musodium cyanide kunowanzo sanganisira maitiro akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira chlorination yecyanide - precursors ine chekuita nayo.

5. MaAmino Acids NemaBrivatives Awo : Mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira maamino acids, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa. Semuenzaniso, muStrecker synthesis yemaamino acids, aldehyde kana ketone inopindirana neammonia uye sodium cyanide kugadzira aminonitrile intermediate, iyo inozobva yasanganiswa kuita amino acid inoenderana nayo. Kutanga nealdehyde RCHO, maitiro acho ndeaya anotevera:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acids ndiwo anovaka mapuroteni uye ane hupamhi hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri ezvekudya, emishonga, uye zvekuzora.

Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti nekuda kwehupfu hwepamusoro hwe sodium cyanide, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza uye maitiro ekubata anofanirwa kuteverwa panguva yekushandiswa kwayo mukugadzirira kwemakemikari anobuda kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye zvakatipoteredza.