Daawaynta Cyanide Aad U Sumaysan - Oo Ka Kooban Dareeraha Qashinka

Cyanide-ka ay ku jiraan dareerayaasha wasakhda ah ayaa aad u sun ah waxayna khatar weyn ku yihiin caafimaadka bini'aadamka iyo deegaanka deegaanka. Sidaa darteed, daawaynta saxda ah ee dareerayaasha qashinka ah ayaa ah muhiimada ugu badan. Maqaalkani waxa uu soo bandhigi doonaa dhowr habab daawaynta caadiga ah ee sunta aadka u badan cyanide - dareere qashin ah oo ka kooban.

1. Hababka Oxidaynta Kiimikada

1.1 Habka koloriinta alkaline

• Mabda ': Deegaan alkaline ah, walxo oksaydheyn oo xooggan sida gaaska chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, ama calcium hypochlorite ayaa lagu daraa cyanide - dareeraha qashinka ah. Ayoons-ka hypochlorite waxay la falgalaan ayoonska cyanide laba marxaladood gudahood. Marka hore, cyanide-ka waxaa lagu oksaydheeyaa cyanate, ka dibna waxaa loo sii oksaydheeyaa walxo aan sun ahayn sida Carbon gaaska nitrogen iyo dioxid.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Hagaajinta pHKu billow inaad ku darto sodium hydroxide cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha wasakhda si aad u dejiso qiimaha pH inta u dhaxaysa 10 - 11.

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• Isku-darka Oxidant: Si tartiib ah u soo saar tiro ku habboon oksidant-ka la doortay, sida xalalka sodium hypochlorite. Qadarka oksaydhiyeyaasha loo baahan yahay waxay ku xiran tahay fiirsashada cyanide ee dareeraha qashinka. Si joogto ah u walaaq inta lagu jiro isku darka si aad u hubiso xitaa isku darka.

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• Falcelinta iyo la socodkaDareen-celinta ha sii socoto dhowr saacadood oo si joogto ah u hubi fiirsashada cyanide ee dareeraha qashinka oo dhan. Farsamooyinka la socodka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah isticmaalka cyanide - electrodes gaar ah ama hababka midabaynta.

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• Dhexdhexaadinta iyo BixintaMarka falcelintu dhammaato oo fiirsashada cyanide ay la kulanto heerka dheecaanka (badanaa in ka yar 0.5 mg/L gobolo badan), hagaaji pH ee dareeraha qashinka ilaa xad dhexdhexaad ah (pH = 6 - 9) oo leh asiidh ku habboon sida sulfuric acid, ka dibna sii daa.

1.2 Habka Oxideynta Hydrogen Peroxide

• Mabda ': Hydrogen peroxide waa walax oxidizing xoog leh. Marka ay jirto wax kicinaya sida ions naxaas ah, waxay oksidhiye ku samayn kartaa ion cyanide ee dareeraha qashinka ah, u beddela cyanide-ka aan sunta ahayn ee nitrogen iyo carbon dioxide.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Hagaajinta pHWax ka beddel qiimaha pH ee cyanide-ka ku jira dareeraha wasakhda ilaa xad aashito ah, sida caadiga ah agagaarka pH = 3 - 5, maadaama falcelinta oksaydhka ee hydrogen peroxide leh cyanide ay aad waxtar ugu badan tahay xaaladaha acidic.

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• Katalistada iyo Ku-darka Hydrogen PeroxideKu dar qadar yar oo kicinta ah, tusaale ahaan, copper sulfate, dareeraha qashinka, ka dibna si tartiib ah ugu dar xalalka hydrogen peroxide. Tirada hydrogen peroxide ee lagu daray waa inay ahaataa mid ku filan si ay si buuxda u oksijiyeen cyanide-ka. Maaddaama fal-celintu ay tahay mid ka baxsan, fiiro gaar ah u yeelo xakameynta heerkulka falcelinta si aad uga fogaato kulaylka.

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• Falcelinta iyo kala taggaKa dib marka isku-darka la dhammeeyo, u oggolow fal-celinta inay socoto muddo. Kadib samee kala soocida dareeraha adag, sida sifaynta ama sifaynta, si aad meesha uga saarto shay kasta oo degdegay, sida biraha hydroxides haddii ay jiraan aoniyo bir culus oo dareeraha qashinka ah.

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• Daawaynta ka dib: Daawada sare ee la daweeyay waxay mari kartaa daaweyn dheeraad ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab kale, sida xajinta ama kala soocida xuubka, si loo hubiyo in tayada dareeraha ee ugu dambeeya ay la kulanto heerarka la xiriira.

1.3 Habka Oxideynta Ozone

• Mabda ': Ozone waa walax awood leh oo oksaydheyn ah oo leh awood sare oo oksaydh ah. Marka la geliyo cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha wasakhda ah, waxay si toos ah ula falgashaa ions cyanide, iyaga oo oksidheynaya walxaha aan sunta ahayn sida carbonate iyo nitrogen. Habka falcelinta waa mid adag waxaana laga yaabaa inay ku lug yeelato badeecooyin dhexdhexaad ah. Joogitaanka ion birta birta ah, sida copper iyo ion magnesium, waxay soo dedejin kartaa heerka falcelinta.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Kahortagista Dareeraha Qashinka: Marka hore, ka saar qashinka waaweyn - walxaha wasakhda ah iyo adkaha la hakiyey ee cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha wasakhda iyadoo la sifeynayo ama sedimentation. Tani waxay ka hortagtaa xidhitaanka ozone - qalabka soo saarista waxayna hubisaa in falcelinta si habsami leh u socoto.

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• Jiilka Ozone iyo HordhacIsticmaal koronto-dhaliye ozone si aad u soo saarto gaaska ozone, kaas oo markaa lagu quudiyo dareeraha qashinka iyada oo loo marayo qalabka qaybinta. Qadarka ozone soo bandhigay wuxuu u baahan yahay in la hagaajiyo iyadoo loo eegayo fiirsashada cyanide iyo mugga dareeraha qashinka.

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• Falcelinta iyo la socodkaKu samee falcelinta gudaha haanta falcelinta xidhan ee muddo cayiman. La soco fiirsashada cyanide ee dareeraha wasakhda dhabta ah - waqtiga inta lagu jiro falcelinta. Waqtiga falcelinta caadi ahaan wuu ka gaaban yahay hababka kale ee oksaydheynta, laakiin wali waxay kuxirantahay xaaladaha dareeraha qashinka ee gaarka ah.

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• Daaweynta WasakhowgaFalcelinta ka dib, dareeraha wasakhda ah ee la daweeyay waxa uu u baahan karaa daaweyn dheeraad ah, sida hagaajinta qiimaha pH iyo ka saarida wax kasta oo ozone ah oo la xidhiidha - alaabta, si loo buuxiyo heerarka dheecaanka.

2. Hababka Kiimikada ee Jirka

2.1 Habka Isweydaarsiga Ion

• Mabda 'ion gaar ah - resins beddelka ayaa la isticmaalaa. Resins-yadani waxay leeyihiin kooxo shaqeynaya kuwaas oo si xushmad leh u xajin kara ion cyanide ama birta - dhismooyinka cyanide ee dareeraha qashinka. Tusaale ahaan, qaar ka mid ah anion - resins beddelka waxay ku beddelan karaan anions iyaga oo leh ion cyanide ee xalka.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Xulashada Resin iyo Diyaarinta: Dooro ion ku habboon - resin beddelka oo ku salaysan sifooyinka cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha qashinka, sida nooca birta - dhismayaasha cyanide ee jooga. Horey u daawee resinka adiga oo ku dhaqaya aashitada iyo xalalka alkali si aad u dhaqaajiso shaqadiisa sarrifka.

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• Xirmooyinka tiirka: Ku xidh resin-ka hore loo daweeyay ku rid tiir ion-isweydaarsiga.

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• Dareeraha Qashinka GudbintaSi tartiib ah u dhaaf cyanide-ka ku jira dareeraha wasakhda ah ee tiirka ion-isweydaarsiga. Xakamee heerka socodka si aad u hubiso wakhtiga ku filan ee xidhiidhka u dhexeeya dareeraha qashinka iyo xabagta.

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• Dib-u-soo-noolaynta Resin: Mar alla markii uu xabaggu soo saaro xaddi cayiman oo cyanide ah, waxa uu u baahan yahay in dib loo soo nooleeyo. Habka dib u soo kabashada inta badan waxay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka xal dib-u-nooleyn, sida aashitada xooggan ama xal sal adag, si looga saaro ions cyanide-ka ee la isku dhejiyay ee xabagta. Xabagta dib loo soo celiyay ayaa dib loo isticmaali karaa.

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• Daaweynta Dib-u-soo-nooleynta DareerahaDareeraha dib-u-soo-nooleynta, oo ka kooban fiirsashada sare ee cyanide, waxay u baahan tahay daaweyn dheeraad ah, badanaa iyada oo loo marayo hababka oksaydhka kiimikada kor lagu sharaxay, si loo beddelo cyanide-ka walxaha aan sunta ahayn.

2.2 Habka Adsorption

• Mabda ': Waxyaabaha nuugaya sida Kaarboon-firfircoon zeolite-kana waxay leeyihiin bedka dusha sare ee weyn iyo awood nuugid xooggan. Waxay nuugi karaan ion-yada cyanide iyo wasakhda kale ee ku jirta dareeraha qashinka iyada oo loo marayo nuugid jireed, sida xoogga van der Waals, iyo nuugista kiimikada, sida sameynta xiriiro kiimiko ah oo lala yeesho kooxaha shaqada dusha sare. Kaarboonka firfircoon, gaar ahaan, si weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa sababtoo ah waxtarkeeda nuugista sare ee walxaha kala duwan.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Xulashada Adsorbent iyo ka-hortaggaDooro adsorbent ku habboon iyadoo loo eegayo dabeecadda dareeraha qashinka. Tusaale ahaan, kaarboonka firfircoon ee granular waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa daawaynta cabbirka ballaaran, halka kaarboonka firfircoon ee budada ah laga yaabo inuu ku habboon yahay qaar yar - miisaan ama sare - daaweynta saxda ah. Kahor daawee walxaha adsorbentka adigoo dhaqaya oo qallajinaya si aad wasakhda uga saarto.

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• Habka Adsorption: Ku dar adsorbent-ka cyanide-ka ku jira dareeraha wasakhda oo si joogto ah u walaaq si aad u kordhiso meesha xidhiidhka u dhexeeya adsorbent iyo dareeraha qashinka. Waqtiga xayeysiinta waa kala duwan yahay iyadoo ku xiran fiirsashada cyanide iyo nooca adsorbent, badiyaa u dhexeeya dhowr daqiiqo ilaa dhowr saacadood.

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• KalaKa dib markii adsorbent-ku dhammaato, kala saar adsorbent-ka iyo dareeraha wasakhda adigoo isticmaalaya hababka sida sifaynta ama sedimentation.

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• Dib-u-cusboonaynta Adsorbent: Si la mid ah ion - resin beddelka, adsorbent-ka la isticmaalay waa la soo celin karaa. Kaarboonka firfircoon, hababka dib-u-nooleynta waxaa ka mid ah dib-u-soo-nooleynta kulaylka (kuleylinta kaarboonka firfircoon ee heerkulka sare leh si loo nadiifiyo walxaha la sii daayay) iyo dib-u-soo-nooleynta kiimikaad (iyadoo la adeegsanayo reagents kiimikaad si ay uga fal-celiso walxaha la isku dhejiyay).

3. Hababka Daaweynta Nafleyda

• Mabda 'Qaar ka mid ah noolayaasha ayaa awood u leh inay hoos u dhigaan cyanide. Unugyadan yaryar waxay u isticmaalaan cyanide sida isha kaarboon, nitrogen, ama tamar hoos timaada xaalado deegaan oo gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, bakteeriyada qaarkood waxay u rogi karaan cyanide walxo sun yar sida ammonia iyo carbon dioxide iyada oo loo marayo falcelinno enzymatic ah oo isdaba-joog ah. Geedi socodka oo dhan wuxuu ku lug leeyahay dheef-shiid kiimikaad ee noolaha, iyo microorganisms kala duwan ayaa laga yaabaa inay leeyihiin dariiqyo dheef-shiid kiimikaad oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay xaalufinta cyanide.

• Socodka socodka:

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• Xulashada iyo Beerista Microorganism: Dooro cyanide ku habboon - nooleyaal wax-xumeeya, kuwaas oo laga go'doomin karo deegaanka dabiiciga ah sida ciidda ama dhirta lagu nadiifiyo biyaha wasakhda ah. Ku beer noolahaan shaybaarka si aad u hesho xaddi ku filan oo ah inoculum microbial. Dhexdhexaadinta beerashada waa in ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin ku habboon si ay u taageeraan koritaanka noolaha.

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• Dejinta ReactorSamee reactor daawaynta bayooloji, sida reactor sludge acter ama reactor biofilm. Dib-u-kicinta wasakhda firfircoon, nooleyaashu waxay ku sugan yihiin xaalad hakad ah oo ku jirta dareeraha qashinka, halka fal-celinta biofilm-ka, microorganisms-ku ay ku dhejiyaan dusha taageerada adag si ay u sameeyaan biofilm.

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• Daaweynta dareeraha qashinkaSoo geli cyanide - dareere wasakh ah oo ku jira fal-celiyaha daaweynta noolaha. Xakamee xaaladaha deegaanka ee reactor-ka, oo ay ku jiraan heerkulka (badanaa ku dhawaad ​​​​25 - 35 ° C), pH (badanaa agagaarka 7 - 8), iyo kala diri nuxurka ogsijiinta, si loo abuuro jawi ku habboon noolaha noolaha.

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• Kormeerka iyo Xakamaynta: Si joogto ah ula soco fiirsashada cyanide iyo xuduudaha kale ee la xidhiidha dareeraha qashinka inta lagu jiro habka daaweynta. Si dhakhso ah u hagaaji xaaladaha hawlgalka reactor-ka iyadoo la raacayo natiijooyinka la socodka si loo hubiyo in xasilloonida nidaamka daaweynta noolaha.

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• Daaweynta WasakhowgaDaawaynta bayoolojiga ka dib, dareeraha waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku jiraan qaar ka mid ah microorganisms iyo xaddi yar oo walxo organic ah. Daawaynta dheeraadka ah, sida jeermiska jeermiska (adoo la isticmaalayo habab ay ka mid yihiin shucaaca ultraviolet ama ku darida jeermiska jeermiska) iyo sifaynta, ayaa laga yaabaa inay lagama maarmaan noqoto si loo buuxiyo heerarka dheecaanka.

4. Tixgelinta daawaynta

• Safety First: Cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareerayaasha wasakhdu aad bay sun u yihiin, dhammaan hawlgallada daawaynta waa in lagu sameeyaa meel hawo fiican leh, gaar ahaan daboolka qiiqa. Hawl-wadeenadu waa inay xidhaan qalabka ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed ee habboon, oo ay ku jiraan gaas - galoofyada adag, muraayadaha, iyo qalabka ilaalinta neefsashada.

• Go'aaminta Isku-duubni Sax ahDaawaynta ka hor, si sax ah u cabbir fiirsashada cyanide ee dareeraha qashinka. Tani waxay muhiim u tahay doorashada habka daaweynta habboon iyo go'aaminta qiyaasta wakiilada daaweynta.

• Daaweyn isku dhafanXaalado badan, hal hab oo daawaynta ah ayaa laga yaabaa inaanay ku filnayn inay si buuxda u buuxiso heerarka dheecaanka. Sidaa darteed, tixgeli isticmaalka hababka daaweynta ee isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, isku-darka oksaydhka kiimikada iyo daaweynta bayoolojiga ayaa inta badan lagu gaari karaa natiijooyin daaweyn oo wanaagsan.

• Saamaynta Bay'adaMarka aad dooranayso hababka daawaynta iyo wakiilada daawaynta, tixgeli saamaynta ay ku yeelan karaan deegaanka. Dooro hababka iyo wakiilada deegaanka u saaxiib ah oo soo saara wasakhda sare oo yar.

• U hogaansanaanta Shuruucda: Hubi in habka daawaynta iyo tayada dareeraha ugu dambeeya ay waafaqsan yihiin xeerarka ilaalinta deegaanka ee qaranka iyo deegaanka. Si joogto ah ula soco oo uga warbixi natiijooyinka daawaynta waaxyaha ilaalinta deegaanka ee ay khusayso.

Gebogebadii, daawaynta sunta sunta ah ee aadka u sunta ah - oo ay ku jiraan dareerayaasha qashinka ah waxay u baahan yihiin tixgelin dhammaystiran oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah. Adoo dooranaya habka daaweynta ku habboon oo si adag u raacaya hababka qalliinka, waxaan si wax ku ool ah u yareeyn karnaa sunta cyanide - oo ay ku jiraan dareeraha qashinka iyo ilaalinta deegaanka iyo caafimaadka aadanaha.