20 ka Reeage ee ugu Muhiimsan ee Macdanta

Habaynta macdanta waxaa ka mid ah saddex hab: dhaqid, burburin, iyo beneficiation. Inta lagu jiro habka lagu ururinayo biraha qiimaha leh ee heerka hooseeya, macdanta polymetallic-ga ah ee loo qaybiyo cufnaanta heerka sare, noocyo kala duwan oo ururiyayaal ah, frothers, inhibitors, iyo flocculants waa in lagu daraa. Inta badan kuwan waa walxo sun ah oo waxyeello leh, sida cyanides , arsenides, chromates, alkyl xanthates kala duwan, phenols la beddelay, anilines, pyridines, hydro Carbon s, alkenes, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, esters, iwm. Walxahani waxay geli karaan deegaanka iyagoo sii daaya biyaha wasakhda ah ee macdanta lagu farsameeyo ama balliyada dabada, taasoo horseedaysa wasakhayn labaad oo waxyeello halis ah u geysata deegaanka deegaanka. Waxyaabaha macdanta lagu farsameeyo waxay inta badan tixraacaan ururiyayaal, frothers, inhibitors, flocculants, wax ka beddelayaasha, iyo sidoo kale wakiilada soo saarista, hagaajiyeyaasha matrix-ka soo saara, iyo kuwa lagu qaso ee loo isticmaalo hydrometallurgy, oo ku lug leh boqolaal iskudhisyo kala duwan oo aan organic ahayn ama organic ah.

Waa maxay Reagenayaasha ugu Muhiimsan ee Macdanta?

68-ka wasakhowga ah ee ku jira liiska madow ee Shiinaha ee xakamaynta wasakhowga, 24 falgalayaal macdan qodis ah ayaa lagu daray (oo ay ku jiraan arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, MERCURY , nickel, thallium, copper, lead, iyo iskudhisyadooda). Walxaha kiimikada ee waxyeellada u leh deegaanka waxaa ka mid ah Cyanide , hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, fluorides, arsenides, chromates, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfites, alkyl xanthates kala duwan, organophosphorus compounds, fat alcohols, anilines, pyridines, hydrocarbons, alkenes, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, esters, iyo boqolaal walxood oo kale. Waxaan soo xulnay 20 ka mid ah falgalayaasha ugu muhiimsan tixraacaaga. Aan eegno!

Sodium Ethyl Xanthate

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: C2H5OCSSNa

• Sifooyinka: Budada jaalaha ah ee khafiifka ah (ama granule) oo leh ur cuncun leh, oo ku milma biyaha, khamriga, iwm., oo awood u leh inay sameeyaan iskudhisyo aan milmi karin oo leh ayoonno bir ah sida kobalt, naxaas, iyo nikkel.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium ethyl xanthate waa ururiye leh xulasho wanaagsan oo ka mid ah alaabada taxanaha xanthate. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaali karaa sabbeynta doorbidka ah ee macdanta sulfide ee si fudud loo sabeyn karo ama isku dhafan ee biraha aan birta ahayn. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa iyadoo lala kaashanayo wakiilada sulfide si loo sabbeeyo macdanta naxaasta iyo oksaydhka rasaasta. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii wakiil roobeed oo ku jira hydrometallurgy (tusaale ahaan, nadiifinta zinc electrolyte) iyo sidii dardar-geliye vulcanization ah oo ku jira caagga.

Sodium isopropyl Xanthate

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (CH3)2CHOCSSNa

• Sifooyinka: Budada jaalaha ah ee khafiifka ah (ama granule) oo leh ur cuncun leh, oo ku milma biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium isopropyl xanthate waxay leedahay awood ururin oo xoogaa ka xoog badan marka la eego sabbeynta macdanta sulfide ee biraha aan birta ahayn marka loo eego sodium ethyl xanthate. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii ururiye loogu talagalay macdanta kala duwan ee aan birta ahayn ee sulfide waxayna sidoo kale u adeegi kartaa sidii wakiil roobeed marka la isticmaalayo hydrometallurgy; waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii dardar-geliye ku shaqeeya caagga.

Sodium Butyl Xanthate (Potassium)

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: C4H9OCSSNa(K)

• Sifooyinka: Budada huruud khafiif ah ama cawl-cad (ama granule) oo leh ur cuncun leh, oo ku milma biyaha iyo khamriga, oo awood u leh inay sameeyaan iskudhisyo aan milmi karin oo leh ayoonno bir ah oo kala duwan.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium butyl xanthate (potassium) waa ururiye leh awoodo sabbayn oo xooggan waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sabbaynta isku dhafan ee macdanta birta aan birta ahayn ee sulfide. Reagent-kani wuxuu si gaar ah ugu habboon yahay sabbaynta chalcopyrite, sphalerite, iyo pyrite. Xaalado gaar ah, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sabbaynta doorbidka ah ee macdanta naxaasta ee sulfide ee ka timaadda macdanta birta sulfide.

Sodium Isobutyl Xanthate (Potassium)

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (CH3)2CHCH2OCSSNa(K)

• Sifooyinka: Budada huruud khafiif ah (ama granule) oo leh ur cuncun leh, si fudud ugu milmi karta biyaha, oo awood u leh inay samayso iskudhisyo aan milmi karin oo leh ayoonno bir ah oo kala duwan.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium isobutyl xanthate (potassium) sidoo kale waa ururiye xooggan oo ku jira sabbeynta macdanta kala duwan ee aan birta ahayn ee sulfide. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sabbeynta macdanta naxaasta, rasaasta, iyo zinc sulfide, waxayna muujisay waxtarkeeda si dabiici ah u sabbeynta macdanta naxaasta kala duwan iyo pyrite.

Sodium Isopentyl Xanthate

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OCSSNa

• Astaamaha: Budada jaalaha ah oo leh ur cuncun leh, oo ku milma biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium isopentyl xanthate waa ururiye xooggan oo inta badan loo isticmaalo sabbeynta macdanta birta aan birta ahayn ee u baahan awood ururin xooggan laakiin aan ahayn xulasho. Tusaale ahaan, waa ururiye aad u fiican macdanta sulfide-ka ee oksaydhka leh ama macdanta naxaasta iyo rasaasta rasaasta ee oksaydhka leh (ka dib marka lagu daro sodium sulfide ama sodium hydrosulfide). Reagent-kani wuxuu sidoo kale gaari karaa kala soocid wanaagsan oo ku saabsan sabbeynta macdanta copper-nickel sulfide iyo pyrite-ka ku jira dahabka.

Sodium Pentyl Xanthate (Potassium)

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: C5H11OCSSNa(K)

• Astaamaha: Budada huruud khafiif ah ama cawl-cad (ama granule) oo leh ur cuncun leh, oo ku milma biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium pentyl xanthate (potassium) waa ururiye xooggan oo inta badan lagu dabaqo sabbeynta macdanta birta aan birta ahayn ee u baahan awood ururin xooggan laakiin aan ahayn xulasho. Tusaale ahaan, waxay u adeegtaa sidii ururiye aad u fiican macdanta sulfide-ka ee oksaydhka leh ama macdanta naxaasta iyo rasaasta rasaasta ee oksaydhka leh (ka dib marka lagu daro sodium sulfide ama sodium hydrosulfide). Waxay sidoo kale gaari kartaa kala soocid wanaagsan marka la sabbaynayo macdanta copper-sulfide iyo pyrite-ka ku jira dahabka.

No. 25 Daawo Madow

• Qeybta ugu Muhiimsan: Dimethylphenol Disulfide

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (C7H7O)2PSSH

• Astaamaha: Dareere saliid ah oo bunni-madow leh oo leh ur cuncun leh iyo miridh; dab-qabad leh, oo si yar ugu milmi kara biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Daawada madow ee No. 25 waxay leedahay sifooyin ururin iyo xumbo labadaba. Waa ururiye wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta sulfide ee rasaasta, naxaasta, iyo lacagta, oo inta badan loo isticmaalo kala-soocidda sabeynta ee macdanta lead iyo zinc. Reagent-kani wuxuu leeyahay awood ururin oo daciif ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta pyrite iyo kuwa kale ee sulfide ee wareegyada alkaline, laakiin waa ururiye xooggan oo aan la dooran karin dhammaan macdanta sulfide ee dhexdhexaadka ah ama aashitada. Xaaladaha gaarka ah, waxay sidoo kale leedahay awood ururin gaar ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta oksaydhka birta culus. Maadaama reagent-kani uu si yar ugu milmo biyaha, waa in lagu daraa qaabkiisii ​​​​asalka ahaa ee taangiga qaboojiyaha ama mashiinka kubbadda.

Sodium Butyl Daawooyinka Madow

• Qaybta ugu Muhiimsan: Dibutyl Disulfide Sodium

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (C4H9O)2PSSNa

• Astaamaha: Xal biyood oo huruud-bunni ah oo aan lahayn ur cuncun leh iyo sifooyin kiimiko oo deggan.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Daawada madow ee Sodium butyl waa ururiye wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta dahabka iyo macdanta sulfide ee lacagta, naxaasta, iyo zinc. Waxay leedahay awood ururin oo daciif ah oo loogu talagalay pyrite ee wareegyada alkaline. Reagent-kani wuxuu muujiyaa oo keliya sifooyin xumbo oo aad u daciif ah.

Sodium No. 25 Daawo Madow

• Qeybta ugu Muhiimsan: Dimethylphenol Disulfide Sodium

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (C7H7O)2PSSNa

• Sifooyinka: Xal biyo ah oo bunni qoto dheer ama madow ah, oo aan ur lahayn.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Daawada madow ee Sodium No. 25 waa mid wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta naxaasta iyo rasaasta rasaasta. Sababtoo ah awooddeeda ururinta oo liidata ee macdanta zinc sulfide, waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa kala soocida kala soocida ee macdanta naxaasta iyo rasaasta rasaasta ee ka timaadda macdanta zinc sulfide. Reagent-kan waxaa si toos ah loogu dari karaa wareegga sabbeynta.

Ammonium Butyl Daawooyinka Madow

• Qaybta ugu Muhiimsan: Dibutyl Disulfide Ammonium

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (C4H9O)2PSSNH4

• Sifooyinka: Budada cad ilaa cawlan oo aan dhadhan lahayn, hawada ku milma, biyaha ku milma, kiimiko ahaanna deggan.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Daawada madow ee Ammonium butyl waa ururiye aad u fiican oo u nuuga macdanta birta aan birta ahayn. Waxay leedahay awood gaar ah oo kala soocid ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta sulfide ee naxaasta, rasaasta, lacagta, iyo zinc, iyo sidoo kale macdanta polymetallic ee isku dhafan. Waxay leedahay waxqabad ururin oo daciif ah oo loogu talagalay pyrite iyo magnetic pyrite ee saxarka alkaline ee daciifka ah laakiin awood ururin oo xooggan oo loogu talagalay galena. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sabbeynta macdanta nikkel iyo antimony sulfide, gaar ahaan waxtar u leh macdanta nikkel sulfide ee adag in la doorto, macdanta nikkel ee isku dhafan ee sulfide-oksaydhaysan, iyo bartamaha macdanta sulfide iyo gangue. Cilmi-baaristu waxay muujinaysaa in isticmaalka daawada madow ee ammonium butyl ay faa'iido u leedahay soo kabashada platinum, dahabka, iyo lacagta.

Ethylthioamine (SN-9#)

• Qaybta ugu Muhiimsan: N,N-Diethyl Dithiocarbamate Sodium

• Qaacidda Molekuleeri: (C2H5)2NCSSNa·3H2O

• Sifooyinka: Kirismaska ​​cad ilaa cawlan oo aan lahayn ur cuncun leh, si fudud ugu milmi kara biyaha. Waxyaabahan soo saara waxay u jajabaan kaarboon disulfide, diethylamine, iwm., marka la joogo.

• kulaylka ama aashitada.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Ethylthioamine (SN-9#) waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sidii ururiye loogu talagalay macdanta birta aan birta ahayn ee kala duwan. Waxay muujinaysaa awood ururin xooggan oo loogu talagalay macdanta naxaasta, rasaasta, zinc, iyo nikkel sulfide. Reagent-kani wuxuu si gaar ah waxtar ugu leeyahay sabbeynta macdanta adag waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalay warshadaha wax soo saarka macdanta. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa hagaajinta heerarka soo kabashada biraha ee hababka sabbeynta.

Saxeex Walaalaha

Frothers waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan farsamaynta macdanta iyagoo fududeynaya samaynta maraq deggan oo u oggolaanaya kala saarista xulashada macdanta qiimaha leh. Sabbaynta caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (MIBC)

• Sifooyinka: Dareere aan midab lahayn oo guban kara oo leh ur astaan ​​u ah, oo aan ku milmi karin biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: MIBC waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sidii xumbada marka la sabbaynayo macdanta kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan naxaasta, dahabka, iyo nikkelka. Waxay xoojisaa xasilloonida xumbada, iyadoo hagaajinaysa heerarka soo kabashada macdanta la rabo.

• Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

• Sifooyinka: Dareere aan midab lahayn oo leh ur khafiif ah, oo ku milma biyaha iyo dareere dabiici ah.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Qashin-qubkani wuxuu waxtar u leeyahay kor u qaadista sifooyinka xumbada ee hababka sabeynta, gaar ahaan macdanta sulfide. Waxay ka caawisaa abuurista xumbo deggan oo u oggolaanaysa kala-soocidda macdanta qiimaha leh si wanaagsan.

• Polyglycol Eter

• Sifooyinka: Dareere fiiqan oo ku milma biyaha oo leh sun yar.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Polyglycol ether wuxuu u adeegaa sidii xumbo wuxuuna kor u qaadi karaa waxtarka sabeynta ee macdanaha kala duwan, gaar ahaan sabbeynta walxaha yaryar iyo kuwa aadka u fiican.

Ka hortagayaasha

Inhibitors waa walax kiimikaad oo si xushmad leh u joojiya sabbeynta macdanta gaarka ah. Waxay muhiim u yihiin xakameynta xulashada iyo hufnaanta hababka sabbeynta. Kahortagayaasha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• Sodium cyanide

• Sifooyinka: Waa crystalline cad oo adag, oo aad ugu milmi kara biyaha, aadna u sun badan.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium cyanide waxaa ugu horreyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu yareeyo macdanta aan loo baahnayn inta lagu jiro sabbeynta, taasoo u oggolaanaysa soo kabashada xulashada ee biraha qiimaha leh, gaar ahaan dahabka iyo lacagta. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa habaynta dahabka, gaar ahaan habka cyanidation-ka.

• Sulfide Sodium

• Astaamaha: Cad ilaa jaalle adag, oo ku milma biyaha, oo leh ur udgoon.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Sodium sulfide waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kiciyo ion bir ah oo gaar ah iyo in lagu niyad jabiyo kuwa kale habka sabbeynta. Waxay si gaar ah waxtar ugu leedahay sabbeynta macdanta oksaydhka leh, sida kuwa ka kooban naxaasta iyo rasaasta.

• Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)

• Sifooyinka: Budada cad oo ku milmi karta biyaha, aan sun ahayn, oo baaba'aysa.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: CMC waa daawo wax ku ool ah oo ka hortagta polymeric-ga oo loo isticmaalo sabbeynta macdanaha kala duwan. Waxay ka caawisaa xakamaynta xulashada habka sabbeynta iyadoo la joojinayo sabbeynta macdanaha gangue qaarkood.

Qulqulaya

Flocculans waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu wanaajiyo dejinta iyo ka-baxa macdanta iyo dabada. Flocculans caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

• polyacrylamides

• Sifooyinka: Budo cad ilaa jaalle ah oo si aad ah ugu milmi karta biyaha, aan sun ahayn.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Polyacrylamide waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sidii flocculant-ka habaynta macdanta si loo hagaajiyo heerarka dejinta ee slurries-ka iyo in la wanaajiyo ka saarista dabada.

• Aluminium Sulfate

• Sifooyinka: Adka cad oo crystalline ah oo ku milma biyaha.

• Isticmaalka ugu Muhiimsan: Aluminium sulfate waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii coagulant iyo flocculant habka wax soo saarka macdanta si looga caawiyo caddeynta iyo dhumucda slurries.