Baro isticmaalka reagents sabaynta: wanaaji saxnaanta ogaanshaha ka kooban macdanta

In beeraha ee farsamaynta macdanta iyo falanqaynta juqraafiyeed, isticmaalka saxda ah ee Dib-u-celinta sabbaynta ayaa muhiim u ah in si sax ah loo ogaado halabuurka macdanta. Sabaynta waa hannaan physicochemical oo si ballaaran loo dabaqay oo loogu talagalay kala-soocidda macdanta iyo tayeynta, iyada oo ku tiirsan kala duwanaanshaha sifooyinka physicochemical ee dusha macdanta. Marka lagu daro reagents, hydrophilicity ama hydrophobicity ee meelaha macdanta ah waa la hagaajin karaa, taas oo awood u siinaysa kala soocida macdanta bartilmaameedka ah ee gangue.

Maqaalkani waxa uu soo bandhigi doonaa tabo hawleed taxane ah oo wax ku ool ah si looga caawiyo farsamayaqaannada shaybaadhka iyo injineerada macdanta si ay u wanaajiyaan habka sabbeynta, hagaajinta saxnaanta iyo ku celcelinta natiijooyinka baaritaanka.

Marka hore, aynu ku bilowno noocyada aasaasiga ah ee reagents- sabayntaAruuriyaha, Walaalayaal, Iyo Wax ka beddelka. Reagent kasta wuxuu ka ciyaaraa door gaar ah habka sabbeynta. Ururiyayaashu waxay kor u qaadaan hydrophobicity ee macdanta, kor u qaadida ku dhejinta xumbooyinka hawada; frothers waxay gacan ka geystaan ​​xasilinta lakabka xumbo, taasoo u oggolaanaysa macdanta hodanka ah inay si fudud uga soocdo qulqulka; wax ka beddelayaasha waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo pH ama xoogga ionic ee slurry, abuurista xaaladaha ugu fiican ee sabbeynta macdanta.

Horumarka tignoolajiyada ee joogtada ah, noocyada iyo codsiyada reageniyeyaasha sabbaynaya ayaa sidoo kale sii fidaya. Xulashada saxda ah iyo isticmaalka reage-yaashan kaliya ma hagaajin karaan Soo kabashada macdanta heerarka iyo darajooyinka laakiin sidoo kale waxay keenaan faa'iidooyin la taaban karo marka la eego ilaalinta deegaanka iyo xakamaynta kharashka.

Sida Saxda Ah Loo Isticmaalo Reagennada Dabaylaha?

Noocyada Reagents

Noocyada reagents ee loo isticmaalo dhirta sabbeynta waxay ku xiran yihiin arrimo ay ka mid yihiin hantida macdanta, socodka habka, iyo tirada alaabta macdanta la rabo. Guud ahaan, waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa iyada oo loo marayo imtixaannada xulashada xulashada macdanta ama imtixaannada warshadaha ee badhkeed.

Reagents waxaa si ballaaran loo kala saari karaa saddex nooc oo waaweyn iyadoo lagu saleynayo shaqadooda:

1. Walaalo: Surfactants-dabiiciga ah oo ku qaybiya is-dhexgalka biyaha-hawo. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo lakab maraq ah oo sabeyn kara macdanta. Barafka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah saliid geed, aashitada cresylic, iyo khamriga.

2. Ururiyaasha: Shaqadoodu waa in ay qabtaan macdanta bartilmaameedka ah, iyaga oo beddelaya hydrophobicity ee meelaha macdanta si ay u oggolaadaan walxaha macdanta sabeynaya inay u hoggaansamaan xumbooyinka hawada. Iyada oo ku saleysan dabeecadooda, ururiyeyaashu waxa loo qaybin karaa kuwa aan dabaylaha ahayn, ururiyayaasha anionic, iyo kuwa wax ururiya. Ururinta sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah dawo madow, daawo jaale ah, daawo cad, acids fatty, amines dufan leh, iyo saliidaha macdanta.

3. Wax ka beddelka: Wax-ka-beddelayaasha waxaa ka mid ah firfircoonayaasha iyo horjoogayaasha, kuwaas oo beddela sifooyinka sagxadaha macdanta, saameynaya isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya macdanta iyo ururiyeyaasha. Wax-ka-beddelayaashu waxa kale oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka loo isticmaalo in lagu beddelo kiimikaad ama kiimikaad kiimikaad ee dhexdhexaadiyaha aqueous, sida hagaajinta pH iyo xaaladda ururiyeyaasha. Noocyada wax ka beddelayaasha waxaa ka mid ah:

• hagaajinta pH: Lime, sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide.

• Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha: Copper sulfate, sodium sulfide.

• Ka hortagga: Lime, cusbada dhiigga jaalaha ah, sodium sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sodium cyanide, zinc sulfate, potassium dichromate, galaaska biyaha, tannin, kolloid milmaya, istaarijka, polymers synthetic, iwm.

• Kuwo kale: Waxyaalaha qoynta, wakiilada sabbaynta, solubilizers, iwm.

Qiyaasta Reagent

Qiyaasta reagents inta lagu jiro sabaynta waa inay noqotaa mid sax ah; xaddi aan ku filnayn ama xad-dhaaf ah waxay saamayn kartaa tilmaamayaasha farsamaynta macdanta. Isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah wuxuu kaloo kordhin karaa kharashyada habaynta.

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya Qiyaasta Reagent iyo Tilmaamayaasha Sabaynta:

• Qiyaasta ururiyaha oo aan ku filnayn waxay u horseedi kartaa hydrophobicity ku filan macdanta, yaraynta heerarka soo kabashada. Taa beddelkeeda, xaddi xad-dhaaf ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay hoos u dhigto tayada xoogga-saarista waxayna adkeyn kartaa sabbeynta kala-tagga.

• Qiyaasta fuuqbaxa oo aan ku filnayn waxay u horseedi kartaa xasilloonida xumbo-xumada, halka xaddi xad-dhaaf ah ay sababi karto ifafaale "qulqulaya".

• Qiyaasta firfircoonida oo aad u yar waxay u horseedi kartaa firfircooni xumo, halka wax badan laga yaabo inay carqaladeeyaan xulashada habka sabbeynta.

• Qiyaasta xannibaadaha oo aan ku filnayn waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa heerka xooga saarida, halka xaddi xad dhaaf ah laga yaabo inuu xakameeyo macdanta sabbaynaysa, hoos u dhigaysa heerarka soo kabashada.

Diyaarinta Reagent

Reagents adag waxaa lagu qasi jiray dareereyaal si fudud loogu daro. Reagents-ka biyaha aan milmi karin sida daawada jaalaha ah, dawada madow ee amin, galaaska biyaha, sodium carbonate, copper sulfate, iyo sodium sulfide waa in loo diyaariyaa sidii xalal aqueous leh oo u dhexeeya 2% ilaa 10%. Reagen-yaasha biyaha-aan-milmi karin waxay u baahan yihiin in lagu milmo dareeraha ka hor inta aan loo diyaarin sidii xal aqueous ah oo lagu daro, sida qaar ka mid ah kuwa ururiya amiinada oo si toos ah loogu dari karo, sida saliidda 2, No. 31 daawada madow, iyo oleic acid. Reagen-yaasha aadka u milma ee u baahan tiro aad u badan, qiyaasta diyaarinta waxay caadi ahaan u dhaxaysaa 10% ilaa 20%, sida sodium sulfide, oo lagu diyaariyo 15% inta lagu jiro isticmaalka. Reagen-yaasha si liidata u milma, dareerayaasha organic waxa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu milo ka hor inta aan loo diyaarin xalal-fiirsasho hoose.

Xulashada Diyaarinta reagent habka ugu horrayn waxay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka reagents, habka lagu daro, iyo hawlahooda. Reagent isku mid ah wuxuu yeelan karaa kala duwanaansho weyn oo ku saabsan qiyaasta iyo saameynta ay sabab u tahay hababka diyaarinta ee kala duwan. Guud ahaan, hababka diyaarinta caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Diyaarinta 2% ilaa 10% xal aqueous: Badi reagen-yaasha biyaha ku milma ayaa sidan loo diyaariyaa (tusaale, dawo huruud ah, copper sulfate, galaaska biyaha).

2. Ku milanka dareeraha: Qaar ka mid ah reageyaasha biyaha-aan-milmi karin ayaa lagu milmi karaa dareerayaal gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, dawada cadi maaha mid biyo-milmi karta laakiin waxa lagu milmi karaa 10% ilaa 20% aniline, waana in la isticmaalo ka dib marka la diyaariyo xal isku qasan aniline. Sidoo kale, daawada madow ee aniline maaha mid biyo-milmi karta laakiin waxay ku milmi kartaa xalalka sodium hydroxide alkaline, markaa xalalka alkaline sodium hydroxide waa in marka hore la diyaariyaa ka hor inta aan lagu darin reagent si loo abuuro xal daawada madow aniline ee sabbeynta.

3. U diyaargarowga ka joojinta ama emulsion ahaan: Qaar ka mid ah reagents adag oo si liidata u milma, waxaa loo diyaarin karaa sidii emulsions si loogu isticmaalo. Tusaale ahaan, lime waxay leedahay milmayn aad u hooseeya oo biyaha ah, markaa si fiican ayaa loo shiidayaa oo waxaa lagu qasi karaa biyo si ay u abuurto cayrin caano leh (tusaale, caanaha lime), ama si toos ah ayaa loogu dari karaa qaab budo qalalan oo lagu shubo mashiinka kubbadda ama taangi walaaqaya.

4. Saponification: Kuwa soo ururiya acid dufanka leh, saponification waa habka ugu badan. Tusaale ahaan, marka la dooranayo hematite, saabuunta saabuunta ee paraffin iyo saliidda daamurka ayaa loo isticmaalaa ururiye ahaan. Si loo nadiifiyo saliidda daamurka, qiyaastii 10% sodium carbonate waa in lagu daraa marka la diyaarinayo reagent, oo la kululeeyo si loo abuuro xal saabuun kulul oo lagu daro.

5. Naqshadaynta: Emulsification waxaa lagu gaari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo emulsification ultrasonic ama walaaqaya farsamada. Emulsification ka dib, acids dufanka iyo naaftada waxay kor u qaadi karaan kala firidhsanaantooda slurry, hagaajinta waxtarka reagents. Ku darista qaar ka mid ah wakiilada emulsifying waxay sii kordhin kartaa waxtarka.

6. Aysiidh: Marka la isticmaalayo cationic-uruiyayaasha, sababtoo ah milmayntooda liidata, waa in horay loogu daaweeyaa hydrochloric acid ama acetic acid ka hor intaysan ku milmin biyaha si ay u sabbeeyaan.

7. Habka Aerosol: Tani waa hab cusub oo diyaarin ah oo wanaajinaya waxqabadka reagents. Waxay ku lug leedahay isticmaalka qalab gaar ah oo lagu buufiyo si loo aerosolize reagents ee dhexdhexaadka hawo ka hor inta aan si toos ah loogu darin taangiga sabbeynta, sidaas awgeed waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "habka sabbeynta hawada." Habkani kaliya ma wanaajiyo sabbeynta macdanta faa'iidada leh laakiin sidoo kale si weyn ayuu u yareeyaa isticmaalka reagent. Tusaale ahaan, qiyaasta wax-soo-ururinta waxay noqon kartaa saddex-meelood meel ilaa afar-meelood meel tirada caadiga ah, halka qiyaasta ka-soo-saarku ay noqon karto shan-meelood hal meel.

8. Daawaynta Electrochemical ee reagents: Hadda tooska ah ayaa loo dhex maraa xalka si kiimikaad ahaan loogu daweeyo reagents sabbeynta, taas oo bedeli karta gobolka reagent, qiimaha pH, iyo kartida redox, taas oo kordhinaysa diirada qaybaha reagent ugu firfircoon, kor u qaadida diirada muhiimka ah ee samaynta colloid, iyo hagaajinta kala firidhsanaanta reagents liidata ee biyaha.

Guud ahaan, kuwa wax soo ururiya iyo kuwa qaboojiyaha ayaa la walaaqaa 1-2 daqiiqo, halka qaar ka mid ah reagents, sida potassium dichromate loo isticmaalo si loo xakameeyo rasaasta kala-soocidda rasaasta-maarta, waxay u baahan karaan walaaq dheer.

Goobta Ku darista Reagent

Si kor loogu qaado waxtarka reageniyeyaasha sabbeynta, dhaqanka guud waa in lagu daro wakiilada hagaajinta, horjoogayaasha, iyo qaar ka mid ah kuwa wax aruuriya (tusaale, kerosene) warshadda kubbadda si loo abuuro jawi sabbeyn ku habboon sida ugu dhaqsaha badan. Soo-ururinta iyo qaboojiyaha waxaa inta badan lagu daraa haanta walaaq ee ugu horreysa ee habka sabbeynta. Haddii ay jiraan laba taangi oo wax kicinaya, firfircoonida waa in lagu daraa taangiga koowaad, halka ururiyaha iyo foornada lagu daro haanta labaad. Dhibcaha isku-darka ahi way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo lagu saleynayo doorarka reage-yaasha ee mashiinka sabbeynta. Tusaale ahaan, copper sulfate, daawada jaalaha ah, iyo saliidda geedka ayaa guud ahaan lagu daraa sida soo socota: copper sulfate waxaa lagu daraa bartamaha haanta walaaqaya ee kowaad, daawada jaalaha ah ee bartamaha taangiga labaad, iyo saliidda geedka oo ku taal meesha laga soo baxo haanta labaad ee wax kicinta. Guud ahaan, dhirta sabbaynaya waxay marka hore ku daraan hagaajinta pH si ay u keenaan slurry pH ku habboon ka hor inta aan loo oggolaan ururiyaha iyo xannibayuhu inay si wax ku ool ah u shaqeeyaan. Marka lagu darayo reagents, waxaa lama huraan ah in laga digtoonaado arrinta ions waxyeellada leh qaarkood ee keenaya waxtar la'aanta reagent. Tusaale ahaan, ion copper oo ka falcelinaya ion hydride waxay keeni kartaa waxtar la'aanta hydrides. Kala soocida copper-sulfur, haddii ay jiraan ion badan oo naxaas ah oo ku jira haanta wax kicinta, cyanide waa in aan lagu darin haanta wax kicinta laakiin waa in si toos ah loogu daraa inta lagu jiro habka sabbeynta kala-soocidda.

Amarka ku darida Reagent

Nidaamka caadiga ah ee isku-darka reagent ee dhirta sabbeynta waa sida soo socota: sabbeynta macdanta ceeriin, waa inay noqotaa hagaajinta pH, horjoogayaasha ama firfircoonayaasha, frothers, iyo aruuriyayaal; Macdanta la xannibay xilliga sabbaynta, amarku waa hawl-wadeenno, ururiyayaal, iyo faleebo.

Hababka Ku-darka Reagent

Guud ahaan waxaa jira laba hab oo lagu daro reagents: isku-darka dhexe iyo isku-darka kala firdhiyey. Doorashada habka isku-darka waa inay tixgelisaa labadaba noocyada reagents iyo ficillada reagents-yada.

1. Isku-darka Dhexe: Inta badan reagents waxaa lagu daraa meel dhexe; tusaale ahaan, kuwa wax soo ururiya, hawl-wadeenada, iyo ka hortagga ayaa lagu daraa taangiyada wax kicinta.

2. Ku darida kala firdhisan: Reagen-yaasha qaarkood ayaa si toos ah loogu dari karaa haanta sabbaynta, taas oo inta badan lagu dabaqo reagen-yaasha kacsan ama u nugul reageniyeyaasha kale. Tusaale ahaan, haddii reagenter sabbaynaya midba midka kale u keeno saameyn xun (tusaale, saamaynta taban ee xad-dhaafka ah ee sodium sulfide ee sabbaynta firfircoonida), reagents si toos ah ayaa loogu dari karaa mishiinka sabbeynta.

Ugu Dambeyn

Iyada oo loo marayo xulashada saxda ah, diyaarinta, qiyaasta, iyo ku darida reagents sabaynta, farsamaynta macdanta iyo falanqaynta juqraafiyeed waa la hagaajin karaa, kor u qaadida saxnaanta iyo hufnaanta imtixaannada iyo falanqaynta. Talooyinkan hawlgalku waxay ujeedadoodu tahay inay ka caawiyaan farsamayaqaannada shaybaadhka iyo injineerada macdanta si ay si wanaagsan uga faa'iidaystaan ​​reagenadaha sabbaynta, taasoo u horseedaysa hufnaan hawleed oo hagaagsan iyo natiijooyin la isku halayn karo.